2017年5月11日 星期四

電話目錄與著作權中創作性的討論 - 新加坡上訴法院案例

小時里長會發給每家有本黃色電話簿,而且感覺是所有書本中最大本的書,翻開來都是全國人民家裡的電話號碼,還可以查到全國有哪些人家(當時沒有個資概念,或是風俗民情單純),我們有哪些同姓的親戚,還有很多工商廣告夾頁,到了網路時代,偶爾也會看到,不過網路更方便搜尋。沒想到這個電話簿(事實上是有關"編排"這件事)也有競爭、也有著作權爭議。

現在還可索取超大本電話簿(https://space.iyp.com.tw/apps/PYP/2013_ask_PYP/PYP_ask.htm):


本次討論有關電話簿是否有著作權的爭議 - Global Yellow Pages Ltd v Promedia Directories Pte Ltd [2017] SGCA,本篇討論的上訴法院(SGCA)判決是確認了去年在新加坡高等法院(SGHC)的決定 - Global Yellow Pages Ltd v Promedia Directories Pte Ltd [2016] SGHC

案件資訊:
原告/上訴人:Global Yellow Pages Ltd
被告/被上訴人:Promedia Directories Pte Ltd

本案緣起Yellow PagesPromedia Directories提出著作權侵權訴訟,認為Promedia的電話簿編排過於接近Yellow Pages的電話簿編排,新加坡高等法院在去年(2016)判決認為"非原創"的"資料收集"與「電話目錄(telephone directories)」的"編排"不得主張著作權

Global Yellow Pages Ltd
全球黃頁公司是通用電話目錄公司(General Telephone Directory Co.)新加坡分公司,從1967年開始在新加坡提供公開電話目錄工商廣告搜尋服務。

http://www.yellowpages.com.sg/

Promedia Directories Pte Ltd
Promedia目錄公司(http://www.thegreenbook.com/


爭議中列舉幾個疑似侵權的行為,如所述相似"編排"的分類列表(classified listings)以及商店與企業列表(business listings),另宣稱被告植入監視對手資料庫的“種子”(seeds)。

根據新加坡著作權法第27條,唯有原創的表示或編排才可主張著作權保護。
有關"原創",法院依照國會著作權立法的"原創性"來判斷,其中排除了原始材料的「資料庫」與「編輯」為可主張著作權的標的,表示,本次爭議中的「電話列表編排」的原創性不足,不能主張著作權保護,但卻認同其中工商廣告列表的原創性,因此被告對於工商廣告列表(目錄)的"商業行為"應負擔責任。
接著,又提到有關原告是否對被告有著不公平交易的問題,也就是原告是否壟斷了市場而拒絕了別人的競爭,如著作權法第35-37條規定著。不過,經上訴法院調查被告在工商廣告列表的複製行為,認為原告的工商廣告列表僅為內部使用,並不構成不公平交易,不影響被告的商業利益。

結論是,經收集得到的電話簿內容與編排"因為沒有足夠的原創性",無法被著作權保護,不過工商廣告列表則可以涵蓋在著作權保護範圍。

涉及法條:
Original works in which copyright subsists
27.
—(1)  Subject to the provisions of this Act, copyright shall subsist in an original literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work that is unpublished and of which the author —
(a)
was a qualified person at the time when the work was made; or
(b)
if the making of the work extended over a period — was a qualified person for a substantial part of that period.

(2)  Subject to the provisions of this Act, where an original literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work has been published —
(a)
copyright shall subsist in the work; or
(b)
if copyright in the work subsisted immediately before its first publication, copyright shall continue to subsist in the work,
if, but only if —
(c)
the first publication of the work took place in Singapore;
(d)
the author of the work was a qualified person at the time when the work was first published; or
(e)
the author died before that time but was a qualified person immediately before his death.

(3)  Notwithstanding subsection (2) but subject to the remaining provisions of this Act, copyright shall subsist in —
(a)
an original artistic work that is a building situated in Singapore; or
(b)
an original artistic work that is attached to, or forms part of, such a building.

(4)  In this section, “qualified person” means a citizen of Singapore or a person resident in Singapore.
Fair dealing in relation to works
35.
—(1)  Subject to this section, a fair dealing with a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work, or with an adaptation of a literary, dramatic or musical work, for any purpose other than a purpose referred to in section 36 or 37 shall not constitute an infringement of the copyright in the work.

(1A)  The purposes for which a dealing with a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work, or with an adaptation of a literary, dramatic or musical work, may constitute a fair dealing under subsection (1) shall include research and study.


(2)  For the purposes of this Act, the matters to which regard shall be had, in determining whether a dealing with a literary, dramatic, musical or artistic work or with an adaptation of a literary, dramatic or musical work, being a dealing by way of copying the whole or a part of the work or adaptation, constitutes a fair dealing with the work or adaptation for any purpose other than a purpose referred to in section 36 or 37 shall include —
(a)
the purpose and character of the dealing, including whether such dealing is of a commercial nature or is for non-profit educational purposes;
(b)
the nature of the work or adaptation;
(c)
the amount and substantiality of the part copied taken in relation to the whole work or adaptation;
(d)
the effect of the dealing upon the potential market for, or value of, the work or adaptation; and
(e)
the possibility of obtaining the work or adaptation within a reasonable time at an ordinary commercial price.


(3)  Notwithstanding subsection (2), a dealing with a literary, dramatic or musical work, or with an adaptation of such a work, being a dealing by way of the copying, for the purposes of research or study —
(a)
if the work or adaptation comprises an article in a periodical publication, of the whole or a part of that work or adaptation; or
(b)
in any other case, of not more than a reasonable portion of the work or adaptation,
shall be taken to be a fair dealing with that work or adaptation for the purpose of research or study.


(4)  Subsection (3) shall not apply to a dealing by way of the copying of the whole or a part of an article in a periodical publication if another article in that publication, being an article dealing with a different subject-matter, is also copied.

資訊來源:

Singapore Copyright Infringement Cannot Extend to Directorieshttp://www.lexology.com/

本案上訴法院判決:
http://www.singaporelaw.sg/sglaw/laws-of-singapore/case-law/free-law/court-of-appeal-judgments/22789-global-yellow-pages-ltd-v-promedia-directories-pte-ltd-and-another-matter

本案前次高等法院判決: http://www.singaporelaw.sg/sglaw/laws-of-singapore/case-law/free-law/high-court-judgments/18389-global-yellow-pages-ltd-v-promedia-directories-pte-ltd

台灣相關搜尋服務:中華黃頁網路電話簿(https://www.iyp.com.tw/):

(熟悉的畫面,影像來源:http://chyp.iyp.com.tw/printing.html

順便補充一些新加坡智慧財產相關各級法院與機關的縮寫:
SGCA (Court of Appeal):新加坡上訴法院
SGHC (High Court):新加坡高等法院
SGHCR (High Court Registrar):新加坡高等法院司法常務官
SGMC (Magistrates’ Court):新加坡裁判法院
SGDC (District Court):新家坡地方法院

Ron

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