2018年5月24日 星期四

日本專利侵權訴訟筆記

日本專利侵權訴訟筆記

(自問自答,這些問答都是從許多文獻"拉拉雜雜"得到的,也是因為得到答案而設計的!)

問題:接到「侵權警告信」時一般怎麼做?
答案:查看有否列舉專利號,若有,即先查詢各專利的法律狀態,看看是否有效、權利人是誰;若權利在,就看看專利範圍、技術目的,甚至查出專利獲准歷史,目的是解釋專利範圍;看看有否專利家族,若有國際專利家族存在,一般來看,專利權算穩固也重要;查詢專利的先前技術、先前文獻、技術水平,簡單判斷或是請專家判斷是否有可能讓專利無效;接著就是分析專利有效性,並可適當地回覆來信的人專利可能無效的訊息。

如果一切都可能對自己不利,除了靜待對方出手外,同時要有專利授權、訴訟的準備。JPO提供一個處理流程:


文獻中提供一張日本專利無效訴訟的法院系統圖:


問題:如果經過上述檢驗後確實有可能侵權某件專利,有何建議?
答案:
1) 看看自己的武器(市場地位、自己擁有的專利組合(patent portfolio)、授權條件、創新能力...)。
2) 是否可能主張在其專利申請前的「先使用權(prior user right)」。
3) 檢驗自己是否是實驗所需?可迴避專利保護。
4) 是否符合「強制許可(compulsory licenses)」的條件?專利法有規定一些可以強制許可的項目,例如緊急需要的藥品。
5) 判斷是否有停止專利產品的可能。
6) 判斷是否有迴避專利的可能。

這裡提供一個訴訟前準備的處理流程:


問題:在日本專利權被侵犯時,有何補救措施:
答案:提起訴訟,要求法院核發禁制令(初步禁制令、永久禁制令);或是,提出損害賠償訴訟。

問題:專利權人提出告訴的可能主張有哪些?
答案:
1) 禁止繼續生產侵權產品。
2) 如果專利權人也製造相關產品,會要求損害賠償。
3) 如果專利權人沒有製造產品,會要求合理權利金。
4) 繼續生產可,但專利權人會要求授權。

問題:如果專利權人主張不發出禁令會有損害時,可能的初步禁制令(preliminary injunction)的條件?
答案:
1) 侵權成立機會高,通常法院以「文義侵害」為判斷標準,不能太過複雜。
2) 專利確認有效的機會很大。
3) 爭議與程序上沒有太過複雜。
4) 之後法官會權衡各種條件,在錢無法解決的情況下才發出初步禁制令。

問題:日本專利侵權(民事侵權)訴訟的追溯期?
答案:當權利人(專利權人)發現有人侵權並產生損害,要在「三年內」提出訴訟,否則告訴的權利將消滅。

如果是對過去侵權事實提出「損害賠償」,損害賠償的追溯期則沒有規定,所以看來是專利有效期限的侵權行為都可主張損害賠償。若以一般民事賠償(專利為特例)來看,可追溯20年。

問題:如何計算「損害賠償」?
答案:有三種:
1)侵權者通過侵權行為的獲利即為權利人的損失,但前提是專利權人自己也實施專利權,例如製造或販售專利產品。
2)如果專利權人沒有實施專利權,則計算合理的授權金。
3)將侵權者銷售的產品的數量乘以專利權人享有的邊際利潤,結果即為損害賠償金。("The damages award can be calculated by multiplying the number or amount of products the infringer sold with a marginal profit the patentee enjoyed.")

問題:侵權被告是否可以主張權利人「懈怠」?
答案:就專利侵權來看,因為沒有追溯的時間限制,因此也沒得主張「權利懈怠」;另外,被告也不能提出權利人在獲取權利過程中的「不正當行為」的抗辯。

問題:日本法院的審級制度?
答案:用這張圖表示:



(以上JPO圖片來源:https://www.jpo.go.jp/torikumi_e/kokusai_e/training/textbook/pdf/Patent_Infringement_Litigation_in_Japan(2016).pdf

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[相關法條]
第五章 不法行為
Chapter 5 Torts
(不法行為による損害賠償)
(Damages in Torts)
第七百九条 故意又は過失によって他人の権利又は法律上保護される利益を侵害した者は、これによって生じた損害を賠償する責任を負う。

Article 709 A person who has intentionally or negligently infringed any right of others, or legally protected interest of others, shall be liable to compensate any damages resulting in consequence.

(不法行為による損害賠償請求権の期間の制限)
(Restriction of Period of Right to Demand Compensation for Damages in Tort)
第七百二十四条 不法行為による損害賠償の請求権は、被害者又はその法定代理人が損害及び加害者を知った時から三年間行使しないときは、時効によって消滅する。不法行為の時から二十年を経過したときも、同様とする。

Article 724 The right to demand compensation for damages in tort shall be extinguished by the operation of prescription if it is not exercised by the victim or his/her legal representative within three years from the time when he/she comes to know of the damages and the identity of the perpetrator. The same shall apply when twenty years have elapsed from the time of the tortious act.

日本專利法:
Patent Act Article 102(2)
"Where a patentee or exclusive licensee claims, from a person who has intentionally or negligently infringed the patent right or exclusive license, compensation for damages caused to him by the infringement, the profits gained by the infringer through the infringement shall be presumed to be the amount of damages suffered by the patentee or exclusive licensee."

參考文獻:
[+] https://www.jpo.go.jp/torikumi_e/kokusai_e/training/textbook/pdf/Patent_Infringement_Litigation_in_Japan(2016).pdf

作者:

Japan Patent OfficeAsia-Pacific Industrial Property Center, JIPII
Collaborator : 
Dr. Shoichi Okuyama
Patent Attorney Okuyama & Sasajima

[+] https://www.iip.or.jp/e/e_summary/pdf/detail2010/e22_09.pdf

作者:Christoph Rademacher

[+] https://content.next.westlaw.com/Document/Id46d20e1ba6211e598dc8b09b4f043e0/View/FullText.html?contextData=(sc.Default)&transitionType=Default&firstPage=true&bhcp=1

可參考資訊:

8. What defences are available to an alleged infringer?

...
The right to claim compensation for damages relating to patent infringement lapse by prescription if it is not exercised within:
 - three years from the time when the right holder became aware of the damages and of the identity of the person that caused them; or

 - 20 years from the act of infringement.

12. Are there any grounds on which an otherwise valid patent can be deemed unenforceable?

The right to claim damages lapses by prescription if it is not exercised within three years or 20 years, as applicable (see Question 8). However, there are no defences based on laches or equitable estoppel, as is often seen in US courts, even when a patentee delays filing a suit for an extended period of time, but except where the patentee has implicitly granted a licence to use its patent to the alleged infringer. In addition, there is no defence similar to the doctrine of inequitable conduct in the US. Therefore, the fraud of a patentee during the examination of the patent by the Japan Patent Office (JPO) is not a ground for unenforceability of the patent.

[+] https://thelawreviews.co.uk/edition/the-patent-litigation-law-review-edition-1/1151087/japan

值得參考的資訊:

... The right to seek compensation for damages for a tortious act is subject to a statute of limitations when three years have elapsed since the patentee first became aware of the infringement and the infringer. If more than three years have elapsed, proceedings may only be instituted to enforce the right to seek the return of unjust enrichment, the recoverable amount of which is limited to the reasonable royalty....

[+] https://bannerwitcoff.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/08/Shull-Patent_Enforcement_in_Japan.pdf

作者:Jason S. Shull, Yuko Hara, and Taku Oomori

可參考資訊:

"With respect to the defense of   completion  of   prescription,  which  is  similar  to  the  statute of  limitations defense under US law, Article 709 of  the Japanese Civil Law precludes a patent owner from recovering  damages  if   the  suit  for  infringement  was  not  filed  within  three  years  after  the  patent  owner  became  aware of  the accused infringer’s activities. "

編按,以上資料是從網路上搜尋得出,如果有興趣想要當作依據,需要進一步檢驗,或是查詢法條或是詢問專利律師。

Ron

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