2018年7月3日 星期二

優先權鏈要完整交待 - Droplets, Inc. v. E*Trade Bank (Fed. Cir. 2018)

這件案例說明「優先權」的資訊揭露相對的重要性,特別是關於專利性與公眾利益,而不是將負擔加在公眾上,或是訴訟中。

Droplets, Inc. v. E*Trade Bank (Fed. Cir. 2018)案件資訊:
上訴人:DROPLETS, INC.
交叉上訴人:E*TRADE BANK, E*TRADE FINANCIAL CORPORATION, ...etc.
參加人:ANDREI IANCU等
系爭專利:US8,402,115
判決日:April 19, 2018

本案緣起E*TRADE在侵權告訴(2011年)下對系爭專利提出IPR(IPR2015-00470),PTAB作出專利無效的終判。PTAB的終判理由是:1) 專利權人未能列舉足以讓先前技術阻礙失效的優先權主張(優先權鏈不夠完整); 2) 專利權人不符35 U.S.C. § 120規定提出優先權的舉證責任,導致「優先權主張失效」,使得系爭專利發明被「申請人自己的國際申請案」揭露,使得系爭專利被判無效。專利權人Droplets上訴CAFC。

[35 U.S.C. § 120]
35 U.S.C. 120 BENEFIT OF EARLIER FILING DATE IN THE UNITED STATES.


An application for patent for an invention disclosed in the manner provided by section 112(a) (other than the requirement to disclose the best mode) in an application previously filed in the United States, or as provided by section 363 or 385 which names an inventor or joint inventor in the previously filed application shall have the same effect, as to such invention, as though filed on the date of the prior application, if filed before the patenting or abandonment of or termination of proceedings on the first application or on an application similarly entitled to the benefit of the filing date of the first application and if it contains or is amended to contain a specific reference to the earlier filed application. No application shall be entitled to the benefit of an earlier filed application under this section unless an amendment containing the specific reference to the earlier filed application is submitted at such time during the pendency of the application as required by the Director. The Director may consider the failure to submit such an amendment within that time period as a waiver of any benefit under this section. The Director may establish procedures, including the requirement for payment of the fee specified in section 41(a)(7), to accept an unintentionally delayed submission of an amendment under this section. (AIA後僅些微修正)

系爭專利115'的公告本有兩部分,首頁僅揭示主張一件先前申請案的優先權,文中"cross reference"揭露溯及1999年前案的關聯,系爭專利115'申請日是2009年1月,主張US7,502,838(申請日:2003年11月)優先權,而此案又通過另一家族案'745(申請日:2000年6月)間接主張1999年臨時申請案的申請日優先權。不過,中間缺少細節。



前案838'也僅揭示了部分:


其實整個「優先權鏈」僅一點點複雜,當系爭專利在PTAB被自己的前案「弄到」,專利權人理應完整交待整個「優先權鏈」就可以克服,CAFC判決中有張關係圖:


本案例主要的議題是系爭專利的專利性依賴它的優先權是否可以溯及1999年的臨時申請案(provisional application),在PTAB階段,訴願委員會認為系爭專利的優先權主張失效,因此裁定系爭專利因為申請人自己的PCT申請案(有相同揭露內容)的阻礙而無效。

以這樣家族關係的優先權確實要小心一點,其實也沒有多特別,就是"斷鏈",系爭專利申請時並未揭示關聯到1999年的最早臨時申請案的「中間細節」。然而,似乎35 U.S.C. 120沒有那麼多規定,是否只要在訴訟有爭議時,就再交待中間的細節即可?


根據判決書內容,專利權人其實"疏失",因為在USPTO審理階段,當中的文件反映出系爭專利的優先權主張應包括'838與'745兩件,在專利獲准前,USPTO發函要求補足'745這件優先權,專利權人後來並沒有加入這件資訊,但專利仍公告領證了。

這個瑕疵不動則已,一動(提出侵權告訴)就被拿來做為IPR無效理由,因為「優先權斷鏈」,所以當中PCT案(揭露內容相同)就不在「優先權鏈」上,也就無法主張最早1999年臨時申請案的優先權,PTAB以此作出專利無效的決定。


A “Specific Reference” is Required to Claim Priority
在上訴審理中,針對35 U.S.C. § 120玩了一點點文字遊戲,這裡標示了4個號碼,分別規定4個符合主張先前申請案"優先權"的條件:
(1) 標註前申請案資訊是為了符合112(a)的規定。
(2) 若前申請案有相同發明人,即符合可以主張120好處的條件。
(3) 後申請案申請時,應在前申請案(或是另一主張前申請案好處的前申請案)懸宕時(程序終止前)。
(4) 應包括特定參考資料(如申請號)。

An application for patent for an invention 
[1] disclosed in the manner provided by the first paragraph of section 112 of this title in an application previously filed in the United States, . . . 
[2] which is filed by an inventor or inventors named in the previously filed application shall
have the same effect, as to such invention, as though filed on the date of the prior application, 
[3] if filed before the patenting or abandonment of or termination of proceedings on the first application or on an application similarly entitled to the benefit of the filing date of the first application and 
[4] if it contains or is amended to contain a specific reference to the earlier filed application.

USPTO搬出37 C.F.R. § 1.78規定,認為專利申請人應揭示所有「優先權鏈」上的每一個申請案資訊,如申請號、家族關係等。


CAFC法官同意PTAB認為'115缺少揭露完整的優先權鏈。


CAFC法官,對此意見,本次CAFC並非第一次作出決定,而是重複了2014年另一判決,這次也引用出來:Medtronic CoreValve, LLC v. Edwards Lifesciences Corp., 741 F.3d 1359, (Fed. Cir. 2014)的決定,可以參考本部落格報導:優先權日的認定成為侵權訴訟的爭點(http://enpan.blogspot.com/2014/04/medtronic-corevalve-llc-v-edwards.html)。

編者在當時有個小結論:

"CAFC法官同意被告Edwards與地院判斷在此優先權鏈中有兩件申請案的揭露內容無法符合整個281案的優先權鏈,因此判定281案錯誤引用優先權,又因為這個錯誤,表示281案"斷線",接連使得281案可能失去專利性,因為其前案可能造成281案「新穎性不足」。

 功課:
引用複數優先權,或是有複雜的優先權鏈,要小心是否有CIP隱含其中;被告侵權者可以朝這方面著手,質疑這類的專利權。"

(重要)使得解釋「35 U.S.C. § 120」時,申請人「強制」要揭示優先權鏈上的每一件專利申請資訊,不能說一個合理之人可以判斷這些前後案的關聯,重點是,專利申請人/專利權人/發明人有義務要揭示這些前後關聯,而不是將「負擔」加到閱讀這件專利的公眾,申請人給這資訊是再也簡單不過了。



如此,本案中系爭專利'115並未列出足以讓專利無效的中間案,這對申請人來說並不難,且35 U.S.C. § 120更要求申請人/專利權人要揭露整個「優先權鏈」。這點上,CAFC同意PTAB決定。

B. Incorporation by Reference Cannot Satisfy the “Specific Reference” Requirement of § 120
依照37 C.F.R. 1.57(d),(e)規定,將專利揭露資訊分為「essential material與nonessential material(重要與非重要資訊)」,「重要的資訊」如112規定的說明書必要內容與申請專利範圍,而專利相關編號資訊,如申請號、國外專利號等則歸類為「非重要的資訊」。但「優先權相關前案資訊」是否為「重要資訊」?

CFR中並未明確定義何謂「非重要資訊」,有關「優先權鏈」的相關資訊有關112的規定?

[37 C.F.R. 1.57 INCORPORATION BY REFERENCE]
...
  • (d) "Essential material" may be incorporated by reference, but only by way of an incorporation by reference to a U.S. patent or U.S. patent application publication, which patent or patent application publication does not itself incorporate such essential material by reference. "Essential material" is material that is necessary to:
    • (1) Provide a written description of the claimed invention, and of the manner and process of making and using it, in such full, clear, concise, and exact terms as to enable any person skilled in the art to which it pertains, or with which it is most nearly connected, to make and use the same, and set forth the best mode contemplated by the inventor of carrying out the invention as required by 35 U.S.C. 112(a);
    • (2) Describe the claimed invention in terms that particularly point out and distinctly claim the invention as required by 35 U.S.C. 112(b); or
    • (3) Describe the structure, material, or acts that correspond to a claimed means or step for performing a specified function as required by 35 U.S.C. 112(f).
  • (e) Other material ("Nonessential material") may be incorporated by reference to U.S. patents, U.S. patent application publications, foreign patents, foreign published applications, prior and concurrently filed commonly owned U.S. applications, or non-patent publications. An incorporation by reference by hyperlink or other form of browser executable code is not permitted.

這裡提到,在37 CFR 1.57等相關規定中,甚至允許後申請案通過列舉出優先權案來符合37 CFR 1.78規定,以此能夠補足後申請案有些忽略的內容,應該在說明書明確交待相關專利與申請案的編號,前案編號的引用(incorporation by reference)提供了發明的背景與先前技術的資料,重要與非重要資訊都是幫助專利申請案可以符合112規定。

這些資訊都該是專利申請時提出,寫在專利說明書中,而不是單單通過引用編號就可以符合120規定的"specific reference",而通過引用了編號讓公眾找未揭示的優先權主張將造成專利權不確定性,因此,不允許專利權人Droplets現在引入專利編號重寫優先權主張

"We conclude that § 120’s “specific reference” requirement does not contemplate incorporation by reference."

"Accordingly, Droplets cannot invoke incorporation by reference to rewrite the priority claim statement in the ’115 Patent."

CAFC判決:



my two cents:
再複雜的優先權關聯最好都在後申請案中清楚交待中個的「鏈」(cross reference)。其實要小心的是CIP,如果優先權鏈中有「中間案」是CIP案,後案可能要小心是否有繼承到「新增的內容」而造成「斷鏈」。

其實,(1) 如果要提交CIP,而且CIP後也不會有別的後申請案(佈局先想好),現在的實務還不如直接申請新案,自己主動斷鏈好了! (2) 如果提交CIP時,有想到後續佈局的申請案,CIP可能還是必要,但要注意後續優先權是否繼承了CIP案中「新增的技術」,如果是,這樣優先權鏈可能僅到CIP。

判決文:
http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/opinions-orders/16-2504.Opinion.4-18-2018.1.PDF(備份:https://app.box.com/s/wgp4n6tzf1hlab64nx2pfjw87z67qqbz

資料參考:
https://patentlyo.com/patent/2018/04/priority-specifically-include.html

Ron

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