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2023年4月25日 星期二

CA or DIV - 筆記

筆記(本篇僅適用美國)

問題:USPTO針對某專利申請案發出限制選擇要求(restriction/election requirement),其中將申請專利範圍(基於說明書實施例)根據不同分類區分為多組發明(如發明一、發明二、發明三),要求限制選擇,經申請人選擇其中之一「發明一」繼續審查,發明一經審查獲准,在領證公告之前(before issuance),針對「發明二」提出分割申請案(divisional application),不久「發明一」即領證公告。

這時USPTO接續審查「發明二」,如果此時申請人想要針對「發明三」提出另一申請案,是提出分割申請案(DIV)?還是接續案(continuation application,CA)?

事實上CA與DIV實質是相似的,只是面對基礎案的狀態而有不同的法律與程序。

簡單的回答是,不論CA或DIV(亦可適用CIP),內容都一樣,程序如何走是根據「基礎案/母案」狀態決定,因此,上述狀態下的延續案,即便是發明三,仍應採用CA(基於仍有pending的申請案),因為其基礎案已經領證公告(程序已終止)

如果基礎案是一般狀態的申請案,在未公告領證或是拋棄之前,都可出CA/CIP等延續案。如果基礎案是經過限制選擇要求的,在基礎案未公告領證或是拋棄之前,可針對其中未選擇的申請專利範圍提出一或多件DIV,如果並非針對其中未選擇範圍,延續案應為CA。

根據以下列舉法條,35USC121規範分割申請案,就是指根據審查意見提出的限制選擇提出DIV相關規定亦需參考規範延續案35USC120,還提到,在限制選擇要求下在基礎案領證公告前提出DIV,不能拿來對抗DIV或是相關申請案,意思是,DIV應該是要在基礎案領證公告前提出申請。

35 U.S.C. 121 DIVISIONAL APPLICATIONS.

If two or more independent and distinct inventions are claimed in one application, the Director may require the application to be restricted to one of the inventions. If the other invention is made the subject of a divisional application which complies with the requirements of section 120 it shall be entitled to the benefit of the filing date of the original application. A patent issuing on an application with respect to which a requirement for restriction under this section has been made, or on an application filed as a result of such a requirement, shall not be used as a reference either in the Patent and Trademark Office or in the courts against a divisional application or against the original application or any patent issued on either of them, if the divisional application is filed before the issuance of the patent on the other application. The validity of a patent shall not be questioned for failure of the Director to require the application to be restricted to one invention.


摘錄其中相關內容:
- A divisional application is often filed as a result of a restriction requirement made by the examiner.
- The inventorship in the divisional application must include at least one inventor named in the prior-filed application, and the divisional application must claim the benefit of the prior-filed application under 35 U.S.C. 120, 121, 365(c), or 386(c).
- An application claiming the benefit of a provisional application under 35 U.S.C. 119(e) should not be called a “divisional” of the provisional application.
- A design application may be considered to be a divisional of a utility application (but not of a provisional application), and is entitled to the filing date thereof if the drawings of the earlier filed utility application show the same article as that in the design application sufficiently to comply with 35 U.S.C. 112(a).(發明專利申請案的DIV可以是設計案!)

Ron

2022年8月4日 星期四

美國國家階段單一性要求筆記 - 37 C.F.R. 1.475

美國專利審查時會考量一個申請案中的多個請求項界定的發明是否屬於同一類別(class)或是有多個實施例或圖式形成多個種類(species),此時將發出限制選擇要求(requirement of election and restriction),一般會認定這與多數國家考量發明單一性(考量請求項之間是否具有相同廣義發明概念,以及是否有先前技術沒有的特殊技術特徵)的方式有所不同。

但如果申請案是源自國際申請案,一般是指PCT(WIPO patent),要求的就是requirement for unity of invention(發明單一性要求),但進入美國國家階段後,又會與美國的限制選擇要求混搭,產生了一些火花。



曾經理解過案件,即便請求項之間具有共同發明,但因為申請書揭露了多個實施例形成多個種類(species)而被認為缺乏發明單一性,即發出"選擇"要求。

37 C.F.R. 1.475 規定ISA(國際檢索機構)、國際初步審查機構以及美國國家階段審查時對於發明單一性的要求。

1.475(a) 發明單一性(unity of invention)的要求就是要求申請案中申請專利範圍為基於「單一廣義發明概念(single general inventive concept)」,也就多個請求項之間需要有技術關聯性,具有相同或對應的「特殊技術特徵(special technical features,STF)」,此STF為先前技術所沒有且為每個請求項發明有貢獻的共同技術特徵

1.475(b) 
即便請求項涵蓋不同類別,但仍可視為具有發明單一性,只要(其中之一即可):
(1) 產品以及特別用於製造此產品的流程;
(2) 產品與使用此產品的流程;
(3) 產品、特別製造此產品的流程,以及使用此產品的方法;
(4) 流程以及特別設計實現此流程的裝置或手段;
(5) 產品、特別用於製造此產品的流程、特別設計用來實現此流程的裝置或手段。

1.475(c) 
如果申請案包括如(b)點指出屬於多個類別組合之一或多個的請求項,仍可能不滿足發明單一性。

1.475(d) 
如果請求項包括多個產品、製造或使用的流程,第一個提到的發明作為主要發明而被審查。

1.475(e) 
判斷是否申請案中有一組發明具備單一廣義發明概念」時,並非關於發明是否以分開的請求項或是在一項請求項中有多個選擇(alternatives within a single claim)來界定

過去曾有討論:美國專利單一性討論 - MPEP1893.03(d)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2015/03/mpep189303d.html

-------------------------------------------------------
1.475    Unity of invention before the International Searching Authority, the International Preliminary Examining Authority and during the national stage.

(a) An international and a national stage application shall relate to one invention only or to a group of inventions so linked as to form a single general inventive concept ("requirement of unity of invention"). Where a group of inventions is claimed in an application, the requirement of unity of invention shall be fulfilled only when there is a technical relationship among those inventions involving one or more of the same or corresponding special technical features. The expression "special technical features" shall mean those technical features that define a contribution which each of the claimed inventions, considered as a whole, makes over the prior art.

(b) An international or a national stage application containing claims to different categories of invention will be considered to have unity of invention if the claims are drawn only to one of the following combinations of categories:
(1) A product and a process specially adapted for the manufacture of said product; or
(2) A product and a process of use of said product; or
(3) A product, a process specially adapted for the manufacture of the said product, and a use of the said product; or
(4) A process and an apparatus or means specifically designed for carrying out the said process; or
(5) A product, a process specially adapted for the manufacture of the said product, and an apparatus or means specifically designed for carrying out the said process.

(c) If an application contains claims to more or less than one of the combinations of categories of invention set forth in paragraph (b) of this section, unity of invention might not be present.

(d) If multiple products, processes of manufacture or uses are claimed, the first invention of the category first mentioned in the claims of the application and the first recited invention of each of the other categories related thereto will be considered as the main invention in the claims, see PCT Article 17(3)(a) and § 1.476(c).

(e) The determination whether a group of inventions is so linked as to form a single general inventive concept shall be made without regard to whether the inventions are claimed in separate claims or as alternatives within a single claim.

Ron

2022年4月6日 星期三

不能以與附屬請求項衝突的方式解釋獨立請求項範圍 - Littelfuse, Inc. v. Mersen USA EP Corp. (Fed. Cir. 2022)

侵權訴訟中很重要的一步就是解釋專利範圍(claim construction),解釋專利範圍有一定的規則(判例:Phillips v. AWH Corp. (Fed. Cir. 2005)),最重要的相關領域一般技術人員根據字面的理解,需要時應參照說明書的描述,以及答辯歷史,再不就是引用字典定義,或是專家證詞。本案中,雖是簡單的結構(就因為結構簡單才容易得出簡單又重要的結論),但是專利範圍經修正後已經破壞原本申請時要主張"包山包海"的專利範圍(即便審查委員認同),也就導致專利範圍被"破",使得侵權不成立。

案件資訊:
原告/上訴人:LITTELFUSE, INC.
被告/被上訴人:MERSEN USA EP CORP.
系爭專利:US9,564,281
判決日:April 4, 2022

本案緣起Littelfuse公司Mersen提起專利侵權訴訟,在地方法院解釋專利範圍後,做出侵權不成立判決,Littelfuse提起上訴。

解釋專利範圍:
系爭專利'281關於一種具有捲曲端子的保險絲蓋,Claim 1如下,其中元件可以簡單對照到圖式上。

1. A fuse end cap comprising:
a mounting cuff (134a,134b) defining a first cavity (136a,136b) that receives an end of a fuse body (140), the end of the fuse body being electrically insulating;
a terminal (132a,132b) defining a second cavity (138a,138b) that receives a conductor, wherein the terminal is crimped about the conductor to retain the conductor within the second cavity; and
a fastening stem (465) that extends from the mounting cuff and into the second cavity of the terminal that receives the conductor.
8. The fuse end cap of claim 1, wherein the mounting cuff and the terminal are machined from a single, contiguous piece of conductive material.
9. The fuse end cap of claim 1, wherein the mounting cuff and the terminal are stamped from a single, contiguous piece of conductive material.
fastening stem 465:

解釋專利範圍時,法院參考了說明書中揭示的幾個實施例,所述保險絲兩端的蓋就是上圖中保險絲本體140兩側的結構,可以一導電材料一體成形加工(machined)、沖壓(stamped)或是用不同元件組裝(assembled)製作而成,如附屬項所描述。

在系爭專利'281審查與答辯歷史中,審查委員曾經發出限制選擇要求(restriction /election requirement),要求申請人選擇其中之一實施例進行審查,申請人選擇了「assembled end cap(組裝元件形成保險絲蓋)」實施例,也就將系爭專利請求項8, 9, 19, 20等項先行撤回(withdrawn)。

案件經審理、答辯與修正(加入元件:fastening stem),最後獲准專利,審查委員還同意將撤回的請求項重返(rejoin),也就是說審查委員認同一體成形加工與沖壓的製作方式同時都相容於獨立請求項的特徵。

地方法院:
在地方法院解釋專利範圍時,認為「fastening stem(固定柄)」用於連結其他元件,並且自安裝口(mounting cuff)延伸以進入端子(terminal)定義的第二腔(second cavity),使得安裝口與端子連結。特別的是,法院認為,當將此fastening stem加入專利範圍時,已經不是「一體成形」的裝置了

因此系爭專利獨立請求項範圍也就不能同時涵蓋一體成形與多元件組合的實施例,這就與當初獲准時審查委員同意重返後的專利範圍不同,系爭專利範圍僅包括多元件組合(multi-piece apparatus)的實施態樣。(地院認為USPTO審委有誤!)

CAFC:
案件進入CAFC,法院參照判例Phillips v. AWH Corp. (Fed. Cir. 2005)做出的解釋專利範圍原則,以相關領域一般技術人員根據請求項與說明書字面的理解,主要專利範圍主要元件有三:mounting cuff, terminal, fastening stem,附屬項則表示所述保險絲蓋為一體成型或是多元件組合。

一般的原則是,獨立請求項範圍比附屬項廣,也應包含附屬項描述的實施例,如此認為地方法院解釋專利範圍是以獨立請求項範圍排除如附屬項界定的特徵並不符合請求項字面解釋的範圍。也就是說,根據地院的解釋,認為獨立項為多元件,非一體成形,而附屬項界定可為一體成形("from a single, contiguous piece of conductive material")不相容於獨立請求項,但CAFC認為這是錯誤的解釋方式。


CAFC的態度是,不能以與其附屬項不一致的方式解釋獨立項。(法院在此提到「differentiation in claim scope」並非是絕對的規則,反而可被說明書或審查歷史推翻。)


(案例:Wright Med. Tech., Inc. v. Osteonics Corp. (Fed. Cir. 1997)

CAFC法官因此判定,系爭專利中claims 8, 9等範圍是個鐵證,就是證明claim 1已經涵蓋一體成形的裝置,也就是可以對應到被告侵權物的裝置。

由於CAFC判定地方法院與被告Mersen的主張會讓附屬專利範圍顯得多餘而沒有範圍可言,這是與一般性原則有衝突,就法院而言,如前例Ortho-McNeil Pharm. v. Mylan Lab’ys, Inc. (Fed. Cir. 2008),致力於以不會讓附屬項無意義的方式解釋專利範圍("This court strives to reach a claim construction that does not render claim language in dependent claims meaningless.")。

如此,當CAFC法官重新審視說明書以解釋申請專利範圍時,認為,說明書並沒有說所述"fastening stem"不能成為「一體成形」的一部分,因此,CAFC判定解釋涵蓋"fastening stem"的專利範圍可以是一體成形與多元件組合的範圍,因此否決地院解釋專利範圍,撤回判決並要求調整專利範圍的解釋,獨立請求項的解釋應該涵蓋上述兩種製作保險絲蓋的方式。

my two cents:
這個結論有點大膽,但是似乎是這樣:針對獲准領證的有效專利,解讀獨立請求項時,根本不需要考量附屬項是否"合理地"依附獨立項,但是要以不與附屬項衝突的方式解釋獨立請求項(或指被依附項)範圍。

參考案例:合理解釋專利範圍的案例 - Phillips v. AWH Corp. (Fed. Cir. 2005)http://enpan.blogspot.tw/2015/05/phillips-v-awh-corp-fed-cir-2005.html



Ron

2021年3月3日 星期三

回覆限制選擇要求的筆記

本篇筆記一個情況,就是接獲限制選擇要求(RR)時,若未能即時回覆(如已經超過mailing date 6個月了),那要怎麼辦?其實這與未回覆一般OA是一樣的,只是問題轉成RR這個狀況。

回應限制選擇要求,就如回應一般OA,同樣提供3個月的回覆期限,也能延期到6個月。雖這"表面上"是簡單的回覆,但也是充滿學問,可參考本部落格相關標籤:https://enpan.blogspot.com/search/label/Election

MPEP 818規範回覆限制選擇要求的事項。USPTO資料:https://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/mpep/s818.html

Restriction Requirement:

當審查委員判斷專利申請案中涵蓋兩個以上可以分別的發明而產生嚴重的負擔(if a serious burden exists,可以發出限制要求(restriction requirement),申請人必須選擇其中之一發明繼續審查,如果申請人想要提出反對意見(traverse, for reconsideration of a requirement to restrict),除了必須的選擇之外(這時的選擇對申請人而言為provisional election of one invention for prosecution),可以加入回覆內容中加入「為何此限制要求有誤」的理由,要求審查委員撤回限制要求("A complete reply to a restriction requirement must include an election even if applicant traverses the requirement.")。

而USPTO發出限制要求的同時,有可能也會包括核駁(rejection)或異議(objection)理由,申請人除了選擇其一發明外,也應回應這些核駁或異議理由,除非通過修正與說明後可以讓審查委員撤銷這些意見。

如果沒有表達是否Traverse,視為沒有反對意見,若僅提出反對(with traverse),卻沒有同時提出反對的理由,有以下兩個情況。

情況一:如果表示「反對理由(traverse)」,卻沒有提出理由,也沒有事後提出petition,USPTO視為沒有反對理由("The absence of any statement indicating whether the requirement to restrict is traversed or the failure to provide reasons for traverse will be treated as an election without traverse.")

情況二:如果表示「反對理由(traverse)」,同時沒有提出理由,是保留了提出請願(petition)的權利MPEP 818.01(c) Traverse is Required To Preserve Right of Petition)。這個事後(延遲)的請願(petition)是向審查委員的長官(Director)提出,提出理由、相關連的申請專利範圍、指出限制要求的錯誤,以要求長官重新審視審委發出的限制要求,而這個請願甚至可以「已選擇請求項」的最終審查意見或是核准之後提出(final action on or allowance of claims to be elected),但不能晚於提出訴願的時間。但之前沒有表示traverse,事後petition不會被受理。

(編按,因此寫上with traverse保留petition空間可以保留自己的權利,並無傷大雅)

可參考過去筆記:With or Without Traverse after Restriction/Election(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2011/01/with-or-without-traverse-after.html)。


(重要)「Linking Claim(連結請求項)」:可參考:保留未選擇的權利範圍(限制與選擇X)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2012/07/blog-post_12.html)。

面對限制要求,有人會在提出選擇的專利範圍時,也附上申請專利範圍中連結被視為多個發明的請求項的「linking claim」可核准理由,這OK,也非表示反對(traverse)限制要求的意見。之後,如果審查意見表示這個連結請求項非可核准,USPTO表示可以將此視為申請人對限制要求的讓步(concession);若這個連結請求項為可核准,重點來了,因為這個linking claim是涵蓋其他請求項的最上位專利範圍,表示之前發出的限制要求並不當(improper),將被撤回(withdrawn)。也就是,當審查意見核准了此linking claim,之前的限制要求會被撤回,連結此linking claim的相關附屬請求項也就一併核准

(編按,之前認為Linking Claim就如一個Generic Claim。但這裡想要澄清一下,如果要細分,Linking Claim定義為連結所有專利範圍的最上位專利範圍,因此用單數claim,但是總的請求項(generic claims)則可能是複數claims,這樣的專利範圍仍有可能包括可區分的species)

Election Requirement:

當請求項中具有"多個"總的專利範圍(generic claims),包括了一些可區分的種類(species of the invention),審查委員可以要求申請人選擇一個種類(election of species),如果專利範圍中有Linking Claim,不會有election of species。

若沒有回覆限制要求,可參考MPEP 711,面對的是案件被拋棄。

如果專利申請人沒有在期限內回覆審查意見,包括限制選擇要求,案件將被拋棄(abandonment),官方在發出notice of abandonment之後不會接受任何動作。然而,若證明專利申請人為無意地忽略(inadvertently omitted)案件而被拋棄時,有機會再獲得一次回覆期限,根據37CFR1.134。

若又沒有及時回覆呢?案件就是會被終結拋棄。

1.134 Time period for reply to an Office action.

An Office action will notify the applicant of any non-statutory or shortened statutory time period set for reply to an Office action. Unless the applicant is notified in writing that a reply is required in less than six months, a maximum period of six months is allowed.


1.135 Abandonment for failure to reply within time period.

  • (a) If an applicant of a patent application fails to reply within the time period provided under § 1.134 and § 1.136 , the application will become abandoned unless an Office action indicates otherwise.
  • (b) Prosecution of an application to save it from abandonment pursuant to paragraph (a) of this section must include such complete and proper reply as the condition of the application may require. The admission of, or refusal to admit, any amendment after final rejection or any amendment not responsive to the last action, or any related proceedings, will not operate to save the application from abandonment.
  • (c) When reply by the applicant is a bona fide attempt to advance the application to final action, and is substantially a complete reply to the non-final Office action, but consideration of some matter or compliance with some requirement has been inadvertently omitted, applicant may be given a new time period for reply under § 1.134 to supply the omission.

Ron

2017年9月30日 星期六

美國與歐洲分割案的修正討論

筆記

「分割申請案(divisional application)」在多數國家的意義是從原母案中"切割"出尚未主張權利的技術,成為另一申請案的「申請專利範圍」的專利樣態,一旦獲准,分割案專利與母案一起"到期",分割案可獨立主張專利權。

編註:美國專利分割案為針對「限制選擇」後的申請樣態,將未選擇(non-elected)的申請專利範圍提出一延續案(DIV與CA寫作與申請規定是一致的),這時程序上稱為分割申請案(Divisional)。這樣看來,美國的延續申請案(Continuation Application,CA)是比較貼近其他各國的分割申請案的樣態。

美國專利:
美國延續申請案35 U.S.C. 120(AIA後):

35 U.S.C. 120 Benefit of earlier filing date in the United States.

An application for patent for an invention disclosed in the manner provided by section 112(a) (other than the requirement to disclose the best mode) in an application previously field in the United States, or as provided by section 363 which names an inventor or joint inventor in the previously filed application shall have the same effect, as to such invention, as though filed on the date of the prior application, if filed before the patenting or abandonment of or termination of proceedings on the first application or on an application similarly entitled to the benefit of the filing date of the first application and if it contains or is amended to contain a specific reference to the earlier filed application. No application shall be entitled to the benefit of an earlier filed application under this section unless an amendment containing the specific reference to the earlier filed application is submitted at such time during the pendency of the application as required by the Director. The Director may consider the failure to submit such an amendment within that time period as a waiver of any benefit under this section. ...

美國分割申請案35 U.S.C. 121(AIA後):

35 U.S.C. 121 Divisional applications.

If two or more independent and distinct inventions are claimed in one application, the Director may require the application to be restricted to one of the inventions. If the other invention is made the subject of a divisional application which complies with the requirements of section 120 it shall be entitled to the benefit of the filing date of the original application. A patent issuing on an application with respect to which a requirement for restriction under this section has been made, or on an application filed as a result of such a requirement, shall not be used as a reference either in the Patent and Trademark Office or in the courts against a divisional application or against the original application or any patent issued on either of them, if the divisional application is filed before the issuance of the patent on the other application. The validity of a patent shall not be questioned for failure of the Director to require the application to be restricted to one invention.

有趣的是,從法條本身找「amend、修正」的關鍵字,只有35 U.S.C. 120有修正的規範,這也是CA給申請人的彈性,在發明內容、實施例與原母案一致的條件下,可修正整篇說明書,並可提出新的申請專利範圍。

「分割申請案(DIV)」是從母案選出「限制選擇程序中未選擇」的申請專利範圍提出分割案申請,原則上遞件時「無須修正」,若要修正應該是申請後(或申請同時)提出的preliminary amendments。

歐洲專利:
歐洲專利的分割案沒有不一樣的地方,但是由於都是架構在case law,仍可以就當中的案例討論(應該要挑幾個來討論)。

提出歐洲分割申請案,常見也是因為在母案檢索階段接獲「不符單一性規定」的官方意見(OA, 或稱communication),有些請求項並未列入檢索(或是未被選擇要審查)的對象中,日後,申請人可針對這部分申請專利範圍提出分割申請案。

歐洲分割申請案自然不能超出原母案揭露內容,分割案提出時可以一併修正,不能超出原內容。

歐洲申請案的修正規定在Art. 123 EPC,EPO至少提供一次讓申請人主動修正的機會,包括提出分割申請案時,這時可以依照規定,在不超出專利內容的條件下擴大專利範圍,一旦獲准就不能修正擴大範圍了。

Article 123 Amendments (http://www.epo.org/law-practice/legal-texts/html/epc/2016/e/ar123.html)
(1)
The European patent application or European patent may be amended in proceedings before the European Patent Office, in accordance with the Implementing Regulations. In any event, the applicant shall be given at least one opportunity to amend the application of his own volition. 
(2)
The European patent application or European patent may not be amended in such a way that it contains subject-matter which extends beyond the content of the application as filed. 
(3)
The European patent may not be amended in such a way as to extend the protection it confers. 

Article 76 European divisional applications (http://www.epo.org/law-practice/legal-texts/html/epc/2016/e/ar76.html)
(1)
A European divisional application shall be filed directly with the European Patent Office in accordance with the Implementing Regulations. It may be filed only in respect of subject-matter which does not extend beyond the content of the earlier application as filed; in so far as this requirement is complied with, the divisional application shall be deemed to have been filed on the date of filing of the earlier application and shall enjoy any right of priority. 
(2)
All the Contracting States designated in the earlier application at the time of filing of a European divisional application shall be deemed to be designated in the divisional application. 

參考連結:
http://www.epo.org/law-practice/legal-texts/html/caselaw/2016/e/clr_ii_f_2_2.htm

[法條,以下保留case law連結]
2.2.
Amendments to divisional applications
Divisional applications are new applications which are separate and independent from the earlier applications. Amendments to a divisional application are thus allowed under Art. 123(2) EPC to the same extent as amendments of any other non-divisional application (G 1/05, OJ 2008, 271, points 9.1-9.2 of the Reasons).
Amendments may be allowed even if the divisional application as filed contains – contrary to Art. 76(1), second sentence, first half sentence, EPC – subject-matter extending beyond the earlier application as filed. Such a divisional application is not to be considered "invalid" (G 1/05, OJ 2008, 271, point 2.9 of the Reasons). It may still be amended during examination proceedings so that it complies with the requirements of Art. 76(1) EPC, provided always, however, that the amendment complies with the other requirements of the EPC (see G 1/05, OJ 2008, 271, point 7 of the Reasons). Even if the earlier application is no longer pending, it remains possible to amend a divisional application to bring it in line with the requirements of Art. 76(1) EPC (G 1/05, OJ 2008, 271, points 8.1-8.2 of the Reasons).
If a divisional application is amended, it must meet both the requirements of Art. 76(1) EPC and those of Art. 123(2) EPC, so as to preclude the introduction of new subject-matter into the examination proceedings (see, among many others, 284/85441/92873/94OJ 1997, 4561221/971008/99561/00402/00423/03).
連結:http://www.epo.org/law-practice/legal-texts/html/guidelines/e/c_ix_1_4.htm

1.4
Examination of a divisional application 
The substantive examination of a divisional application should in principle be carried out as for any other application but the following special points need to be considered. The claims of a divisional application need not be limited to subject-matter already claimed in claims of the parent application. Furthermore, no abuse of the system of divisional applications can be identified in the mere fact that the claims of the application on which the Examining Division had then to decide had a broader scope than the claims granted in relation with the parent application (see T 422/07).
......


資料參考:USPTO, EPO, bitlaw.com

my two cents:
若名為「分割申請案」,但又想修正專利範圍或是內容(誤繕與澄清為由),名正言順的話,應該是提出「延續申請案(CA)」。

另一種方式,大概就在提出分割申請案之後,在OA答辯過程「調整」到想要的範圍,或是在接獲第一次OA之前提出初步修正(preliminary amendments)。

分割申請案的初步修正討論:http://enpan.blogspot.tw/2016/04/blog-post_4.html

其他參考(這類議題總是值得討論的議題,而類似以下的連結只會多不會少):


(本篇提到一些策略,如:
"短期策略,這發生在有一專利申請案中的較廣範圍遭遇核駁,但可能其下位技術可以獲准,或是很有希望透過限縮獲准,但是卻又不想放棄較廣範圍的專利,於是,可以在接獲核駁意見後法定期限內(3-6個月)提出CA案,CA案主要範圍是母案中可以獲准(或可能經限縮而可獲准的)的範圍,為的是先拿到一個專利(可能比較貼近實際產品);為了取得具有侵略性的專利,母案則繼續答辯,期待獲准另一個範圍更廣的專利。

長期策略,有價值的專利佈局通常是多面相的專利保護佈局,比如以多個角度去界定一個技術(產品),讓專利相關技術不容易被迴避,因此價值可以更高。於是母案(可為多種母案、多個provisional applications)所涵蓋技術特徵應該多樣、豐富,使得延續案操作的角度更有彈性。這樣的專利佈局有利於授權、保護授權廠商利益、建立技術門檻、涵蓋更多的可能侵權者(上下游),自然也提高授權金或買賣金額。"


順便補充一下我國分割案修正的時機,審查前後有所不同,內容來自:https://www.tipo.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=504223&ctNode=7633&mp=1

專利案申請分割時,原申請案為分割而同時進行的修正,也要受到期間限制嗎?
答:分割申請時,若原申請案(母案)因分割而需修正,該修正於審定前均得為之。惟分割後,原申請案(母案)及分割案(子案)之修正,則有期限限制。即發明(設計)必須在申請人於本局發給審查意見通知前,提出修正。於本局發給審查意見通知後,僅得於該通知指定之期間內提出修正;申請人於初審核駁審定後,提出再審查時,於本局發給再審查意見通知前,仍得提出修正。惟於本局發給再審查意見通知後,僅得於該通知指定之期間內提出修正(專利法第43條第3項、專利法第142條準用專利法第43條第3項)。

Ron

2016年6月7日 星期二

美國設計專利再領證與分割案討論

美國專利一旦核准領證公告後,程序就關閉(closed),若之後想要佈局「後續案」,可以透過「再領證(re-issue)」程序,將程序打開(open),除了應實質修正原專利範圍外(包括刪、增、修圖),在再領證審查期間可以佈局後續案。

提出設計案的再領證請求後,也會有風險,如再領證案(與母案有差異)會重新進入實際審查、再領證案也可能因為設計修正不符規定被撤回、再領證案的延續案,如CIP/CA/DIV等,十分可能會與母案重複專利(近似、沒有專利性差異),只要沒有一樣(identical)就可以期末拋棄(Terminal Disclaimer)克服。以下將列舉範例。

根據MPEP 1457規定的設計專利再領證程序,其中第III節提到設計再領證申請案,所述再領證申請案可以是基於"錯誤",如並未體現設計可專利區隔的部分時(對照先前設計),可以提出再領證案;如果提出再領證申請案時間為先前案領證公告後兩年內,可以「擴大」專利範圍。這些規定於35 U.S.C. 251

重點:
"It should be noted that the filing of a design reissue application would not be proper if applicant did in fact include the design for a segregable part or subcombination thereof in the original design patent application, a restriction was thus made, and then applicant failed to file a divisional reissue application for a non-elected invention that was canceled in view of a restriction requirement ."

這裡提到兩種再領證設計案會遇到的樣態:segregable part、subcombination,姑且翻譯為「可分離部」與「次組合」,可分離部為設計中可以被分開的部分,次組合為多件設計中可以被獨立使用的部分(編按)。

因此,當提出再領證時,申請人會在設計中增刪一些特徵,如果是增刪設計中的「segregable part、subcombination」,這部分相對設計主體為較次要的部分,可能會被列為不被考慮/審查的部分,針對這部分列為非選擇的設計(non-elected),審查委員會對這部分發出限制要求(restriction requirement),要求提出分割申請案。

經過修正後的設計整體將被審查,設計若被認定沒有這些修正的部分仍是可核准的設計,反而會被認為違反35 U.S.C. 251再領證申請案的規定,因此再領證案修正並非基於以上所述的"錯誤"。也就是說,再領證案有"實質變更"原設計的基本立法精神,若審查後發現修改的部分並未變更原可核准的設計特徵,將發出核駁意見,甚至要求以分割案提出申請。

這裡提出若接獲違反35U.S.C.251的核駁意見,回應建議如下,也就是等於拋棄原設計,而以不同於原設計的分割再領證作為審查主體。
(A)對於以上所述未被選擇的segregable part or subcombination subject matter提出分割案。
(B)聲明已經提出分割再領證申請案。
(C)基於分割再領證案對核駁意見提出答辯,此時審查意見將針對「分割案」,而非原設計。

MPEP 1457 Design Reissue Applications and Patents
...
III.MULTIPLE DESIGN REISSUE APPLICATIONS
The design reissue application can be filed based on the "error" of failing to include a design for a patentably distinct segregable part of the design claimed in the original patent or a patentably distinct subcombination of the claimed design. A reissue design application claiming both the entire article and the patentably distinct subcombination or segregable part would be proper under 35 U.S.C. 251, if such a reissue application is filed within two years of the issuance of the design patent, because it is considered a broadening of the scope of the patent claim. Restriction will be required under 37 CFR 1.176(b) in such a reissue design application, and the added design to the segregable part or subcombination will be held to be constructively non-elected and withdrawn from consideration. See MPEP § 1450. In the Office action containing the restriction requirement, the examiner should suggest to the applicant that a divisional design reissue application directed to the constructively non-elected segregable part or subcombination subject matter may be filed. The claim to the patented design for the entire article will then be examined and, if found allowable without change from the patent, a rejection will be made under 35 U.S.C. 251 based on the fact that there is no "error" in the non-amended original patent claim. In the Office action making this rejection, applicant should be advised that a proper response to the rejection must include (A) a request to suspend action in this original reissue application pending completion of examination of a divisional reissue application directed to the constructively non-elected segregable part or subcombination subject matter, (B) the filing of the divisional reissue application, or a statement that one has already been filed (identifying it at least by application number), and (C) an argument that a complete response to the rejection has been made based upon the filing of the divisional reissue application and the request for suspension. Action in the original design reissue application will then be suspended, and the divisional will be examined.
If, after examination, the divisional design reissue application is also determined to be allowable, a requirement must be made in the divisional design reissue application to submit a petition under 37 CFR 1.183 requesting waiver of 37 CFR 1.153 in order to permit the rejoining of the designs to the entire article (of the original application) and the segregable part or subcombination (of the divisional) under a single claim into a single design reissue application for issuance, the single application being the first design reissue application.
It should be noted that the filing of a design reissue application would not be proper if applicant did in fact include the design for a segregable part or subcombination thereof in the original design patent application, a restriction was thus made, and then applicant failed to file a divisional reissue application for a non-elected invention that was canceled in view of a restriction requirement (before issue of the original application. See In re Watkinson, 900 F.2d 230, 14 USPQ2d 1407 (Fed. Cir. 1990); In re Orita, 550 F.2d 1277, 1280, 193 USPQ 145, 148 (CCPA 1977).
...

再領證設計範例之一:D750,849
D750,849 Bird protector


這件設計為D730589 (29/489239)的分割案,'589案為RE45586 (14/086437)的分割案,'586案為US8413614 (12/954242)的再領證案,...

D730589 (29/489239)

設計母案為發明專利:RE45586 (14/086437)



再領證設計範例之二:29/193,474

本案29/193,474為29/147267 (D459402)的再領證案,後續案包括29/193,474的分割案29/236160 (RE40625),還有延續案29/267723 (RE40671)。

'402:


這裡討論29/193,474因為經再領證後並未與母案'402案區隔,被發出限制選擇,而擇經擴大專利範圍的部分提出分割案,也就是上述原設計被拋棄而對新增特徵提出分割申請案的案例。

此案29/193,474D459402 的再領證案,在審查中,接獲的審查意見表示,此再領證案修正擴大專利範圍,並能與其母案'402案專利性區隔(patentably distinct)。但認為其中與母案(列為embodiment 1)區隔的embodiment 2為母案遊戲機的「次組合」,所述擴大專利範圍的部分為embodiment 2,因此發出限制要求。本案因為無法區隔其母案'402案,因此最終被拋棄。反而擴大範圍的部份對應限制要求而提出分割申請案,獲准為RE40625 (29/236160)

29/193,474審查意見片段:


分割案RE40625 (29/236160),顯然有新增更多虛線不主張專利範圍的部分(實質擴大專利範圍)


Ron

2016年4月4日 星期一

分割案與初步修正的應用筆記

美國專利分割申請案規範於35 U.S.C. 121,可參閱過去文章(post-AIA):http://enpan.blogspot.tw/2013/06/blog-post_5.html

分割申請案是回應限制選擇的延續申請案,在母案尚在懸宕(pending)時提出申請,可以主張母案申請日或其優先權日的優勢。

簡單來看,分割申請案就將經限制選擇後中未選擇的請求項(non-elected claims)分割出來,以分割申請程序提出申請,因此其中專利標的將延續自母案請求項範圍。不過,這樣的專利範圍常常不如人意,申請人可以要求提出初步修正,讓分割案的請求項較為完整。

列舉一例,申請號:13/291,346申請時專利範圍有claims 1-20,經選擇後,母案續審claims 1-17並直接核准(沒有核駁)。

限制選擇:

申請人選擇Group I:

獲准範圍:

未選擇的請求項claims 18-20:

分割案申請號:14/849,891:
提出分割案,同時(隔幾天)提出初步修正(preliminary amendment),修改母案中未選擇的請求項,並新增範圍claims 24-30,因此請求項與母案中未選擇的請求項有所差異:

雖順利獲准,申請人又再次修正(獲准後修正:http://enpan.blogspot.tw/2011/05/amendments-after-allowance.html),也再次接獲核准通知:

法條參考:
37 CFR 1.312: AMENDMENTS AFTER ALLOWANCE
No amendment may be made as a matter of right in an application after the mailing of the notice of allowance. Any amendment filed pursuant to this section must be filed before or with the payment of the issue fee, and may be entered on the recommendation of the primary examiner, approved by the Director, without withdrawing the application from issue.

37 CFR 1.115: PRELIMINARY AMENDMENTS
...


Ron