顯示具有 priority 標籤的文章。 顯示所有文章
顯示具有 priority 標籤的文章。 顯示所有文章

2025年3月6日 星期四

是否可以將"他人"的前申請案作為優先全基礎案?(筆記)

一個簡單的問題:一件後申請案(如新申請案、CIP等)是否可以他人申請的前申請案作為優先權基礎案?即便答案應該很清楚,但還是要找到法條支持。

根據巴黎公約Art. 4,在任一巴黎公約簽署國合法提出發明、新型、設計或商標的任何人,或其繼承人,在固定期限內應享有他國申請的優先權。

也就是說其他國家的申請案應是這個人或「繼承人(successor)」,所謂繼承人,對照美國專利法35U.S.C.119,指合法代表人(legal representative)或經受讓(assign)的人,才是有資格取得前申請案(或應為最早申請案)的優先權。

Article 4 A to I. 

Patents, Utility Models, Industrial Designs, Marks, Inventors’ Certificates: Right of Priority G. Patents: Division of the Application A. (1) Any person who has duly filed an application for a patent, or for the registration of a utility model, or of an industrial design, or of a trademark, in one of the countries of the Union, or his successor in title, shall enjoy, for the purpose of filing in the other countries, a right of priority during the periods hereinafter fixed. …

35 U.S.C. 119 Benefit of earlier filing date; right of priority.

·         (a) An application for patent for an invention filed in this country by any person who has, or whose legal representatives or assigns have, previously regularly filed an application for a patent for the same invention in a foreign country which affords similar privileges in the case of applications filed in the United States or to citizens of the United States, or in a WTO member country, shall have the same effect as the same application would have if filed in this country on the date on which the application for patent for the same invention was first filed in such foreign country, if the application in this country is filed within 12 months from the earliest date on which such foreign application was filed. The Director may prescribe regulations, including the requirement for payment of the fee specified in section 41(a)(7), pursuant to which the 12-month period set forth in this subsection may be extended by an additional 2 months if the delay in filing the application in this country within the 12-month period was unintentional.

設計案的優先權規定在35 U.S.C. 172,不能主張臨時申請案優先權。

 35 U.S.C. 172 Right of priority.

The right of priority provided for by subsections (a) through (d) of section 119 shall be six months in the case of designs. The right of priority provided for by section 119(e) shall not apply to designs.

 MPEP 213.02規定主張優先權的資格,所謂申請人、申請人的合法代表人,如相同發明人,或至少一個相同發明人。

 MPEP 213.02

II. THE SAME INVENTOR OR AT LEAST ONE COMMON JOINT INVENTOR

Pursuant to 35 U.S.C. 119(a), the foreign application must have been filed by the same applicant as the applicant in the United States, or by applicant's legal representatives or assigns. Consistent with longstanding Office policy, this is interpreted to mean that the U.S. and foreign applications must name the same inventor or have at least one joint inventor in common. For example, a right of priority does not exist in the case of an application of sole inventor A in the foreign country and sole inventor B in the United States, even though the two applications may be owned by the same party. The application in the foreign country may have been filed by the assignee, or by the legal representative or agent of the inventor, rather than by the inventor, but in such cases the name of the inventor is usually given in the foreign application on a paper filed therein. Joint inventors A and B in a nonprovisional application filed in the United States Patent and Trademark Office may properly claim the benefit of an application filed in a foreign country by A and another application filed in a foreign country by B, i.e., A and B may each claim the benefit of their foreign filed applications. See MPEP § 602.09 for more information about joint inventors. See MPEP §§ 602.01(c) and 1412.04 for correction of inventorship. If upon filing of the U.S. application and the filing of a relied upon prior-filed foreign application there is an overlap in appropriately named inventorship, an application can properly claim right of priority of the prior filed application’s filing date pursuant to 35 U.S.C. 119. See 37 CFR 1.451.48 and 1.78.

Ron

2024年9月17日 星期二

筆記cross reference的寫法

以下為美國專利US11586181(申請號:US16/698,606)的cross reference(優先權資訊),覺得超複雜,就只是看看,專利權人是"Strong Force IoT Portfolio",名稱看來是NPE。(用顏色勾勒一下關聯性,寫法很分散,有點特殊。)

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS
The present application claims the benefit of, and is a continuation of, U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 16/143,286, filed Sep. 26, 2018, entitled METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR DETECTION IN AN INDUSTRIAL INTERNET OF THINGS DATA COLLECTION ENVIRONMENT WITH FREQUENCY BAND ADJUSTMENTS FOR DIAGNOSING OIL AND GAS PRODUCTION EQUIPMENT.

U.S. Ser. No. 16/143,286 is a continuation of, U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 15/973,406, filed May 7, 2018, entitled METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR DETECTION IN AN INDUSTRIAL INTERNET OF THINGS DATA COLLECTION ENVIRONMENT WITH LARGE DATA SETS.

U.S. Ser. No. 15/973,406 is a bypass continuation-in-part of International Application Number PCT/US17/31721, filed May 9, 2017, entitled METHODS AND SYSTEM FOR THE INDUSTRIAL INTERNET OF THINGS, published on Nov. 16, 2017, as WO 2017/196821, which claims priority to: U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/333,589, filed May 9, 2016, entitled STRONG FORCE INDUSTRIAL IOT MATRIX; U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/350,672, filed Jun. 15, 2016, entitled STRATEGY FOR HIGH SAMPLING RATE DIGITAL RECORDING OF MEASUREMENT WAVEFORM DATA AS PART OF AN AUTOMATED SEQUENTIAL LIST THAT STREAMS LONG-DURATION AND GAP-FREE WAVEFORM DATA TO STORAGE FOR MORE FLEXIBLE POST-PROCESSING; U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/412,843, filed Oct. 26, 2016, entitled METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR THE INDUSTRIAL INTERNET OF THINGS; and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/427,141, filed Nov. 28, 2016, entitled METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR THE INDUSTRIAL INTERNET OF THINGS.

U.S. Ser. No. 15/973,406 also claims priority to: U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/540,557, filed Aug. 2, 2017, entitled SMART HEATING SYSTEMS IN AN INDUSTRIAL INTERNET OF THINGS; U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/562,487, filed Sep. 24, 2017, entitled METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR THE INDUSTRIAL INTERNET OF THINGS; and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/583,487, filed Nov. 8, 2017, entitled METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR THE INDUSTRIAL INTERNET OF THINGS.

U.S. Ser. No. 16/143,286 claims the benefit of, and is a bypass continuation of, International Application Number PCT/US18/45036, filed Aug. 2, 2018, entitled METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR DETECTION IN AN INDUSTRIAL INTERNET OF THINGS DATA COLLECTION ENVIRONMENT WITH LARGE DATA SETS.

International Application Number PCT/US18/45036 claims the benefit of, and is a continuation of, U.S. Non-Provisional patent application Ser. No. 15/973,406, filed May 7, 2018, entitled METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR DEFECTION IN AN INDUSTRIAL INTERNET OF THINGS DATA COLLECTION ENVIRONMENT WITH LARGE DATA SETS.

International Application Number PCT/US18/45036 claims priority to: U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/540,557, filed Aug. 2, 2017, entitled SMART HEATING SYSTEMS IN AN INDUSTRIAL INTERNET OF THINGS; U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/540,513, filed Aug. 2, 2017, entitled SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR SMART HEATING SYSTEM THAT PRODUCES AND USES HYDROGEN FUEL; U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/562,487, filed Sep. 24, 2017, entitled METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR THE INDUSTRIAL INTERNET OF THINGS; and U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/583,487, filed Nov. 8, 2017, entitled METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR THE INDUSTRIAL INTERNET OF THINGS.

U.S. Ser. No. 16/143,286 claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/583,487, filed Nov. 8, 2017, entitled METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR THE INDUSTRIAL INTERNET OF THINGS.

All of the foregoing applications are hereby incorporated by reference as if fully set forth herein in their entirety.

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國際優先權主張的法條:35 U.S. Code § 119 - Benefit of earlier filing date; right of priority
美國國內優先權(CA, CIP)主張的法條:35 U.S. Code § 120 - Benefit of earlier filing date in the United States
美國分割案是基於:35 U.S. Code § 121 - Divisional applications
-------------------------------------------

以下為美國專利US20210315581(申請號:US17/358,276)的cross reference,比以上案例更複雜,此例特別的是有將法條依據補上,更顯得複雜。

The present application is a continuation application claiming priority under 35 U.S.C. § 120 to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/209,416, titled METHOD OF HUB COMMUNICATION, PROCESSING, DISPLAY, AND CLOUD ANALYTICS, filed Dec. 4, 2018, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0206562, which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/773,778, titled METHOD FOR ADAPTIVE CONTROL SCHEMES FOR SURGICAL NETWORK CONTROL AND INTERACTION, filed Nov. 30, 2018, to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/773,728, titled METHOD FOR SITUATIONAL AWARENESS FOR SURGICAL NETWORK OR SURGICAL NETWORK CONNECTED DEVICE CAPABLE OF ADJUSTING FUNCTION BASED ON A SENSED SITUATION OR USAGE, filed Nov. 30, 2018, to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/773,741, titled METHOD FOR FACILITY DATA COLLECTION AND INTERPRETATION, filed Nov. 30, 2018, and to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/773,742, titled METHOD FOR CIRCULAR STAPLER CONTROL ALGORITHM ADJUSTMENT BASED ON SITUATIONAL AWARENESS, filed Nov. 30, 2018, the disclosure of each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

The present application is a continuation application claiming priority under 35 U.S.C. §120 to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/209,416, titled METHOD OF HUB COMMUNICATION, PROCESSING, DISPLAY, AND CLOUD ANALYTICS, filed Dec. 4, 2018, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0206562, which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/750,529, titled METHOD FOR OPERATING A POWERED ARTICULATING MULTI-CLIP APPLIER, filed Oct. 25, 2018, to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/750,539, titled SURGICAL CLIP APPLIER, filed Oct. 25, 2018, and to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/750,555, titled SURGICAL CLIP APPLIER, filed Oct. 25, 2018, the disclosure of each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

The present application is a continuation application claiming priority under 35 U.S.C. § 120 to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/209,416, titled METHOD OF HUB COMMUNICATION, PROCESSING, DISPLAY, AND CLOUD ANALYTICS, filed Dec. 4, 2018, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0206562, which also claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/729,183, titled CONTROL FOR A SURGICAL NETWORK OR SURGICAL NETWORK CONNECTED DEVICE THAT ADJUSTS ITS FUNCTION BASED ON A SENSED SITUATION OR USAGE, filed Sep. 10, 2018, to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/729,177, titled AUTOMATED DATA SCALING, ALIGNMENT, AND ORGANIZING BASED ON PREDEFINED PARAMETERS WITHIN A SURGICAL NETWORK BEFORE TRANSMISSION, filed Sep. 10, 2018, to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/729,176, titled INDIRECT COMMAND AND CONTROL OF A FIRST OPERATING ROOM SYSTEM THROUGH THE USE OF A SECOND OPERATING ROOM SYSTEM WITHIN A STERILE FIELD WHERE THE SECOND OPERATING ROOM SYSTEM HAS PRIMARY AND SECONDARY OPERATING MODES, filed Sep. 10, 2018, to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/729,185, titled POWERED STAPLING DEVICE THAT IS CAPABLE OF ADJUSTING FORCE, ADVANCEMENT SPEED, AND OVERALL STROKE OF CUTTING MEMBER OF THE DEVICE BASED ON SENSED PARAME1ER OF FIRING OR CLAMPING, filed Sep. 10, 2018, to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/729,184, tided POWERED SURGICAL TOOL WITH A PREDEFINED ADJUSTABLE CONTROL ALGORITHM FOR CONTROLLING AT LEAST ONE END EFFECTOR PARAMETER AND A MEANS FOR LIMITING THE ADJUSTMENT, filed Sep. 10, 2018, to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/729,182, tided SENSING THE PATIENT POSITION AND CONTACT UTILIZING THE MONO-POLAR RETURN PAD ELECTRODE TO PROVIDE SITUATIONAL AWARENESS TO THE HUB, filed Sep. 10, 2018, to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/729,191, titled SURGICAL NETWORK RECOMMENDATIONS FROM REAL TIME ANALYSIS OF PROCEDURE VARIABLES AGAINST A BASELINE HIGHLIGHTING DIFFERENCES FROM THE OPTIMAL SOLUTION, filed Sep. 10, 2018, to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/729,195, tided ULTRASONIC ENERGY DEVICE WHICH VARIES PRESSURE APPLIED BY CLAMP ARM TO PROVIDE THRESHOLD CONTROL PRESSURE AT A CUT PROGRESSION LOCATION, filed Sep. 10, 2018, and to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/729,186, tided WIRELESS PAIRING OF A SURGICAL DEVICE WITH ANOTHER DEVICE WITHIN A STERILE SURGICAL FIELD BASED ON THE USAGE AND SITUATIONAL AWARENESS OF DEVICES, filed Sep. 10, 2018, the disclosure of each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

The present application is a continuation application claiming priority under 35 U.S.C. § 120 to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/209,416, titled METHOD OF HUB COMMUNICATION, PROCESSING, DISPLAY, AND CLOUD ANALYTICS, filed Dec. 4, 2018, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0206562, which also claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/721,995, titled CONTROLLING AN ULTRASONIC SURGICAL INSTRUMENT ACCORDING TO TISSUE LOCATION, filed Aug. 23, 2018, to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/721,998, titled SITUATIONAL AWARENESS OF ELECTROSURGICAL SYSTEMS, filed Aug. 23, 2018, to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/721,999, tided INTERRUPTION OF ENERGY DUE TO INADVERTENT CAPACITIVE COUPLING, filed Aug. 23, 2018, to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/721,994, tided BIPOLAR COMBINATION DEVICE THAT AUTOMATICALLY ADJUSTS PRESSURE BASED ON ENERGY MODALITY, filed Aug. 23, 2018, and to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/721,996, tided RADIO FREQUENCY ENERGY DEVICE FOR DELIVERING COMBINED ELECTRICAL SIGNALS, filed Aug. 23, 2018, the disclosure of each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

The present application is a continuation application claiming priority under 35 U.S.C. § 120 to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/209,416, titled METHOD OF HUB COMMUNICATION, PROCESSING, DISPLAY, AND CLOUD ANALYTICS, filed Dec. 4, 2018, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0206562, which also claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/692,747, tided SMART ACTIVATION OF AN ENERGY DEVICE BY ANOTHER DEVICE, filed on Jun. 30, 2018, to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/692,748, titled SMART ENERGY ARCHITECTURE, filed on Jun. 30, 2018, and to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/692,768, tided SMART ENERGY DEVICES, filed on Jun. 30, 2018, the disclosure of each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

The present application is a continuation application claiming priority under 35 U.S.C. § 120 to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/209,416, titled METHOD OF HUB COMMUNICATION, PROCESSING, DISPLAY, AND CLOUD ANALYTICS, filed Dec. 4, 2018, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0206562, which also claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/691,228, titled METHOD OF USING REINFORCED FLEX CIRCUITS WITH MULTIPLE SENSORS WITH ELECTROSURGICAL DEVICES, filed Jun. 28, 2018, to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/691,227, titled CONTROLLING A SURGICAL INSTRUMENT ACCORDING TO SENSED CLOSURE PARAMETERS, filed Jun. 28, 2018, to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/691,230, titled SURGICAL INSTRUMENT HAVING A FLEXIBLE ELECTRODE, filed Jun. 28, 2018, to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/691,219, titled SURGICAL EVACUATION SENSING AND MOTOR CONTROL, filed Jun. 28, 2018, to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/691,257, titled COMMUNICATION OF SMOKE EVACUATION SYSTEM PARAMETERS TO HUB OR CLOUD IN SMOKE EVACUATION MODULE FOR IN IERACTIVE SURGICAL PLATFORM, filed Jun. 28, 2018, to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/691,262, titled SURGICAL EVACUATION SYSTEM WITH A COMMUNICATION CIRCUIT FOR COMMUNICATION BETWEEN A FILTER AND A SMOKE EVACUATION DEVICE, filed Jun. 28, 2018, and to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/691,251, titled DUAL IN-SERIES LARGE AND SMALL DROPLET FILTERS, filed Jun. 28, 2018, the disclosure of each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

The present application is a continuation application claiming priority under 35 U.S.C. § 120 to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/209,416, titled METHOD OF HUB COMMUNICATION, PROCESSING, DISPLAY, AND CLOUD ANALYTICS, filed Dec. 4, 2018, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0206562, which also claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/665,129, titled SURGICAL SUTURING SYSTEMS, filed May 1, 2018, to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/665,139, titled SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS COMPRISING CONTROL SYSTEMS, filed May 1, 2018, to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/665,177, titled SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS COMPRISING HANDLE ARRANGEMENTS, filed May 1, 2018, to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/665,128, titled MODULAR SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS, filed May 1, 2018, to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/665,192, titled SURGICAL DISSECTORS, filed May 1, 2018, and to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/665,134, titled SURGICAL CLIP APPLIER, filed May 1, 2018, the disclosure of each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

The present application is a continuation application claiming priority under 35 U.S.C. § 120 to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/209,416, titled METHOD OF HUB COMMUNICATION, PROCESSING, DISPLAY, AND CLOUD ANALYTICS, filed Dec. 4, 2018, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0206562, which also claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/659,900, titled METHOD OF HUB COMMUNICATION, filed on Apr. 19, 2018, the disclosure of each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

The present application is a continuation application claiming priority under 35 U.S.C. § 120 to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/209,416, titled METHOD OF HUB COMMUNICATION, PROCESSING, DISPLAY, AND CLOUD ANALYTICS, filed Dec. 4, 2018, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0206562, which also claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/650,898, filed on Mar. 30, 2018, titled CAPACITIVE COUPLED RETURN PATH PAD WITH SEPARABLE ARRAY ELEMENTS, to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/650,887, titled SURGICAL SYSTEMS WITH OPTIMIZED SENSING CAPABILITIES, filed Mar. 30, 2018, to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/650,882, titled SMOKE EVACUATION MODULE FOR IN IERACTIVE SURGICAL PLATFORM, filed Mar. 30, 2018, and to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/650,877, titled SURGICAL SMOKE EVACUATION SENSING AND CONTROLS, filed Mar. 30, 2018, the disclosure of each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

This application is a continuation application claiming priority under 35 U.S.C. § 120 to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/209,416, titled METHOD OF HUB COMMUNICATION, PROCESSING, DISPLAY, AND CLOUD ANALYTICS, filed Dec. 4, 2018, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0206562, which also claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/649,302, titled INTERACTIVE SURGICAL SYSTEMS WITH ENCRYPTED COMMUNICATION CAPABILITIES, filed Mar. 28, 2018, to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/649,294, titled DATA STRIPPING METHOD TO IN IERROGATE PATIENT RECORDS AND CREATE ANONYMIZED RECORD, filed Mar. 28, 2018, to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/649,300, titled SURGICAL HUB SITUATIONAL AWARENESS, filed Mar. 28, 2018, to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/649,309, titled SURGICAL HUB SPATIAL AWARENESS TO DETERMINE DEVICES IN OPERATING THEATER, filed Mar. 28, 2018, to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/649,310, titled COMPUTER IMPLEMENTED INTERACTIVE SURGICAL SYSTEMS, filed Mar. 28, 2018, to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/649,291, titled USE OF LASER LIGHT AND RED-GREEN-BLUE COLORATION TO DETERMINE PROPERTIES OF BACK SCATTERED LIGHT, filed Mar. 28, 2018, to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/649,296, titled ADAPTIVE CONTROL PROGRAM UPDATES FOR SURGICAL DEVICES, filed Mar. 28, 2018, to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/649,333, titled CLOUD-BASED MEDICAL ANALYTICS FOR CUSTOMIZATION AND RECOMMENDATIONS TO A USER, filed Mar. 28, 2018, to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/649,327, titled CLOUD-BASED MEDICAL ANALYTICS FOR SECURITY AND AUTHENTICATION TRENDS AND REACTIVE MEASURES, filed Mar. 28, 2018, to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/649,315, titled DATA HANDLING AND PRIORITIZATION IN A CLOUD ANALYTICS NETWORK, filed Mar. 28, 2018, to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/649,313, titled CLOUD INTERFACE FOR COUPLED SURGICAL DEVICES, filed Mar. 28, 2018, to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/649,320, titled DRIVE ARRANGEMENTS FOR ROBOT-ASSISTED SURGICAL PLATFORMS, filed Mar. 28, 2018, to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/649,307, titled AUTOMATIC TOOL ADJUSTMENTS FOR ROBOT-ASSISTED SURGICAL PLATFORMS, filed Mar. 28, 2018, and to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/649,323, titled SENSING ARRANGEMENTS FOR ROBOT-ASSISTED SURGICAL PLATFORMS, filed Mar. 28, 2018, the disclosure of each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

This application is a continuation application claiming priority under 35 U.S.C. § 120 to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/209,416, titled METHOD OF HUB COMMUNICATION, PROCESSING, DISPLAY, AND CLOUD ANALYTICS, filed Dec. 4, 2018, now U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2019/0206562, which also claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/611,341, titled INTERACTIVE SURGICAL PLATFORM, filed Dec. 28, 2017, to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/611,340, titled CLOUD-BASED MEDICAL ANALYTICS, filed Dec. 28, 2017, and to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 62/611,339, titled ROBOT ASSISTED SURGICAL PLATFORM, filed Dec. 28, 2017, the disclosure of each of which is herein incorporated by reference in its entirety.

Ron

2023年6月14日 星期三

證據不是拿出來就好,還要提出有意義的解釋 - Parus Holdings, Inc. v. Google LLC (Fed. Cir. 2023)

本篇名稱定為「證據不是拿出來就好,還要提出有意義的解釋」,其實還有一個議題是,不能通過論述而將不能組合的文獻(甚至是同一文獻中的不同範例)隨意組合,特別是本案涉及是否可以主張最早優先權,因為後申請案專利範圍的特徵是優先權案中不同的實施例的組合,但是因為不能隨意組合不同範例中的元件,使得優先權斷鏈。

案件資訊:
上訴人/專利權人:PARUS HOLDINGS, INC.
被上訴人/IPR異議人:GOOGLE LLC
系爭專利:US7,076,431、US9,451,084(IPR2020-00846、IPR2020-00847
判決日期:June 12, 2023

系爭專利關於互動語音系統,可讓使用者以說話的方式瀏覽網路內容。

列舉系爭專利'084(溯及February 4, 2000優先權,以這類技術而言很早呀!)的claim 1(編按,claim 1前言很直白,把幾種跟語音有關的關鍵字寫入,如speech, voice, audio... ,很明確地表示這是一個語音輸入指令以取得資訊的方法):

1. A system for acquiring information from one or more sources maintaining a listing of web sites by receiving speech commands uttered by users into a voice-enabled device and for providing information retrieved from the web sites to the users in an audio form via the voice-enabled device, the system comprising:
at least one computing device, the computing device operatively coupled to one or more networks;
at least one speaker-independent speech-recognition device, the speaker-independent speech-recognition device operatively connected to the computing device and configured to receive the speech commands;
at least one speech-synthesis device, the speech-synthesis device operatively connected to the computing device;
memory operatively associated with the computing device with at least one instruction set for identifying the information to be retrieved, the instruction set being associated with the computing device, the instruction set comprising:
a plurality of web site addresses for the listing of web sites, each web site address identifying a web site containing the information to be retrieved;
at least one recognition grammar associated with the computing device, each recognition grammar corresponding to each instruction set and corresponding to a speech command, the speech command comprising an information request provided by the user, the speaker-independent speech-recognition device configured to receive the speech command from the users via the voice-enabled device and to select the corresponding recognition grammar upon receiving the speech command;
the computing device configured to retrieve the instruction set corresponding to the recognition grammar provided by the speaker-independent speech-recognition device;
the computing device further configured to access at least one of the plurality of web sites identified by the instruction set to obtain the information to be retrieved, wherein the computing device is further configured to periodically search via the one or more networks to identify new web sites and to add the new web sites to the plurality of web sites, the computing device configured to access a first web site of the plurality of web sites and, if the information to be retrieved is not found at the first web site, the computer configured to access the plurality of web sites remaining in an order defined for accessing the listing of web sites until the information to be retrieved is found in at least one of the plurality of web sites or until the plurality of web sites have been accessed;
the speech synthesis device configured to produce an audio message containing any retrieved information from the plurality of web sites, and
the speech synthesis device further configured to transmit the audio message to the users via the voice-enabled device.

案件緣起專利權人Parus向Google, Samsung, LG等公司提出侵權告訴,被告們在地方法院階段提出專利無效的抗辯,同時也向系爭專利提起IPR異議程序,認為系爭專利基於先前技術而言為顯而易見。

'431:

'084:

本案例主要爭議在於IPR的主要引證前案「WO 01/050453 (“Kovatch”,申請日:July 12, 2001,最早優先權為Jan. 4, 2000)」是否夠格為先前技術?

以最早優先權而言,系爭專利(Feb. 4, 2000優先權案,公開號:2001/0047262 (“Kurganov-262”))晚剛好一個月,而異議理由也將Kurganov-262列為先前技術之一。


關於Kovatch:
專利權人在IPR階段主張系爭專利發明構想始於Dec. 31, 1999,提出很多證據,證明比先前技術Kovatch優先權日還早,但PTAB認為Parus並未提出有意義的解釋(without meaningful explanation),判定系爭案發明在1999年並未付諸實現(had not been reduced to practice),並未證明系爭專利發明完成在Kovatch優先權日還早。

關於Kurganov-262:
特別的是,Kurganov-262是系爭專利最早優先權的公開案,Kurganov-262成為前案的主要理由是因為Kurganov-262的說明書並未完全涵蓋系爭專利'084的全部被挑戰的專利範圍,以及'431的claim 9,如此使得系爭專利並不能溯及其最早公開案 - Kurganov-262(優先權斷鏈),這樣使得「Kurganov-262」轉過來變成先前技術之一。(編按,當中雙方有先爭辯,在此不贅述,可參考判決內容。)

CAFC階段:

專利權人Parus上訴CAFC,主張PTAB錯誤判定Parus並未針對為了證明發明更早完成而提出有意義的解釋,以及主張系爭專利最早優先權已經揭露系爭專利範圍。

這裡提出一個關於舉證的原則:不能用"引用/reference"論點而將一份文獻併入另一個文獻中(“Arguments must not be incorporated by reference from one document into another document.”)。編按,這裡涉及專利說明書所揭露的實施例之間是否可以彼此引用的議題,如果實施例明顯不同,之後解釋證明可互相引用就很費力了。

-----------
37 CFR § 42.6 - Filing of documents, including exhibits; service.(https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/37/42.6

(a) General format requirements.
...
(3) Incorporation by reference; combined documents. Arguments must not be incorporated by reference from one document into another document. Combined motions, oppositions, replies, or other combined documents are not permitted.
...
-----------

據此,PTAB舉證並不符合以上規則,理由是Parus並未針對證據提出有意義的解釋,並經考量所有證據後否決Parus的論點。

法院引用General Access案中的解釋,此案中,專利權人企圖通過"引用/reference"解釋證據涵蓋該案系爭專利範圍,但法院拒絕為了特定目的而合併不同的文件。


應該是Parus提出證據很多,因此Parus主張專利權人只要將證據提出,不論有多大量的證據,也應該限制證據的頁數限制,還引用前例要求PTAB在審理案件時有義務考量所有的記錄,但是CAFC認為前例表達的是PTAB應適當地考量所有的議題(issues),而不是考量所有(包括不符規定的)的證據。

明顯地,Parus擔負解釋證據的責任。Parus在此階段中還是可以解釋其主張,或修正其論點,但是Parus卻選擇不再去解釋。

CAFC判定PTAB並未忽略Parus提出的證據,也確認Kovatch為適格的先前技術,也同意PTAB將Kovatch與其他證據結合作出的決定。

另外關於系爭專利是否與最早優先權"Kurnagov-262"斷鏈?

(重要)根據CAFC判決文的討論可知,明顯地Kurnagov-262並未揭露所有系爭專利範圍的內容(編按,這裡涉及實施例之間是否可以彼此引用的議題),因此Parus才提出專家證詞,並主張相關領域一般技術人員可以理解其中實施例之間可彼此適用。

然而,CAFC同意PTAB證明"Kurnagov-262"中的第一實施例關於實際的網站,而沒有增加"新的網站"(add new web sites),而第二實施例關於增加"新裝置"(new devices),卻不是指增加網站,因此兩個實施例不能結合

因此,Kurnagov-262就缺乏系爭專利範圍中所描述"辨識並加入新網站"的相關特徵。

這樣的話,"Kurnagov-262"就不是系爭專利(逐項判斷)適格的優先權基礎案,反而其中描述的特徵可以成為系爭專利(可結合其他證據)「顯而易見」的證據。

CAFC同意PTAB決定。

my two cents:
這裡學習兩個議題,證據不是提出就好,而需要提供有意義的解釋,比如本案是涉及發明訴諸實現的時間(reduction to practice);另一議題是,優先權基礎案須要有明確的支持,才能使得後申請案能主張其優先權,特別是不能隨意組合明顯不同的實施例。



Ron

2023年6月9日 星期五

WIPO優先權筆記

找優先權相關資訊時,看到了這篇WIPO文章「Topic 11: Priority Claims and Prior Art」,發布日期:15 March 2016,可參考:

本篇針對WIPO專利申請案(PCT申請案)筆記:

文章列舉一範例,claims如下,其中附屬項撰寫方式是典型的EP寫法:


WIPO(不核發專利)對PCT申請案提出初步審查報告(international preliminary examination),檢索先前技術,先要確認審查基準日,即申請案申請日,若主張優先權,以優先權日為準,據此檢索有效先前技術,這時就涉及「優先權/priority」是否有效?

有效的優先權,要件就是優先權案說明書有揭露後申請案請求項中的技術特徵。

以下規定是摘錄「Regulations under the Patent Cooperation Treaty (July 1, 2022版)」:


優先權有效,就以優先權日檢索先前技術,WIPO新穎性審查是以申請日/優先權日以前已公開給大眾的文獻(available to public)為準。


[複數優先權]
單一優先權好理解,複數優先權就較複雜,一件專利申請案就其請求項,可以逐項主張不同的優先權,有效優先權案是要與申請案有共同發明人或申請人。

若一件專利申請案主張複數優先權,要如何決定有效的先前技術?


重要:一件專利申請案主張複數優先權,但其中最早優先權日仍應在申請案申請日前一年內,也就是多件優先權案的申請日需要"擠在"專利申請案申請日前的一年內。(編按,本篇是討論PCT申請案,PCT申請案可以主張PCT申請日之前一年內更早的優先權。)

所謂"invention",就是指寫在請求項中主張權利的發明,因此優先權主張是各別申請專利範圍的主張。


當申請案主張複數優先權,新穎性前案檢索將有困難,需要考量各別優先權日分別檢索。


上述「複數優先權(multiple priorities)」主要是針對每一項請求項各別主張單一優先權,多個請求項就會主張複數優先權。

[組合優先權]
然而,有個更複雜的情況,後申請案的一項請求項特徵分別揭示於不同的前申請案中(申請日前一年內前申請案,並要有共同發明人或申請人),情況如下:


從這張表來看(OSF指後申請案的申請局),後申請案的請求項claim 1, 2組合了不同前申請案揭示的特徵,claim 3的特徵則是被priority 2涵蓋,以claim by claim審查原則,claims 1, 2審查基準日就是申請案本身的申請日,而claim 3則可溯及priority 2的申請日。


(重要)優先權主張的原則是:若請求項(逐項考慮)中技術特徵"全部揭露"在優先權案中,新穎性審查就以優先權日為基準日;若請求項技術特徵"並非全部揭露"在前申請案中,並非可被接受的優先權,因此新穎性審查就以申請案本身的申請日為基準日。

(重要)另一特別的是,當申請案主張優先權,此優先權案本身已經主張更早的另一優先權,情況一,如果更早優先權並未被公開、或是被撤銷、拋棄、被拒絕,表示沒有任何權利存在,此申請案的優先權案有效;情況二,如果申請案揭露於其優先權案的特徵並未揭露在更早優先權中申請案的優先權案有效

申請案主張的優先權本身也主張另一件更早的優先權,如果更早優先權案優先權日仍在申請案申請日後一年內,優先權主張有效。


(重要)EPO並不承認美國CA、CIP等作為優先權案,主要理由是這些申請案的內容已經揭露於更早申請案中。


1.4 First application 
The filing date of the "first application" must be claimed as a priority, i.e. the application disclosing for the first time any or all of the subject-matter of the European application. If it is found that the application to which the priority claim is directed is in fact not the first application in this sense, but some or all of the subject-matter was disclosed in a still earlier application filed by the same applicant or a predecessor in title, the priority claim is invalid in so far as the subject-matter was already disclosed in the still earlier application (see F‑VI, 1.4.1).

To the extent the priority claim is invalid, the effective date of the European application is the date of its filing. The previously disclosed subject-matter of the European application is not novel if the still earlier application referred to above was published prior to the effective date of the European application (Art. 54(2)) or if the still earlier application is also a European application which was published on or after the effective date of the European application in question (Art. 54(3)).

Ron

2023年3月14日 星期二

適格的優先權案不能僅有空泛的內容 - University of Minnesota v. Gilead (CAFC 2023)

案件資訊:
上訴人/專利權人:REGENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA
被上訴人:GILEAD SCIENCES, INC.
系爭專利:US8,815,830(IPR2017-01712
判決日:March 6, 2023

系爭專利US8,815,830關於一種具有抗病毒和抗癌活性的核苷(nucleosides),這是一種防止病毒繁殖或癌性腫瘤生長的化合物,問了ChatGPT"核苷(nucleosides)"是甚麼?回答如下:(編按,雖然ChatGPT會出錯,這類問題我就不質疑了!!!)

----------
核苷是由一個氮堆疊(base)和一個五碳糖分子組成的化合物。它們與核酸(DNA和RNA)有關。核苷分子是核酸的構成單元之一,而核酸則是所有生命體的基本遺傳物質。核苷可以被視為核酸的"前體",在細胞內部合成成核酸分子。另外,一些核苷分子也可以用作藥物治療,例如抗病毒藥物如阿昔洛韋(Acyclovir)和環鳞苷(Cytarabine)就是通過抑制病毒的DNA合成來抑制病毒感染的。其他核苷藥物還可以用於治療癌症、自體免疫性疾病等。
----------

系爭專利Claim 1與代表圖:



系爭專利歷經IPR判定其中claims 1-9, 11-21, 23-28不具新穎性,專利權人明尼蘇達大學董事會提起上訴。

本案爭議就是,系爭專利獲准,藥品的目的是防止病毒感染,但專利範圍並不需要描述這個用途。系爭專利描述的化學成分卻與IPR異議人/本案被上訴人Gilead已經獲准的FDA藥品一樣,只是Gilead的藥物是要治療慢性C型肝炎感染

如果系爭專利有效,Gilead獲准的藥品就可能侵權,於是Gilead提起IPR,主張系爭專利優先權無效,並且發明已經揭露於前案美國專利公開案2010/0016251(Sofia案,Gilead的專利申請案)中,不具新穎性。

IPR階段,訴訟雙方都同意Sofia已經揭露系爭專利內容,IPR的意見主要是著重在Sofia的前案狀態(因為涉及公開日與系爭專利關鍵日期)與'830的關鍵日期(critical date,因為優先權日(4個)被質疑)。

院/PTAB作出下表(重要!):

看來Sofia夾在中間,因此直接挑戰優先權日是個辦法!

經PTAB審視各個優先權案的揭露內容,PTAB判定NP2-P1並沒有揭露可以成為系爭專利'830優先權的內容(NP3與NP2內容一樣),特別是沒有揭露系爭專利中"ipsis verbis"與"blaze marks"等特徵,這樣使得PTAB判定系爭專利'830無法主張P1與NP2兩件優先權日(March 28, 2014),這樣也不用考慮NP4了,因此PTAB判定基於Sofia揭露內容,'830不具新穎性

專利權人上訴CAFC。

CAFC階段:

上訴議題主要在:
(1) NP2-P1的揭露內容是否涵蓋系爭專利'830(優先權議題)
(2) 上訴人主張PTAB違反行政程序法?
(3) 專利權人(明尼蘇達大學董事會)為不受IPR管轄實體?

(在此僅討論優先權議題)
評估後申請案是否可以主張前申請案的優先權,應客觀地從相關領域一般技術人員的觀點來查驗前申請案說明書內容是否涵蓋後申請案發明。

特別的是,可能是在這個領域常見,前後案揭露的程度涉及genus(屬)與subgenus(亞屬)的差異,相對系爭專利'830揭露subgenus的內容,前申請案揭露的genus內容比後申請案更廣泛。

(編按,當中的判斷就比較涉及化學與醫藥的知識,有興趣者可以參考判決原文。)

針對(ipsis verbis
審理過程,專利權人就"拼湊"P1前案的內容,主張P1已經揭露'830中屬於subgenus的內容(ipsis verbis)。但CAFC與PTAB都不同意這個說法,因為前申請案說明書並未直接揭露後申請案特徵,而其中答辯的說法都是指其中各種可選的選擇("optional choices"),這些"可選的選擇"並沒有定義出'830中claims意圖的結果。

(重要)"all those optional choices do not define the intended result that is claim 1 of the '830 patent.

法院認為P1揭露的是常見有機化學的各種可能性的清單,對於是否對應到特定genus或subgenus都是不明確的,因此判定P1並沒有揭露足以成為'830優先權的內容

The claims of P1 recite a compendium of common organic chemical functional groups, yielding a laundry list disclosure of different moieties for every possible side chain or functional group.

針對(blaze mark

要建立與優先權案的關聯,在此領域中,優先權案應有足夠的揭露內容,如:(1) 針對相關"屬"範圍內的代表性物種數量;(2) 相關"屬"的成員共有的結構特徵,並且以上兩點要讓相關領域技術人員可以識別出有特定屬的成員

(編按,前申請案應有針對性,不能太過空泛。)

經查,前申請案仍僅揭露了"genus"比較廣泛層級的內容,因此CAFC仍同意PTAB的意見,P1-NP2沒有揭露足夠成為後申請案優先權的內容。


判決,基於Gilead的申請案,系爭專利
claims 1-9, 11-21, 23-28不具新穎性

my two cents:
申請案主張優先權,在申請時常常是沒有被檢驗的,除非審查委員找的前案(公開日)是在優先權日與申請日之間,如果問題發生在訴訟過程,顯然是很重要的問題。本案例也討論到何謂適格的優先權案,顯然,即便是複數優先權,在前的優先權案仍要有"意識地"揭示後申請案的內容(相關領域一般技術人員的觀點),而非廣泛的揭示內容。



Ron

2020年11月30日 星期一

解釋與審查設計申請專利範圍案例筆記

本篇討論「設計案圖式修正」議題參考TIPO專題「研析虛線對解釋申請專利之設計的影響― 以美國 iPhone 設計專利單方再審查案為中心」(檔案https://www.tipo.gov.tw/public/Attachment/742517532010.pdf)中所列舉案例。

相關案例:

美國設計可主張部份設計的里程碑設計案中虛線形成的不主張部份的經典案例 - In re Zahn(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2020/07/in-re-zahn.html

本部落格涉及本次討論D618,677的報導:

- 最高法院認為設計專利僅涉及產品一部分 - Samsung v. Apple (Supreme Court 2016)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2016/12/samsung-v-apple-supreme-court-2016.html

- 緩兵之計?三星同意付款,但仍有變數 - '915, D'677專利無效討論(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2015/12/915-d677.html

- 蘋果設計專利案例筆記(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2014/05/blog-post_9.html


本篇討論議題可區分為:「解釋設計之申請專利範圍」以及「設計案優先權主張看的事前申請案揭露內容是否涵蓋後申請案主張權利的部份」。

關於設計修正時之新事項判斷,根據上述TIPO專題文章的描述,依 MPEP 之解釋,「新事項」是指修正後或後申請案加入了無 法為原申請時說明書、圖式或申請專利範圍既有之先前基礎的部分。以設計案為例,由於設計的專利權範圍係以申請案中圖式所揭露之實線為準,在原始申請案揭露之內容基礎下,可以透過修正來擴張或限縮其專利權範圍將原已揭露之部分實線改繪為虛線或是將虛線改繪為實線而未改變設計的形狀輪廓者,一般情況是可被允許的


---案例討論---

Apple的設計再審查(美國單方再審查(ex parte reexamination))案例:

系爭專利:USD618,677

再審查案號:90/012,884

系爭專利USD618,677主張前申請案優先權

系爭專利是否能夠引用優先權案日期成為系爭專利是否具有專利性的關鍵,因此本案系爭專利與其先申請案的特徵比對成為再審程序中的重點之一。

上述專題文章中對系爭專利與其主張優先權前申請案的整理比對:



解釋設計專利範圍的方式:區分出外在邊界(實線)、內在邊界(虛線)、環境部份(不影響申請專利範圍)以及在主張設計之部份中界定出的特徵(圓形,也就是,原本圓形圖案為虛線繪製,但因為陰影部份為主張範圍,因而反向界定出這個圓形特徵)

系爭專利與引證前案的比對(摘錄部份):

經以上圖式比對,想必大家心中都建立了一些心證,這裡筆記一些寫在「美國再審案90/012,884」的內容。

再審查案程序如「初審程序」,當中仍應查閱系爭專利是否符合美國專利法35U.S.C.120可主張前申請案申請日/優先權日的規定:

35U.S.C.120在各階段的審查標準一樣:

(重要)112(揭露規定)與120有相關性,為了要主張120(前申請案申請日/優先權日),後申請案應與前申請案為相同設計,USPTO在再審查程序的初審核駁理由就表示系爭專利因此不符35U.S.C.112規定,要不就要撤銷120(前申請案優先權)的主張。

不曉得您看不看得懂這段不符120的審查理由(最右方為系爭設計):



(編按,審委的意見是,系爭設計不同所主張前申請案的設計,系爭設計中新增的專利範圍是前表面(front surface)全部被"半透明"黑的表面所涵蓋,還用虛線排除了圓形按鍵的表面,專利範圍也涵蓋了膠囊形的喇叭開口,這些判斷使得審委判斷專利範圍已經"超出"前申請案設計範圍!)

系爭專利的優先權主張被拔掉後,產生的效應是原本被保護的時間(優先權主張的一年期限)內的前案都變成適格的先前技術,影響了系爭設計的新穎性與創造性。

冒出一連串適格先前技術,使得系爭設計沒有顯而易見的差異、沒有可專利的差異



如果排除了圓形按鍵(就不想限制圓形,隨然週邊環境也界定了這個形狀),與先前技術的差異就沒有那麼明顯了!


my two cents:

慢慢從許多設計相關案例理解設計專利的範圍解釋、圖式規定、侵權判斷、賠償事項等,覺得設計專利仍是十分有意義的布局,特別是偏產品面(外觀、UX、UI)的廠商,從Apple專利布局來看,設計的比例很重(超過10%)。我的簡單判斷如下。

用領證日來找Apple到目前為止(1/1/2018->11/30/2020)的所有核准專利,共8091件,其中設計專利有923件(an/apple and apt/4 and ISD/1/1/2018->11/30/2020),比例約佔11%,但是若用領證日來看,一定會包括多年前答辯多次獲准的專利,並不見得可以反映Apple對設計專利的布局趨勢。因此,再用這段時間申請案(申請日)量來算,核准專利有2446件,其中設計有457件,設計約佔18%(這些數據僅根據美國專利局資料庫簡單計算得出,設計不能用公開案來找)。

Apple設計布局連「背板」都單獨申請設計專利:D901,510,應該是iphone xs吧!)

「產品內部」的顯示面板也都拿出來申請設計專利:(D901,508,Apple透過這些布局向"粉絲"們表達他們連「內部電路」都是精心設計的。)

生產手機殼的注意了,Apple連手機殼都取得專利,這件看來是iphone 12系列的啊!(D900,080

台灣也有少數幾件(目前公告的),不過應該不難迴避!(D199100

90/012,884摘錄檔案備份:https://app.box.com/s/zj68sszp82d2f308sbnf3a7m02fhd7b2

Ron

2019年10月3日 星期四

更正的條件與其彈性 - Honeywell Int’l. Inc. v. Arkema Inc. (Fed. Cir. 2019)

本案討論主張優先權的專利申請案,若主張優先權的「鏈」斷了,如何修補,是否可以在IPR/PGR等程序中修正,法院的觀點是,若不涉及實質技術範圍,優先權修正的請求應該再彈性一點 - Honeywell Int’l. Inc. v. Arkema Inc. (Fed. Cir. 2019)

案件資訊:
上訴人/專利權人:HONEYWELL INTERNATIONAL INC.
被上訴人/PGR異議人:ARKEMA INC., ARKEMA FRANCE 系爭專利:US9,157,017(PGR案:PGR2016-00011, PGR2016-00012)
判決日:October 1, 2019

系爭專利領證公告後第4個月後,Arkema Inc.向PTAB對系爭專利提起PGR(post-grant review)異議,理由是系爭專利的優先權案並未揭露支持系爭專利的內容



系爭專利關於一種氟取代的烯烴(fluorine substituted olefins),是一種芳香劑,可將催化劑沉積在固體載體上,進行滅菌與清潔等應用。



在PGR程序中,Arkema Inc.提出的證據除了先前技術外,更質疑系爭專利的優先權案並未具有支持系爭專利範圍的內容,也就是對系爭專利的「effective filing date」提出異議。

Honeywell提出請求,請求向專利局提出「更正優先權鏈」的許可(permission to file a motion for leave to request a Certificate of Correction from the Director of the PTO),想要以其他自己的先前專利取代原本的優先權鏈,並且主張這個修正並未實質改變專利範圍

修正的規定在35 U.S.C. § 255:(可整理出6個條件)
Whenever a mistake of a clerical or typographical nature(條件一), or of minor character(條件二), which was not the fault of the Patent and Trademark Office(條件三), appears in a patent and a showing has been made that such mistake occurred in good faith(條件四), the Director may, upon payment of the required fee(條件五), issue a certificate of correction, if the correction does not involve such changes in the patent as would constitute new matter or would require re-examination(條件六). Such patent, together with the certificate, shall have the same effect and operation in law on the trial of actions for causes thereafter arising as if the same had been originally issued in such corrected form(效果).

根據35 U.S.C. § 255,當錯誤是文書錯誤,或是輕微的修改、不是USPTO的錯,若可證明是出於good faith,且修正尚無需啟始re-examination程序或增加新事物,則可以允許發出更正證明。

PTAB駁回請求,認為不符255條規定。


Honeywell對PTAB在PGR異議中「否決修正系爭專利優先權鏈(petition for certificate of correction to correct the challenged patent)請求」的決定提起上訴。

CAFC意見:
就法官的眼光來看,PTAB並沒有審理Honeywell要求在訴訟外尋求PTO更正許可的請求(motion for leave to seek a Certificate of Correction),也就是PTAB在審理是否讓Honeywell提出更正許可請願前,即要求其證明是否符合255規定,認為有濫權(abuse its discretion)的問題。

法院認為PTAB的濫權在於:
- 在缺乏足夠資訊下即否決Honeywell的請願(motion),並沒有理解Honeywell請願是要更正「優先權鏈」;
- 沒有去理解證據是否證明這個更正請求是基於「疏忽」;
- 沒有理解這個請求是否是出於good faith(誠意);
- 沒有確認這個更正請求是否會影響Arkema的權益。



反倒回頭看,USPTO已經允許專利權人更正優先權(correct priority claims through Certificates of Correction),雖可能優先權的錯誤造成USPTO審理專利性時產生誤差,但仍有更正的彈性,根據案例Carotek, Inc. v. Koba-yashi Ventures, LLC., 875 F. Supp. 2d 313, 331 (S.D.N.Y. 2012)PTO有權提供更正許可



法院認為,PTAB顯然對以上案例與相關判斷邏輯疏忽了!

CAFC撤回PTAB決定。

request for certificates of correction規定:
MPEP 1485 (Handling of Request for Certificates of Correction) (https://www.bitlaw.com/source/mpep/1485.html

判決文:
http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/opinions-orders/18-1151.Opinion.10-1-2019.pdf(備份:https://app.box.com/s/hzpw74d5mhxz64yhjwoad7vi0s9tn25s

資料參考:
https://patentlyo.com/patent/2019/10/permission-petition-correction.html
Ron