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2026年4月13日 星期一

專利適格性在促進AI創新的角色 - 筆記3

本篇繼前兩篇(已經是1年前了)再補一篇,內容是基於「The Role of Patent (In)Eligibility in Promoting Artificial Intelligence Innovation」的啟發:

- 專利適格性在促進AI創新的角色 - 筆記1(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2025/04/ai-1.html
- 專利適格性在促進AI創新的角色 - 筆記2(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2025/04/ai-2.html

前篇報導:考量AI發明的專利適格性,將AI技術分為三個層次: 
(1) data layer(資料層),這是關於用於訓練AI的訓練資料(training data)、測試資料(testing data)與驗證資料(validation data),經完成訓練後建立AI模型,AI模型最後根據輸入資料產生預測結果等的輸出資料。
(2) application layer(應用層)(i.e., software),這是關於電腦軟體,通過軟體驅動AI系統執行相應的動作、作決定以及產生結果。舉例來說,深度學習模型讓AI搜尋抽象的數據,AI神經網路則是倚賴數學模型執行分析。
(3) system layer(系統層)(i.e., hardware),這是關於AI系統的硬體,即電腦硬體。

(以下是我講義的片段)
1. Patent Eligibility of AI Data

2. Patent Eligibility of AI Applications

3. Patent Eligibility of AI Systems

順帶一提歐洲AI相關專利適格性:

4. AI Patent Litigation
TW:

US:
(訴訟面對到AI發明專利適格性議題時,被挑戰的不會僅是數學問題(這部分常常應該USPTO就解決了),而是應用已知AI技術到特定應用上的情況)
(可參考本文下方補充內容)

5. AI Patent Prosecution
(面對(答辯)因為發明是抽象概念不具專利適格性的全面駁回的範例)


補充內容:

MPEP 2106.05 Eligibility Step 2B: Whether a Claim Amounts to Significantly More

A. Relevant Considerations For Evaluating Whether Additional Elements Amount To An Inventive Concept

The Supreme Court has identified a number of considerations as relevant to the evaluation of whether the claimed additional elements amount to an inventive concept. The list of considerations here is not intended to be exclusive or limiting. Additional elements can often be analyzed based on more than one type of consideration and the type of consideration is of no import to the eligibility analysis. Additional discussion of these considerations, and how they were applied in particular judicial decisions, is provided in in MPEP § 2106.05(a) through (h).

Limitations that the courts have found to qualify as “significantly more” when recited in a claim with a judicial exception include:

重要!(申請專利範圍中為法定例外不予專利時,其中可以具備"實質超越/significantly more"的元件:(i)電腦功能的改善,如DDR案;(ii)技術領域中的技術改良,如Diamond案;(iii)使用在特定機器;(iv)轉換特定物品到另一個狀態;(v)加入已知、常規或習知活動以外的特定限制,使發明有具體應用;(vi)發明具備超過連接法定例外到特定技術環境的有意義的限制。)

  • i. Improvements to the functioning of a computer, e.g., a modification of conventional Internet hyperlink protocol to dynamically produce a dual-source hybrid webpage, as discussed in DDR Holdings, LLC v. Hotels.com, L.P., 773 F.3d 1245, 1258-59, 113 USPQ2d 1097, 1106-07 (Fed. Cir. 2014) (see MPEP § 2106.05(a));
  • ii. Improvements to any other technology or technical field, e.g., a modification of conventional rubber-molding processes to utilize a thermocouple inside the mold to constantly monitor the temperature and thus reduce under- and over-curing problems common in the art, as discussed in Diamond v. Diehr, 450 U.S. 175, 191-92, 209 USPQ 1, 10 (1981) (see MPEP § 2106.05(a));
  • iii. Applying the judicial exception with, or by use of, a particular machine, e.g., a Fourdrinier machine (which is understood in the art to have a specific structure comprising a headbox, a paper-making wire, and a series of rolls) that is arranged in a particular way to optimize the speed of the machine while maintaining quality of the formed paper web, as discussed in Eibel Process Co. v. Minn. & Ont. Paper Co., 261 U.S. 45, 64-65 (1923) (see MPEP § 2106.05(b));
  • iv. Effecting a transformation or reduction of a particular article to a different state or thing, e.g., a process that transforms raw, uncured synthetic rubber into precision-molded synthetic rubber products, as discussed in Diehr, 450 U.S. at 184, 209 USPQ at 21 (see MPEP § 2106.05(c));
  • v. Adding a specific limitation other than what is well-understood, routine, conventional activity in the field, or adding unconventional steps that confine the claim to a particular useful application, e.g., a non-conventional and non-generic arrangement of various computer components for filtering Internet content, as discussed in BASCOM Global Internet v. AT&T Mobility LLC, 827 F.3d 1341, 1350-51, 119 USPQ2d 1236, 1243 (Fed. Cir. 2016) (see MPEP § 2106.05(d)); or
  • vi. Other meaningful limitations beyond generally linking the use of the judicial exception to a particular technological environment, e.g., an immunization step that integrates an abstract idea of data comparison into a specific process of immunizing that lowers the risk that immunized patients will later develop chronic immune-mediated diseases, as discussed in Classen Immunotherapies Inc. v. Biogen IDEC, 659 F.3d 1057, 1066-68, 100 USPQ2d 1492, 1499-1502 (Fed. Cir. 2011) (see MPEP § 2106.05(e)).

Limitations that the courts have found not to be enough to qualify as “significantly more” when recited in a claim with a judicial exception include:

(申請專利範圍中為法定例外不予專利時,其中"不夠實質超越/significantly more"的元件:(i)在電腦上應用法定例外(如抽象概念);(ii)加入已知、常規與習知活動(高度普遍性);(iii)在法定例外(如抽象概念)加入不重要的額外解決方案(extra-solution activity);(iv)僅一般地連結法定例外到特定技術環境。

  • i. Adding the words “apply it” (or an equivalent) with the judicial exception, or mere instructions to implement an abstract idea on a computer, e.g., a limitation indicating that a particular function such as creating and maintaining electronic records is performed by a computer, as discussed in Alice Corp., 573 U.S. at 225-26, 110 USPQ2d at 1984 (see MPEP § 2106.05(f));
  • ii. Simply appending well-understood, routine, conventional activities previously known to the industry, specified at a high level of generality, to the judicial exception, e.g., a claim to an abstract idea requiring no more than a generic computer to perform generic computer functions that are well-understood, routine and conventional activities previously known to the industry, as discussed in Alice Corp., 573 U.S. at 225, 110 USPQ2d at 1984 (see MPEP § 2106.05(d));
  • iii. Adding insignificant extra-solution activity to the judicial exception, e.g., mere data gathering in conjunction with a law of nature or abstract idea such as a step of obtaining information about credit card transactions so that the information can be analyzed by an abstract mental process, as discussed in CyberSource v. Retail Decisions, Inc., 654 F.3d 1366, 1375, 99 USPQ2d 1690, 1694 (Fed. Cir. 2011) (see MPEP § 2106.05(g)); or
  • iv. Generally linking the use of the judicial exception to a particular technological environment or field of use, e.g., a claim describing how the abstract idea of hedging could be used in the commodities and energy markets, as discussed in Bilski v. Kappos, 561 U.S. 593, 595, 95 USPQ2d 1001, 1010 (2010) or a claim limiting the use of a mathematical formula to the petrochemical and oil-refining fields, as discussed in Parker v. Flook, 437 U.S. 584, 588-90, 198 USPQ 193, 197-98 (1978) (MPEP § 2106.05(h)).

Ron

2026年1月15日 星期四

引用「圖式或說明書段落」的請求項撰寫規定 - 筆記

多年前曾有討論過專利範圍引用圖式的議題:引用圖示的權利範圍(about claims)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2013/07/about-claims.html)。

【EPO】歐洲專利審查指南
EPC在專利範圍中引用說明書或圖式的規定如下。

3. The subject-matter of the search
3.2 Interpretation of claims
3.2.1 Claims with explicit references to the description or drawings 

Although explicit references in the claims to features elucidated in the description or in the drawings are only permissible where "absolutely necessary" (Rule 43(6) – see also B‑III, 3.5 and F‑IV, 4.17), claims containing such references are still searched if these features are unambiguously defined by specific parts of the description. (歐洲專利法同意在專利範圍中明確引用說明書或圖式,但是在"絕對必要"時,如果引用特徵為明確定義,仍是要審查~)

However, where the reference does not clearly identify which subject-matter of the description and/or drawings is to be regarded as included in the claim, an invitation under Rule 63(1) is issued. In the special case of an "omnibus claim" (e.g. one reading: "The invention substantially as herein described"), no invitation under Rule 63(1) is issued, and the search report will subsequently be treated as complete. This means that this kind of subject-matter will be dealt with only during examination. (如果專利範圍不清楚指出說明書或是圖式,會作出不完整的檢索報告。)

The same procedure is followed regardless of whether or not the reference to the drawings and/or the description is allowable under Rule 43(6). In either case, the claim will have the same scope: if the reference is not allowable, the applicant will be asked to copy the definition of the technical feature from the description and/or drawings into the claim; if it is allowable, the claim will stay as it is. (如果不允許引用說明書或圖式,會被要求將引用段落複製到專利範圍中)

However, where the reference does not appear to be allowable under Rule 43(6), the search division will object to it in the search opinion (if applicable – see B‑XI, 7).

(以下引用的是PCT-EPO審查指南)
2.2 Interpretation of claims
2.2.1 Claims with explicit references to the description or drawings 

Although explicit references in the claims to features elucidated in the description or in the drawings are only permissible where "absolutely necessary", if claims contain such references, the examiner should strive to search these technical features as long as they are unambiguously defined by specific parts of the description.

However, where the reference does not clearly identify which subject-matter of the description and/or drawings is to be considered as included in the claim, the examiner may informally contact the applicant for clarification before the search is carried out (see B‑VIII, 3.3). In the special case of "omnibus claims" (e.g. a claim reading "The invention substantially as herein described"), no request for informal clarification should be issued, and subsequently the search report will be designated as complete.

The procedure above should be followed regardless of whether or not the reference to the drawings and/or the description is allowable according to Rule 6.2(a).

Where the reference does not appear to be justified, the examiner should raise an objection in the written opinion.

【中華民國專利法審查基準】
【發明】
根據我國專利審查基準第二篇第1章2.3請求項 之記載形式規定,其中表示,在「有絕對必要且以明確為前提」(這是我的理解),可以在申請專利範圍中引用圖式或說明書段落

範例一:

列舉專利範圍中引用的圖一(A)如下,對照專利範圍是要描述其中「四只獨立感測元件」

範例二:

以上引用圖6:

其他範例:(引用"說明書")


【新型】
我國專利審查基準第四篇第1章3.3. 2 申請專利範圍規定,表示「新型涉及之特定形狀"僅"能以圖形界定而無法以文字表示時,可以採用"如圖..."的用語

這個規定其實2009年版就有了:

範例:


其中引用圖1如下:


my two cents:
發現,很多這樣寫的專利是大陸申請人。
是否必要且明確,事實上,新型是沒有被挑戰的,發明呢,多半是化學案有其必要。

(感謝同事分享)

Ron

2026年1月9日 星期五

process與product(不同類別)的專利性關聯 - 歐洲T 119/82

EPC專利審查基準Part G - Chapter VII - 14. Dependent claims; claims in different categories

獨立項具有新穎性且為非顯而易知,沒有必要審查其附屬項的新穎性與非顯而易知性,除非附屬項專利的有效時間比獨立項專利還晚,且有中間文件(附屬項的前案)需要考量。(唯一想到的情況是獨立項與附屬項分別主張不同的優先權)
If the subject-matter of an independent claim is new and non-obvious, there is no need to investigate the novelty and non-obviousness of the subject-matter of any claims dependent on it unless the subject-matter of a dependent claim has a later effective date than the independent claim and intermediate documents are to be considered (see F‑VI, 2.4.3).

如果產品項是新且非顯而易知,就沒有必要審查其他關於製造此產品的流程或使用此產品的專利範圍是否為新與非顯而易知。同理,如果流程不具備進步性,若有新穎與進步的產品,仍可獲准專利。
Similarly, if the subject-matter of a product claim is new and non-obvious there is no need to investigate the novelty and non-obviousness of the subject-matter of any claims for a process which inevitably results in the manufacture of that product or of any claims for a use of that product. In particular, analogy processes, i.e. processes which themselves would otherwise not involve an inventive step, are nevertheless patentable in so far as they provide a novel and inventive product (see T 119/82). However, where the product, process and use claims have different effective dates, a separate examination as to novelty and inventive step may still be necessary in view of intermediate documents.

案例T 119/82
系爭歐洲專利申請案:79301547.0

這件案例豎立了產品(product)為新穎與進步,則其相關流程(process)(如製程)也為可專利的基本概念;另一方面,在此概念下,若產品為舊的,或是在舊的結構下的新改變,其流程就不能僅包括必要或可以顯而易見的方法所推導的特徵。(編按,也就是運作在舊產品的流程還需要其他新穎且有進步特徵的步驟,才能取得專利)


p.s. 本篇為本部落格第3000篇。(!!! 煙火 !!!)

Ron

2025年12月19日 星期五

基於Art. 83 EPC的AI發明專利應揭露什麼? - 歐洲訴願T 1191/19

歐洲訴願「T 1191/19」案件資訊:
案件編號:T 1191/ 19
申請人:Fundació Institut Guttmann
歐洲申請號:08877672.9
歐洲公開號:EP2351523
訴願決定日期:1 April 2022
系爭案名稱:以神經可塑基板安全引導介入手術的方法和系統

案件源起系爭專利申請案被歐洲審查部門判定claims 1-6不符合Article 84(明確性,專利範圍應受到說明書支持)與56(進步性)EPC規定,其中進步性核駁理由是基於兩件前案。面對訴願,申請人提出主請求項方案(main request),申請人同時提出多件佐證AX1至AX8,要證明審查意見不合理,但其中AX2-AX8並非在審查過程中提交,因此訴願委員不受理,僅受理AX1(系爭案在審查過程中曾經提交AX1文件,但當時審查委員並不接受AX1作為證據)。另外,還以專利不符Art. 56(進步性)與Art. 83發明內容(包括Claims)應揭露足夠清楚與完整,並能使相關技術人員據以實施駁回主請求項方案

main request Claim 1:一種電腦實現用於優化個人化介入預測的方法,內容就不翻譯了,很難懂... claim 1內容很長,在此摘錄一段:
...
...
...

Art. 84 EPC:
關於Art. 84 EPC規定的明確性,審查意見駁回Claim 1中部分用語,理由是不明確。上述在審查過程中曾經提交的AX1(Prodromidis, et al. "Meta-learning in distributed data mining systems: Issues and approaches"),目的是要解釋系爭案專利範圍中描述的meta-learning為已知的背景技術,並沒有不明確

也就是說,專利申請人在面對審查意見指出請求項中「meta-learning」為不明確用語時,提出外部證據證明「元學習」並沒有不明確,而本發明就是運用AX1所揭示的meta-learning技術。

明顯地,系爭專利範圍所運用的“meta-learning"與證據AX1中的meta-learning為相同用語,因此委員會繼續審理本案進步性議題,但擱置專利範圍是否符合Art. 84明確性規定的議題

因為申請人承認專利使用了AX1中的meta-learning演算法,因此在進步性的審查中不僅運用D1與D11,也納入AX1。

AX1:Prodromidis, et al. "Meta-learning in distributed data mining systems: Issues and approaches"。

在進步性答辯中,申請人強調本發明以meta-learning建立模型並引導關於腦部可塑性的流程為新穎,以及進步的策略。但審查意見認為僅是運用已知機器學習技術解決特定領域的問題,並不具進步性

再者,針對本發明採用AX1的學習方法以預測個人化的介入是否有進步性,訴願委員會表示Claim中並沒有揭露meta-learning非顯而易知的細節,因此判決系爭申請案不具進步性

Art. 83 EPC:
Art. 83 EPC規範專利內容應充分揭露,審查意見指出(1)系爭申請案並沒有充分揭露而讓相關領域技術人員知悉如何將AX1的meta-learning應用在要解決的問題上;(2)系爭案沒有揭露關於訓練集(training data,關於使用者與要執行的“介入”關聯的資訊)與驗證集(validation data,作為meta-learning的輸入)的任何範例;(3)系爭案沒有揭露用於提供有意義的預測的訓練集中病患的最小數量,並設定相關參數;(4)系爭案沒有揭露解決問題時所需訓練meta classifier的meta heuristic(策略);(5)沒有揭露人工智慧神經網路作為classifier、拓樸、啟動classifier功能與學習機制的結構(structure)。

如此,訴願委員會仍認為系爭案專利範圍僅揭露了抽象的內容。上述五點大概就是整理出相關領域 - AI模型 應揭露的內容。



Ron

2025年11月26日 星期三

抽象的模型訓練方法並不具備技術特點 - 歐洲訴願案T 1998/22

歐洲訴願案 - T 1998/22 (Wide and deep machine learning models/GOOGLE) 20-12-2024
案件編號:T 1998/22
歐洲申請案:EP16826643.5
涉及法條:
EPC Art 84(明確且受到說明書支持)
EPC Art 52(1)(專利新穎性、進步性與產業利用性要件)
EPC Art 56(進步性)
Rules of procedure of the Boards of Appeal Art 12(4)(訴願期間的修正規定)
判決日期:20 December 2024

本案源起歐洲申請案No.16826643.5被歐洲專利局審查部門因不符進步性規定駁回,專利局口審程序,並提出初步意見,認為申請人提交的幾組申請專利範圍-main request, first and second auxiliary requests中main request的Claim 1是習知一般目的電腦技術而缺乏技術貢獻,也因此不具進步性-缺乏進步特徵(lack an inventive step)。申請人表示不參加口審程序而直接提出訴願請求(訴願委員會撤回口審程序)。

系爭專利申請案關於一種廣泛而深度(wide and deep)的機器學習模型,示意圖如下:


本案的main request的Claim 1描述一個電腦系統,實現組合機器學習模型(combined machine learning model 102,即上圖),用以處理包括"特徵108-122"的機器學習輸入,模型包括「深度機器學習模型104」、「廣泛機器學習模型106」、「組合層/combining layer 134」,通過組合層處理由"深度機器學習模型104"與"廣泛機器學習模型106"產生的"深度模型/廣泛模型中間預測輸出(deep model/wide model intermediate predicted output)",據此產生"預測輸出";其中訓練集共同訓練"深度機器學習模型"與"廣泛機器學習模型",基於預測輸出與已知輸出之間的誤差,可以得出調整上述兩個模型的參數值


判決中提到main request與auxiliary request的主要差異在於"wherein the wide machine learning model (106) is a generalized linear model (132)"。

此案例發明是一種經典的"機器學習方法",就是一種數學方法/電腦實現方法,其中技術特徵在於結合了
深度機器學習模型(deep machine learning model)」與「廣泛機器學習模型(wide machine learning model)」,通過「組合層(combining layer)」處理這兩個模型產生的"中間預測輸出",產生"預測輸出(predicted output)";因此可以根據「預測輸出與已知輸出之間的誤差(error)」得出調整上述兩個模型的參數值。本發明優點是可以運用來自兩個模型中記憶性(memorization)與廣泛性(generalization)的優點,以獲得更好的預測輸出



不論在專利局審查或是進入訴願階段,主要討論的議題是發明是否僅是一般電腦實現的沒有技術貢獻的方法?細節是,發明是否明確?是否相對引證前案具有進步特徵?

Art. 84 EPC(明確性)議題:
訴願決定同意歐洲專利局審查意見 - 本案"wide machine learning model"不明確,相關領域技術人員(參考說明書內容)並不清楚這個模型的技術特徵為何,特別是因為申請專利範圍中分別使用了"wide"與"deep"區分兩個模型,卻不清楚如何解釋"wide"與"deep"的差異

不明確理由:
(1)判決中提到,"wide machine learning model"與說明書內容不相符。
(2)說明書並沒有定義"wide",卻有提到"wide and shallow model",相對地用"not deep"解釋"wide"並不足夠。
(3)雖專利說明書提到機器學習模型的等級(class)揭露"generalized linear model"(可翻譯為泛性線性模型),但不清楚申請專利範圍中"wide machine learning model"所涵蓋的模型為何?

缺乏進步特徵(lack an inventive step)理由:
相對引證案,本發明與引證1的區隔特徵是非技術問題的解決方案(solution to non-technical problem)-如何改善或修改使用在引證1中的數學模型,認為本案發明並沒有解決技術問題。

意思是,本發明要解決問題的數學模型已經揭露在引證案中,改善已知模型的數學方法不能算是解決了技術問題。雖對此意見,專利申請人主張發明已經解決了客觀上達成技術效果的的技術問題,但委員會引用前例 - T 697/17,判斷解決問題是否有技術性(technicality)要由技術專家(technical expert)闡述,而不是由非專家所述 - 若技術專家可闡述出與引證案差異特徵(distinguishing features),也應考量其進步特徵。


到本案,因為本發明描述輸入與儲存架構,且解決混雜的數據問題,或許可以被視為技術實現的發明,但訴願委員會仍認為相對習知一般目的電腦而言,本發明與引證案差異僅在電腦程式的指令,不具有技術貢獻,因此也不具備進步特徵

進一步地,討論到發明的技術細節,由電腦軟體實現的方法包括抽象的輸入(abstract input),也產生抽象的輸出(abstract output: predicted output for the machine learning input),整體上是電腦實現的抽象的數學模型(以訓練集訓練兩個模型),沒有技術特點

"... mathematical details of the abstract model with no inherent technical character."(即便提供了模型的數學細節,但抽象的模型訓練方法並不具備有技術特點。)

訴願撤回。


可參考另一件歐洲訴願案:T 0761/20 (Automated script grading/UNIVERSITY OF CAMBRIDGE) 22-05-2023(https://www.epo.org/en/boards-of-appeal/decisions/t200761eu1

Ron 

2025年10月31日 星期五

相對用語造成專利範圍不明確案例 - 歐洲訴願案T 1976/19

訴願號碼:T 1976/19
歐洲專利申請號:10194549.1
公開號:EP2397106
判決日期:11 May 2021

系爭專利關於一種支架植入裝置(stent graft),由"管狀外科移植物外層和可擴張或自擴張的支架組成,“支架植入裝置”用於治療動脈瘤等血管病變,植入物用於阻斷血液流向病變血管的位置。


案件源起系爭專利核准公告後(九個月內可接受異議)經異議後,被異議部門(opposition division)判定撤銷專利,理由是異議過程中修正後的專利範圍超出原申請時說明書內容,但是判定修正後系爭專利範圍中的"相對用語/significantly"為明確,於是專利權人提起歐洲訴願。

系爭專利在異議程序修正後請求項1如下,每個分句前的中括號是訴願委員會加上的,用於標示段落的用途:

根據上述Claim 1內容,有"significantly smaller than...",是個相對用語(relative term),上訴人/專利權人主張"significantly smaller"為清楚,且相對用語原則上是被允許的。

然而,對照(respondent/異議人)主張是"significantly smaller"本質上就是不明確(inherently unclear),也就無法定義出申請專利範圍,認為異議部門錯誤地判定為明確。

訴願階段:
歐洲對於明確性的要求寫在歐洲專利法第84條:
EPC Article 84(每項範圍(獨立項)規定申請專利範圍應定義專利要保護的標的,且應清楚、簡潔,以及被說明書所支持(Article 84 Claims The claims shall define the matter for which protection is sought. They shall be clear and concise and be supported by the description.)。

在專利權人提交的修正main request,就在"smaller"之前加入“significantly",訴願委員會認為這個相對用語讓專利範圍展開來(open)而不清楚系爭專利範圍中相對近端點的半徑曲率是有多“smaller"

專利權人引用訴願委員會判例決定,當相關領域技術人員可從上下文理解申請專利範圍中的相對用語,相對用語則可被接受。

另一個相對用語 - substantially,專利權人引用說明書記載,但是即便專利權人引章據點證明上述相對用語是明確的,但卻未反映在申請專利範圍中。進一步地,訴願委員會同樣地認為"substantially equal"為不明確。

Claim 3: The vascular repair device of Claim 1, wherein the first stent (23) has a shape that is a periodically changing shape and the proximal (22) and distal apices (24) have substantially equal radii of curvature.



(補充,重要. updated on Oct. 31, 2025)
The appellant argued that the objected term was considered clear by the Opposition Division. In its decision, the Opposition Division found that "significantly" signifies that an observable difference (可觀察的差異) between the two features being compared has to be present (point 16.5.2 of the reasons). 
However, as correctly stressed by the respondent, whether something is "observable" is dependent on the manner in which the observation is made(是否可觀察,取決於有觀察的方式). Neither in the relevant art nor in the patent is there an indication as to whether "observable" means observable by the naked eye, or whether it means observable with measuring instruments (本案中,相關技術或專利都沒有指出觀察的手段,不論是眼睛或工具)and, if so, how precise those instruments need to be. The Opposition Division's construction of the term "substantially", therefore, is just as unclear as the objected term itself.

如此,訴願委員會判定系爭專利範圍因為"significantly smaller"而不符Article 84 EPC明確性的規定。

my two cents:
因為要在研討會討論專利用語中的相對用語,剛好看到這件值得討論的案例,就來看看美歐對於相對用語的差別。

根據本次討論歐洲訴願案T 1976/19,可得出,相對用語是否會被接受,仍是case-by-case,然而,相對用語本質上是不明確,儘量不要用在專利範圍,然而,仍要查上下文、相關領域技術人員是否可理解,以及是否可以明確定義出發明專利範圍,當條件足夠,相對用語也是會明確的。

可參考本部落格中關於MPEP2173相關文章:
- "essentially"用語到底明不明確? - In re Marosi (CCPA 1983)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2025/10/essentially-in-re-marosi-ccpa-1983.html
- 程度用語 - MPEP 2173.05(b) 筆記(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2025/10/mpep-217305b.html

Boards of Appeal of the European Patent Office決定:https://www.epo.org/boards-of-appeal/decisions/pdf/t191976eu1.pdf

Ron

2025年10月13日 星期一

"similar"用語造成專利範圍不明確 - Ex parte Kristensen (BPAI 1989) / Ex parte George S. Pappas (BPAI 1992)

"similar" - Ex parte Kristensen (Bd. Pat. App. & Inter. 1989)

事實上我找不到此案原文,如果有朋友知道,還請不吝告知!!!

USPTO將此案列為引用案例:

MPEP 2173有兩處提到本案例 - Ex parte Kristensen (BPAI 1989),看來Ex parte Kristensen案會有兩個議題,一個是claim中"similar"形成不明確用語,以及「雙重包含(包括相同元件兩次的claim)」的議題。

議題一:
MPEP 2173.05(b)III
C.“Similar” The term “similar” in the preamble of a claim that was directed to a nozzle “for high-pressure cleaning units or similar apparatus” was held to be indefinite since it was not clear what applicant intended to cover by the recitation “similar” apparatus. Ex parteKristensen, 10 USPQ2d 1701 (Bd. Pat. App. & Inter. 1989).

Claim中的"similar"用語明顯形成不明確問題,系爭專利為 - US4886213A,提出一種高壓噴射噴嘴,在此領證專利的Claim中已經沒有"similar apparatus"形成不明確用語的內容,然而,其專利家族歐洲案EP0146795就可獲得專利,顯見兩者在解釋專利範圍上的態度不同(我的理解是,歐洲專利在解釋專利範圍讓審查委員或是法官有很大的權限,可以"自動"排除不合理的情況,不會僅是咬文嚼字。舉例來說,歐洲專利範圍容許多項依附多項,其中自然會遇到不合理的依附關係,但解釋時可以自動排除。)

EP0146795的Claim 1:

議題二:
2173.05(o) Double Inclusion(雙重包含)
There is no per se rule that “double inclusion” is improper in a claim. (這句話說明"double inclusion"並非"improper"是很"proper"的說法,沒有任何規則規定Claim中有「雙重包含」是不恰當的!) In re Kelly, 305 F.2d 909, 916, 134 USPQ 397, 402 (CCPA 1962) (“Automatic reliance upon a ‘rule against double inclusion’ will lead to as many unreasonable interpretations as will automatic reliance upon a ‘rule allowing double inclusion’. The governing consideration is not double inclusion, but rather is what is a reasonable construction of the language of the claims.”). Older cases, such as Ex parte White, 127 USPQ 261 (Bd. App. 1958) and Ex parte Clark, 174 USPQ 40 (Bd. App. 1971) should be applied with care, according to the facts of each case. 

The facts in each case must be evaluated to determine whether or not the multiple inclusion of one or more elements in a claim gives rise to indefiniteness in that claim.(Claim是否含有多重包含,最後的問題就是要看是否有不明確事項?) The mere fact that a compound may be embraced by more than one member of a Markush group recited in the claim does not lead to any uncertainty as to the scope of that claim for either examination or infringement purposes. On the other hand, where a claim directed to a device can be read to include the same element twice, the claim may be indefinite.(裝置範圍包括相同元件兩次,就有不明確事項!) Ex parte Kristensen, 10 USPQ2d 1701 (Bd. Pat. App. & Inter. 1989).

部落格參考:鬧雙包(double inclusion/multiple inclusion)(about claim)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2015/11/double-inclusionmultiple-inclusionabout.html

找不到"Ex parte Kristensen"案例原文,但有引用此案有相似議題的案例,如1992年案例EX PARTE GEORGE S. PAPPAS,訴願號為:Appeal No. 92-0935。

此為設計專利,面對專利範圍為顯而易知(35U.S.C.103)的核駁意見,申請人提起訴,主張引用前案 - 建築手冊,為不合理引證前案,當年BPAI同意USPTO審查委員的駁回審查結果(同意採用建築手冊當作引證前案),但也並非認同全部的意見。

不明確議題(35U.S.C.112)
在系爭設計的專利範圍描述中提到"or similar structure",因為其中"similar"用語造成專利範圍不明確,並且這句話也讓專利範圍可以更廣地解釋並被上述「建築手冊」所涵蓋,也讓本案專利範圍基於引證前案為顯而易知。

再者,在此系爭設計的顯而易見判定中,不同於"結構"類發明專利,並不會討論是否有合理前案的組合,而是討論是否特定裝飾性特徵外觀的相似度(仍須整體觀之),是否引證前案可以建議("suggest")系爭設計。

另有個觀念問題可釐清,判斷系爭設計的顯而易知性時,是以相關設計領域一般設計者(designer of ordinary skill who designs articles of the type involved)來看是否顯而易知,而非通常的工作者(not an average worker)。

針對系爭設計,先前文獻Lien的床架(bunk)與系爭設計很像,唯一顯著差異是垂直腳與水平的槽形基部之間的角落或連接部。看來系爭設計與Lien有差異,但是根據建築手冊的記載,可知道系爭設計的角落配置只是一個通常的替代方案,甚至前者比後者更美觀

如此,BPAI判定,所述建築手冊中關於連接腳與基部在結構上與Lien有足夠的關聯,建築手冊建議(suggest)Lien的傾斜角落概念與系爭設計相似

系爭設計不具創作性/非顯而易知性。


Ron

2025年7月24日 星期四

歐洲「非註冊制設計」中複雜產品的部分設計爭議 - Ferrari v. Mansory (Part2)

之前報導:歐洲「非註冊制設計」爭議 - Ferrari v. Mansory(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2023/04/blog-post.html

 (摘錄自我自己的講義)


【補充報導】
審理法院:JUDGMENT OF THE COURT (Fifth Chamber) 28 October 2021
Ferrari SpA v. Mansory Design Holding GmbH
案件號碼:Case C‑123/20

因為UCD的特性,時間就變得異常重要,從判決文前幾段內容都在釐清各種時間點就可以證明。

UCD unregistered community design):

FXX K model公開時間:2 December 2014

Mansory:March 2016

本案Ferrari提出訴狀時間是30 January 2020(法院受理時間:4 March 2020),判決日是28 October 2021。

本案重要爭點可參考前篇(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2023/04/blog-post.html),重要的議題之一是“是否Ferrari主張車輛的"部分"設計特徵滿足UCD主張權利的要件?”

(重要)車輛本身設計十分複雜,整體是由許多的部件組成,而UCD並非如RCD(註冊制歐盟設計)會提出要保護的設計或部分設計的圖案,因此本案議題是UCD複雜設計的部分是否可以受到保護顯得十分重要。

(編按,因為UCD是不用註冊的設計,因此權利人可以主張的權利並非能明確界定,權利邊界是十分模糊的,使得本案是否可以主張UCD部分設計的討論變得重要。)

其中涉及的法律在:Article 11(2) of Regulation No 6/2002

本案主張的權利來自於Ferrari最早發佈的圖案,明顯是個複雜設計的產品,其中部件可以清晰辨識,可以視為具有獨立特徵的設計,符合Article 3(a), 3(c), 4(2)的規定

重要結論:

52

In the light of the foregoing considerations, the answer to the questions referred is that Article 11(2) of Regulation No 6/2002 must be interpreted as meaning that the making available to the public of images of a product, such as the publication of photographs of a car, entails the making available to the public of a design of a part of that product, within the meaning of Article 3(a) of that regulation, or of a component part of that product, as a complex product, within the meaning of Article 3(c) and Article 4(2) of that regulation, provided that the appearance of that part or component part is clearly identifiable at the time the design is made available. In order for it to be possible to examine whether that appearance satisfies the condition of individual character referred to in Article 6(1) of that regulation, it is necessary that the part or component part in question constitute a visible section of the product or complex product, clearly defined by particular lines, contours, colours, shapes or texture.


Article 11(2) of Council Regulation (EC) No 6/2002 of 12 December 2001 on Community designs must be interpreted as meaning that the making available to the public of images of a product, such as the publication of photographs of a car, entails the making available to the public of a design of a part of that product, within the meaning of Article 3(a) of that regulation, or of a component part of that product, as a complex product, within the meaning of Article 3(c) and Article 4(2) of that regulation, provided that the appearance of that part or component part is clearly identifiable at the time the design is made available. In order for it to be possible to examine whether that appearance satisfies the condition of individual character referred to in Article 6(1) of that regulation, it is necessary that the part or component part in question constitute a visible section of the product or complex product, clearly defined by particular lines, contours, colours, shapes or texture.

本案始於德國法院(Federal Court of Justice, Germany),德國法院將依據歐盟司法法院(Court of Justice of the European Union (CJEU))作出可主張UCD的部分設計權利的判決作出自己的決定。

判決資料:

參考資料:

Ron

2025年7月9日 星期三

歐洲擴大訴願委員會「電腦實現發明的可專利性」判例 - G1/19

案件資訊:
G 0001/19 (Pedestrian simulation) 10-03-2021
European Case Law Identifier: ECLI:EP:BA:2021:G000119.20210310
Date of decision: 10 March 2021
Case number: G 0001/19
Application number: 03793825.5
Relevant legal provisions:
EPC Art 52(1)
EPC Art 52(2)
EPC Art 52(3)
EPC Art 56
EPC Art 112(1)(a)
Law of non-Contracting States: United States: 35 U.S.C. § 101
Decisions of national courts cited: Germany: Bundesgerichtshof X ZB 15/67 (Rote Taube); X ZB 11/98 (Logikverifikation)

在本案例相關法條的描述中提到美國101,顯然就是涉及專利適格性議題。本歐洲擴大訴願委員判例也引用在審查意見中涉及資訊表示無法賦予專利的相關核駁理由中。

以下是引用G1/19歐洲判例的核駁意見範例:

系爭專利申請案關於無人車巡航避障(文中pedestrian應可解釋為無人車/步行者)的模擬方法,系爭案進入訴願階段前後的專利範圍經過很多次修正,專利範圍也歷經很大的變化,目前查出claim 1最後一次修正的樣貌如下,描述電腦實現模擬建築結構中步行者群運動的方法,方法包括:(1)模擬多步行者在建築結構中移動;(2)通過建築結構模型提供到達目的地的臨時路徑;(3)提供步行者偏好走路速度;(4)將偏好走路速度加上雜訊(走路受到阻礙)而判斷出偏好瞬間走路速度;(5)根據上述目的地、步行者偏好走路速度與臨時路徑判斷偏好步伐與走路位置,其中考量描述各種情況(不便利、偏離、瞬間步速)的成本的函式(如"frustration function"),定義出偏好位置的鄰近環境、辨識障礙物,如其他步行者與固定障礙物,判斷步行者個人的空間,考量是否障礙物侵犯步行者個人空間判斷步伐是否可行,最終將整個步行者到達目的地的模擬運動顯示出來



以下圓點就是pedestrian/步行者,系爭案發明就是模擬每個步行者在一個很擁擠的環境運動軌跡的技術:

訴願階段的議題很多,在此討論「E. PATENTABILITY OF COMPUTER-IMPLEMENTED SIMULATIONS」。

定義可專利性:
首先EPO訴願委員會定義「Technical」,但EPC並未明確定義"invention"或是"technical",於是借鏡德國聯邦司法法院在1969年案例"Rote Taube"的定義:

有條理地使用可控制自然力以達成因果與可感知的結果的教示


這裡一個重點是,當普遍認知"資料內容"並非是技術性的特徵,而處理資訊的想法為自然力的一部分也沒有特別定義是否有技術性,但歐洲專利的概念是應對"technical"定義保持開放,也就是這是多年前的定義,專利機關對可專利性/適格性的定義對未來科技發展應保持開放。如此可知,至少在歐洲訴願委員會這裡的判決將會對發明是否屬於"technical"的判斷更寬鬆一些。(編按,就我個人的經驗來說,EP雖然對可專利性的審理很嚴格,但確實對發明是否"technical"比"澳洲"、"加拿大"等比較不熟悉的國家更為寬鬆)


在實務上,歐洲專利局直接認定不可專利的標的是「電腦程式本身(as such)」,本案例涉及"電腦模擬"技術,可知,如果是"模擬本身",應該也是不可專利標的,但對於模擬技術而言,就看"simulation"如何解釋?就本案例來說,系爭案發明是電腦實現的基於"模型"預測系統運行的技術,因為與外界(如環境障礙、顯示器、感測器)有互動,將不會是"模擬本身"。

這裡提到「COMVIK APPROACH」:在審查發明是否符合Art. 52 EPC具有技術的發明時,應同時辨明發明中是否有具備進步性的特徵,接著,就考量可與先前技術區隔的特徵是否為貢獻該發明解決技術問題的特徵。這考量通常是EPO審理是否可准予專利的第一步。

- 取得發明中的可專利技術特徵歐洲訴願案例討論(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2015/03/blog-post_17.html


重要:電腦實現發明的可專利性判斷:

開門見山地,判斷電腦實現發明先要通過兩個關卡:第一,使用電腦就有可能是可專利的技術;第二,要查與先前技術的差異是否是解決技術問題的技術手段,如果是就是一種具有技術性的發明,然而,使用一般目的的電腦本身就是先前技術,如果沒有超越一般目的電腦,發明可能就被視為沒有技術性。


電腦實現發明的流程可簡化如下圖,其中箭頭表示電腦程序與外部的互動,其中的技術性例如輸入為一種量測數據(measurement),經過電腦程序處理後,輸出可為控制訊號(control signal),表示此電腦實現的發明與實體有直接關聯,如此電腦實現發明就不再是電腦程式本身,而是具有技術效果的特徵


系爭案的可專利性:
回到電腦實現模擬方法的案例,歐洲訴願委員會將發明簡化成以下步驟,主要的特徵包括數值模型、表示模型行為的方程式,以及演算法。(編按,簡化成這樣就有點不妙)


訴願委員即根據以上電腦實現發明的可專利性判斷標準審理本案,根據以上經過簡化的發明特徵,認為系爭案就是"模擬本身",與外部有輸出入關聯的很少,若查其中演算法是否具有技術貢獻,結果認為這是電腦內部功能的應用。這裡,我覺得重要的是,當審查發明中演算法是否具有技術貢獻時,會查看說明書對於其中軟體是否有更多細節描述,藉此判斷是否有技術改良。但可惜的是,系爭案並沒有太多細節,也沒有與硬體相關的特徵描述。

訴願委員會同時也應用了上述
「COMVIK APPROACH」,認為電腦實現模擬方法就如同「COMVIK APPROACH」要檢驗的電腦實現發明,即查驗本系爭案發明中是否具有可與先前技術區隔的進步性特徵,並表明不能賦予非可專利標的發明專利。

Enlarged Board of Appeal回答是:
1. A computer-implemented simulation of a technical system or process that is claimed as such can, for the purpose of assessing inventive step, solve a technical problem by producing a technical effect going beyond the simulation's implementation on a computer.(以審查進步性而言,電腦實現技術系統或程序模擬技術,通過產生超越電腦中實現的模擬的效果證明解決了技術問題,屬於可專利的標的)

2. For that assessment it is not a sufficient condition that the simulation is based, in whole or in part, on technical principles underlying the simulated system or process.(就審查進步性而言,基於模擬系統或程序的技術原理的模擬(全部或部分)並非充分條件)

3. The answers to the first and second questions are no different if the computer-implemented simulation is claimed as part of a design process, in particular for verifying a design.(特別為了驗證技術,如果電腦實現的模擬僅為流程的一部分,上述兩個答案並沒有不同,也就是證實電腦實現的模擬技術若僅是發明的部分,且解決技術問題,屬於可專利標的)

我覺得歐洲擴大委員會對此案提供了一個原則性的判決,算是知識滿滿。


訴願委員會決定:T 0489/14

Ron