從工總舉辦的「歐洲專利審查制度與AI發明實務研討會」得知此判例,在此篇簡單解析。
結論是於評價發明專利性時,應參照(shall always be consulted)說明書與圖式,並且這樣的解釋原則並非是在相關領域技術人員認為專利範圍不清楚或模糊的情況下才有效。前句話有一般性意義:申請專利範圍為評價發明專利性的開始點與基礎;後段話就比較強烈一點:並不是在相關領域技術人員覺得範圍/用與模糊時才需參照說明書與圖式。
歐洲擴大訴願委員會(Enlarged Board of Appeal)於2025/6/18判決G 1/24案資訊:
異議人/訴願人:Yunnan Tobacco International Co., Ltd.
專利權人/被訴願人:Philip Morris Products S.A.
案件編號:G 0001/24
系爭專利:EP3076804
本案背景系爭專利EP3076804被提起異議(opposition),歐洲異議部門(opposition division)否決異議理由,認為專利有效(23.12.2021);案件提起訴願,歐洲訴願委員會於01.07.2024將解釋專利範圍的問題提交「擴大訴願委員會」(interlocutory decision: T 0439/22)。
系爭專利是一種電子菸,或說形成霧狀物的裝置(vaping device),其中包含"氣溶膠形成材料(aerosol-generating article)",其中核准專利的關鍵是"集合片(gathered sheet)"異議理由是不具新穎性。Claim 1如下:
A heated aerosol-generating article (1000, 2000) for use with an electrically-operated aerosol-generating device (3010) comprising a heating element (3100), the aerosol-generating article comprising an aerosol-forming substrate (1020, 2020) radially encircled by a sheet of thermally-conductive material (1222, 2222), in which the aerosol-forming substrate comprises a gathered sheet of aerosol-forming material circumscribed by a wrapper, the wrapper being the sheet of thermally-conductive material which acts as a thermally-conducting flame barrier for spreading heat and mitigating against the risk of a user igniting the aerosol-forming substrate by applying a flame to the aerosol-generating article.
訴願提出的問題(Q1)主要涉及Art. 69(1) EPC,其中規範專利權由專利範圍定義,而說明書與圖式應被用於解釋專利範圍。訴願主要議題是:
(Q2)在為評價發明專利性時,解釋專利範圍是否可以參照說明書和圖式?如果可以參照說明書與圖式,是否應限於本領域技術人員認為專利範圍不清楚或模糊的情況下?
Article 69 Extent of protection
(1)The extent of the protection conferred by a European patent or a European patent application shall be determined by the claims. Nevertheless, the description and drawings shall be used to interpret the claims.
案件解析:
本案經異議與訴願委員會判決:專利範圍除非在不清楚時才需參照說明書與圖式來解釋,因此用語給予一般意思解釋。
案件涉及Claim 1的解釋,特別是"gathered sheet"(可翻為"集合片/集合元件"),專利權人認為應以相關領域的一般意義解釋(無須參照說明書與圖式);異議人/上訴人認為若參考說明書解釋,其意義更廣,落於先前技術的揭露內容中,不具新穎性。
(編按,特別地,本案為異議案,因此異議人希望專利範圍解釋更廣,但要求參考說明書與圖式解釋;反之,專利權人希望範圍較窄,說明其新穎性。)
我認為可以解釋為:
系爭專利說明書並未直接定義哪個元件是"gathered sheet",但從Fig. 1以及說明書其他段落的描述可理解這是一個集合連續皺褶材料的部件,如圖1中裝設在線軸(bobbin 4)上的「continuous sheet of homogenised tobacco 2」,還有元件:匯聚漏斗10:"The converging funnel 10 gathers the continuous sheet of homogenised tobacco 8 transversely relative to its longitudinal axes."。
(編按,如果沒有明確的元件編號,可視為手段功能用語,顯得用說明書與圖式解讀變得重要,這也符合本案判決的意旨。)
The apparatus shown in Figure 1 generally comprises: supply means for providing a continuous sheet of homogenised tobacco; crimping means for crimping the continuous sheet; rod forming means for gathering the continuous crimped sheet and circumscribing the gathered material with a thermally-conductive aluminium foil wrapper to form a continuous rod; and cutting means for severing the continuous rod into a plurality of discrete rods.
圖1顯示形成電子菸桿狀結構的裝置:
說明書段落也解釋"gathered sheet"的功能:The aerosol-forming substrate comprises a gathered sheet of aerosol-forming material circumscribed by a wrapper. The wrapper being the sheet of thermally-conductive material. The gathered sheet of aerosol-forming material may be a sheet of tobacco such as a sheet of homogenised tobacco.
在解釋專利範圍的辯論中,有直接根據Article 69 EPC作為在評價發明專利性時解釋專利範圍的根據;另有判例表示唯有在專利範圍不清楚或模糊時才要參照說明書與圖式;另也關連到Article 84 EPC的明確性(claim須被說明書支持)規定。
Art. 69
ONLY:
案件進入歐洲擴大訴願委員會,顯得本案的重要性,判決中也認為這個議題具有"根本重要性",引用涉及Article 69 EPC的前例(如G2/88、G6/88)外,委員會認為上述Art. 69與84適用在侵權議題的法律,並非用於評價發明專利性時解釋專利範圍的原則。
這個理解將侵權議題與評價專利性的專利範圍解釋原則分開,但仍可相互參照。如以下節錄內容:
甚至認為Art. 84 EPC僅是提供專利說明書撰寫的,而非解釋專利範圍的指引。
歐洲擴大訴願委員會對於解釋專利範圍的原則結論是:(1)專利範圍是評價專利性的起點與基礎;(2)說明書與圖式總是作為參照以解釋專利範圍,而不僅是在不清楚或是模糊的情況才這樣解釋。
歐洲擴大訴願委員會決議應參酌說明書與圖式解釋專利範圍(不論是否有不清楚或模糊的情況)。
(本案發回訴願委員會,於26.02.2026判決:系爭專利範圍不用參照說明書與圖式,系爭專利具新穎性,異議不成立)
筆記:
本案引證前案之一:EP2368449
my two cents:
雖結論很簡單(本篇名稱就是了),但是論述過程才是本案重點,有興趣者應查看判決原文。
根據以上歐洲專利局擴大訴願委員會作出具有約束力的判決,我的意見是,與一般歐洲實務一致,只是更強烈,而且是設定在評價發明專利性時,並且也被用在舉發攻防中專利權人用來限制而迴避引證前案的用途上。
從本案例而言,確實需要從說明書與圖式來解讀「gathered sheet」,如果沒有明確的元件編號,可以解釋為手段功能用語,顯得用說明書與圖式的揭露變得更重要,而不僅是輔助說明而已,符合本案判決的意旨。
上段說明與一般歐洲實務一致,例如(僅是我的感覺),歐洲專利範圍的修正寬容度很小,一般是不能將說明書未寫在申請專利範圍的內容新增或修訂至經審查的專利範圍中、歐洲申請專利範圍"可以/必要時"可以直接引用圖式(須提出理由)、歐洲專利範圍雖不影響解釋,但需要標註圖式編號、修正歐洲專利範圍後,有時會被要求刪除非對應的實施例,...以上種種實務都可說明本次判例作出的解釋申請專利範圍的原則。
EPO Guidelines F-IV, 4.17 References to the description or drawings
As indicated in Rule 43(6), the claims must not, in respect of the technical features of the invention, rely on references to the description or drawings "except where absolutely necessary". In particular, they must not normally rely on such references as "as described in part ... of the description" or "as illustrated in Figure 2 of the drawings".
The emphatic wording of the excepting clause is important to note. The onus is on the applicant to show that it is "absolutely necessary" to rely on references to the description or drawings in appropriate cases (see T 150/82).
An example of an allowable exception is an invention involving a peculiar shape that is illustrated in the drawings but cannot be readily defined either in words or by a simple mathematical formula. Another special case is where the invention relates to chemical products, some of whose features can be defined only by means of graphs or diagrams.
判決PDF:https://www.epo.org/boards-of-appeal/decisions/pdf/g240001ep1.pdf(英文版)(備份:https://app.box.com/s/u0ljohxddace986i4jm6per4hlx811yv)
Ron




