2026年10月15日 星期四

歐洲專利中具有技術貢獻的數學方法為可專利標的 - 筆記

參考EPO專利審查指南G-II, 3.3(https://www.epo.org/en/legal/guidelines-epc/2024/g_ii_3_3.html)關於數學方法(mathematical methods)的規定。

EPC Art. 52(2)(a) Patentable Inventions 規定發現、科學原理與數學方法(mathematical methods)不能稱專利法規定的發明,因此如Art. 52(3)規定,應排除其本身(as such)可專利性。
(1)European patents shall be granted for any inventions, in all fields of technology, provided that they are new, involve an inventive step and are susceptible of industrial application. 
(2)The following in particular shall not be regarded as inventions within the meaning of paragraph 1:
(a)discoveries, scientific theories and mathematical methods; 
(b)aesthetic creations; 
(c)schemes, rules and methods for performing mental acts, playing games or doing business, and programs for computers; 
(d)presentations of information. 
(3)Paragraph 2 shall exclude the patentability of the subject-matter or activities referred to therein only to the extent to which a European patent application or European patent relates to such subject-matter or activities as such.

整理G-II, 3.3規定,數學方法本身無法取得專利,但仍有情況是不能排除發明的可專利性:

(1)如果發明(指claims)指向涉及使用技術手段(例如電腦)的方法或裝置,則其專利標的的整體上具有技術特徵,而不會因為Art. 52(2)和Art. 52(3)的規定而被排除可專利性。("If a claim is directed either to a method involving the use of technical means (e.g. a computer) or to a device, its subject-matter has a technical character as a whole and is thus not excluded from patentability under Art. 52(2) and (3).")

(2)這裡規定「僅指出數據的技術性質或數學方法的參數不足以構成專利法定義的發明」("Merely specifying the technical nature of the data or parameters of the mathematical method may not be sufficient on its own to define an invention within the meaning of Art. 52(1). "),反過來說,就是要證明發明非僅指出數據的技術性質或數學方法的參數,就為可專利標的。

(3)這裡提到的一個事實,數學方法可以服務一個技術目的並不足以取得可專利性,而發明(專利範圍)要功能性地限定在特定技術目的,不論是明確或隱含地,透過建立「技術目的與數學方法」之間足夠的連結而證明其可專利性,例如,指出關於技術目的的數學步驟輸入輸出的程序如何運作,則可以讓數學方法連結到技術效果上("Furthermore, the mere fact that a mathematical method may serve a technical purpose is not sufficient, either. The claim is to be functionally limited to the technical purpose, either explicitly or implicitly. This can be achieved by establishing a sufficient link between the technical purpose and the mathematical method steps, for example, by specifying how the input and the output of the sequence of mathematical steps relate to the technical purpose so that the mathematical method is causally linked to a technical effect.")。

或許,G-II, 3.3以上段落給了我們取得關於數學方法的專利的一些線索。

my two cents:
可參考另一篇關於以上章節涉及AI發明的可專利性議題:EPO的AI可專利性討論(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2025/05/epoai.html),當AI發明都可以專利了,數學方法也有機會。

Ron

2026年10月14日 星期三

瀏覽次數達400萬人次

瀏覽次數達400萬人次


稍早的截圖:


(其實有點煩/但又不見得是我需要擔憂的事...本部落格短短4個月累積100萬瀏覽次數,應該多數是不正常流量~)

補充:目前部落格PO文共3078篇內容,感謝許多"真人"的支持與愛好與批評,但更多流量是"假人"吧!(updated on Oct. 15, 2026)

Ron

EPO對AI專利適格性的看法


其中「The EPO has responded to the emergence of AI by refining its approach to patentability of inventions. AI is considered a branch of computer science, and therefore, inventions involving AI are considered "computer-implemented inventions" (CII). Patents may be granted when AI leaves the abstract realm of mathematical algorithms and computational models and is applied to solve a technical problem in a field of technology.」

這裡提到兩個條件:當 AI發明 (1)超越數學演算法和計算模型的抽象概念時,並(2)應用於解決特定技術領域中的技術問題時,便可獲得專利授權。


審查指南Part G/Chapter II/3.3.1 Artificial intelligence and machine learning:(以下穿插中文摘要,可以得出EPO對於AI相關發明的看法)

Artificial intelligence and machine learning are based on computational models and algorithms such as artificial neural networks, genetic algorithms, support vector machines, k-means, kernel regression and discriminant analysis. Such computational models and algorithms are per se of an abstract mathematical nature, irrespective of whether they can be "trained" using training data. (計算模型與演算法本身是抽象數學本質,無關於其如何被訓練) However, their use does not by itself render inventions related to artificial intelligence or machine learning non-patentable(然而,他們關於AI應用/user並非不能專利), and the guidance provided in G‑II, 3.3 generally applies. This means that, if a claim of an invention related to artificial intelligence or machine learning is directed either to a method involving the use of technical means (e.g. a computer) or to a device, its subject-matter has technical character as a whole and is thus not excluded from patentability under Art. 52(2) or (3)(整體上若有技術手段或是裝置等技術特徵,仍是可以專利的標的). In such cases, the computational models and algorithms themselves contribute to the technical character of the invention if they contribute to a technical solution to a technical problem, for example by being applied in a field of technology and/or by being adapted to a specific technical implementation.(AI、演算法、電腦軟體等,若有技術特徵、解決技術問題,有技術貢獻(相對前案而言),為可專利標的)
...

以下段落都是反映上述的精神,而特別在最後一段,提到「機器學習演算法」實現的技術效果應為顯而易見的,並可通過解釋、數學證明、實驗數據等方式確立其技術效果,但沒有必要提出詳細的證明,但如果「技術效果」取決於所用「訓練資料集」的特定特徵,則必須公開重現所述技術效果所需的特徵。除非本領域技術人員可以知悉,通常並不需要公開所述訓練資料集本身。

"The technical effect that a machine learning algorithm achieves may be readily apparent or established by explanations, mathematical proof, experimental data or the like. Mere assertions are not enough, but comprehensive proof is not required either. If the technical effect depends on particular characteristics of the training dataset used, the characteristics required to reproduce the technical effect must be disclosed unless the skilled person can determine them without undue burden using common general knowledge. However, in general, there is no need to disclose the specific training dataset itself (see also F‑III, 3 and G‑VII, 5.2)."

參考自己寫的內容:EPO的AI可專利性討論(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2025/05/epoai.html)提出幾頁講義:


Ron

EPO發布"全數位"專利審查流程(MyEPO)


從現在到2027年4月1日為過渡時期。

從2027年4月1日起實施:
(1)強制"電子/數位提交"或重新提交申請及其他文件(mandatory electronic submission or resubmission of applications and other documents);
(2)限電子/數位方式通知(electronic-only notification)(編按,法定通知項目,如送件通知、公開通知、OA、核准通知...);
(3)強制以電子/數位提交第三方意見(mandatory electronic filing of third-party observations)。

相關措施:
主要線上工具:線上申請2.0「Online Filing 2.0」。
使用「MyEPO」處理相關流程。
EPO 的通知發送至「MyEPO」中的「信箱」。
「信箱」中有PCT Link處理PCT程序與相關通知、WIPO的ePCT也有服務。

EPO這幾年致力於數位轉型(過去的報導:https://www.epo.org/en/news-events/news/patent-granting-process-fully-digital-1-april-2027):

Ron

2026年10月13日 星期二

"母案"答辯過程產生的disclaimer適用"子案"!- Taction Technology, Inc. v. Apple Inc. (CAFC 2025)

從2026年Apple須賠償5.7billion的新聞溯及這件2025年原本Apple勝訴的CAFC案(TACTION TECHNOLOGY, INC. v. APPLE INC. Fed. Cir. Aug. 13, 2025),我覺得過程頗為有趣,在此分享。

本篇CAFC最終判定地方法院濫用裁量權,但有趣的議題之一是,專利的"母案"答辯過程產生的disclaimer是否適用子案?另還有值得學習的解釋專利範圍的原則,如disavowal的標準、詞彙編撰(lexicography)的適用等。

案件資訊:
原告/上訴人:TACTION TECHNOLOGY, INC.
被告/被上訴人:APPLE INC.
系爭專利:US10,659,885 (claims 1-20)、US10,820,117 (claims 1-17)
判決日期:August 13, 2025

本案源起Taction對Apple提起侵權告訴,被告侵權產品包括具有觸覺感應技術的iPhone與Apple Watch,也就是在使用者操作或是被提醒時感受到裝置上的微小反饋震動的技術,這對許多現在智慧型裝置上是十分重要的"Haptics"。

在地方法院解釋專利範圍階段,認為專利範圍僅限於"具有高阻尼輸出的換能器/transducer",但不包括"非阻尼線性震動/actuator",同意Apple不侵權動議,判定侵權不成立。

Taction擁有的系爭專利關於一種用於產生低頻震動以感知觸覺的觸覺感測器(tactile transducer),列舉‘885的Claim 1如下,描述一種施加動作在皮膚的裝置(震動裝置,安裝在手錶這類裝置中),其中主要元件看來是很像耳機的結構,包括線圈、磁鐵、移動部(慣性塊、磁鐵)、懸邊(suspension: 柔性鉸鏈與導電線圈),其中運作是,移動部的運動是配合鐵磁流體(ferrofluid)阻尼運作,其中鐵磁流體(阻尼的功能)基於導電線圈的電訊號而運作在40-200 Hz範圍內降低共振。
1. An apparatus for imparting motion to the skin of a user, the apparatus comprising:
a housing;
a plurality of coils capable of carrying electrical current;
a plurality of magnets arranged in operative proximity to the plurality of coils;
a moving portion comprising an inertial mass and the plurality of magnets;
a suspension comprising a plurality of flexures that guides the moving portion in a planar motion with respect to the housing and the plurality of conductive coils;
wherein movement of the moving portion is damped by a ferrofluid in physical contact with at least the moving portion; and
wherein the ferrofluid reduces at least a mechanical resonance within the frequency range of 40-200 Hz in response to electrical signals applied to the plurality of conductive coils.


其中,地方法院在解釋專利範圍階段,否決Taction的專家證人Dr. James Oliver以違反本地專利規則(區域巡迴法院)的新理論不當解釋爭議元件"highly damped output(高阻尼輸出)",並且認為,即便沒有違反規則,被告侵權產品也沒有落入"highly damped output"的限制中。所述"阻尼"是以Q factor界定高低,專家證人並未證明被告侵權產品實現此高阻尼輸出。

Taction專家證人違反規則的解釋是指 - 違反地方法院專利規則第3.1(c)條:要求提交一份圖表呈現出系爭專利範圍的每個元件/element與被告侵權產品的對應關係(編按,如同專利範圍與被告侵權產品的claim chart)。地方法院還進一步認為Taction未滿足"how"的要求,因為Taction沒有充分解釋被告侵權產品如何滿足"highly damped output"要求,因此認為Dr. Oliver侵權意見不當地向陪審團解釋Taction已經放棄的解釋。(編按,就我的理解,因為原告Taction並沒有充分解釋"highly damped output",因此被視為放棄解釋,但其專家證人又企圖向陪審團解釋此元件,被判定"不當"。)

案件上訴CAFC。

CAFC階段:

議題一:
CAFC審理地方法院是否有濫用裁量權的問題,判斷地院的判決是否(1)不合理、武斷或異想天開;(2)是否是基於錯誤的法律解釋;(3)是否地院判決有明顯錯誤;或(4)是否案件記錄沒有任何地院可據以判決的證據。

CAFC判定:
(1)地院解釋規則第3.1(c)條包括"how"的要求為武斷與不當;
(2)地院基於"how"的要求而否決Dr. Oliver專家證詞為濫用其裁量權(abuse of discretion);
(3)地院判定Dr. Oliver不當解釋專利範圍是基於Taction放棄的解釋,這也濫用裁量權;
(4)地院修改"highly damped output"的解釋而"不合理"否決Dr. Oliver的證詞;

因此,CAFC判定地方法院根據另類/alternative專利範圍解釋而否決Dr. Oliver對於"highly damped ouptut"的意見,為濫用裁量權。

"We hold it was an abuse of discretion to strike Dr. Oliver’s opinions on the “highly damped output” based on the district court’s alternative claim construction argument."

議題二:解釋專利範圍
A. "highly damped output"
根據系爭專利母案(U.S. Patent Application No. 15/222,394)的答辯歷史,專利權人為了區隔前案而主張其特徵關於具有"highly damped output"的換能器,CAFC認為這是明白而無錯誤的權利拋棄(disclaimer)。

並且認為所述母案的disclaimer適用系爭專利'885與'117。

這裡有個有趣的議題是,系爭專利的"母案"答辯歷史產生的disclaimer是否適用子案?
即便專利權人宣稱"母案'394"的claim 15實質不同於系爭專利的專利範圍,系爭專利的claim 15甚至沒有"由磁流體產生的阻尼"。

但CAFC不同意專利權人的主張,認為在一個專利家族內的兩個專利範圍的"一致性/identicality"並非是disclaimer是否適用的條件("Identicality in claim language is not required for disclaimer to flow through a family")。更者,本案例中,"母案"與"子案"(系爭專利)都關於相同的專利標的-"tactile transducers that produce bass frequency vibrations for perception by touch",並且還有許多重疊的限制。

因此,以上證據足以證明母案的disclaimer適用其子案。

B. “mechanical damping”
地方法院解釋"transducers with highly damped output"時,要求以"mechanical damping"實現"highly damped output"。

這裡提供一個很重要的觀念:解釋專利範圍時只在兩個情況 - lexicography與disavowal(詞彙編撰與否認)才會不採用專利文字一般而普通的意思("We depart from the plain and ordinary meaning of claim terms based on the specification in only two instances: lexicography and disavowal.")。

CAFC認為地方法院在沒有「詞彙編撰或否認」的情況下,解釋專利範圍沒有以一般與普通意思解釋專利範圍,並限制專利範圍為mechanical damping(理由是說明書沒有non-mechanical damping),甚至採用與內部證據矛盾的解釋。

因此判定地方法院錯誤解釋專利範圍。

C. “Q-factor of less than 1.5”
地方法院基於說明書的否認/拋棄(disavowal)限制專利範圍中"transducer"的Q-factor小於1.5。

CAFC解釋所謂「否認/disavowal」的標準是說明書清楚且無誤地表示發明不包括特定特徵("The standard for disavowal is exacting and requires the specification to clearly and unmistakably show the invention does not include a particular feature.")。


當說明書反覆地貶抑特定特徵,就會形成disavowal。

例如系爭專利說明書的描述:

而CAFC認為,上述"useless"用語沒有指明數量範圍,也不涉及系爭專利範圍的特徵,因此沒有形成disavowal。上述"drawback"也沒有明確地貶抑特定數值的Q-factor,也沒有形成disavowal。據此判定地方法院錯誤解釋專利範圍。

基於上述判決,否決地方法院判決並發回重審。

my two cents:
原本僅是好奇Taction與Apple在吵什麼,意外地獲得不錯解釋專利範圍的幾個原則:
1. 同一專利家族(可能還需具備相同專利標的),母案的disavowal適用子案(我認為應視個案認定)。
2. 除非有「lexicography或disavowal」,否則解釋專利範圍應依照文字的一般而通常的意思解釋。
3. 說明書"disavowal"的標準其實很嚴格,發明要清楚地表達不包括特定特徵才會形成"disavowal"。
4. 當說明書反覆地貶抑特定特徵,才會形成disavowal。



Ron

2026年10月12日 星期一

攝影作品與我國著作權法 - 筆記

本篇分享國慶創作,祝大家平安健康喜樂滿足。



連結:

著作權基本上是「憲法保障」著作人的權利,著作人生成(用各種工具、人本身)的著作受到著作權法保護,以下是一些法條摘要。

【中華民國著作權法】
關於"攝影"著作權的定義:
第3條 本法用詞,定義如下:
一、著作:指屬於文學、科學、藝術或其他學術範圍之創作。
...

第5條 本法所稱著作,例示如下︰
一、語文著作。
二、音樂著作。
三、戲劇、舞蹈著作。
四、美術著作。
五、攝影著作。
六、圖形著作。
七、視聽著作。
八、錄音著作。
九、建築著作。
十、電腦程式著作。
前項各款著作例示內容,由主管機關訂定之。

著作生成當下即受到保護(創作保護主義):
第10條
著作人於著作完成時享有著作權。但本法另有規定者,從其規定。

著作人格權:
第15條 著作人就其著作享有公開發表之權利。但公務員,依第十一條及第十二條規定為著作人,而著作財產權歸該公務員隸屬之法人享有者,不適用之。
...

著作權保護期限:
第30條 著作財產權,除本法另有規定外,存續於著作人之生存期間及其死亡後五十年。
(相關法律規定在第30~35條,如共同著作、法人著作...)

合理使用:
第65條 著作之合理使用,不構成著作財產權之侵害。
著作之利用是否合於第四十四條至第六十三條所定之合理範圍或其他合理使用之情形,應審酌一切情狀,尤應注意下列事項,以為判斷之基準:
一、利用之目的及性質,包括係為商業目的或非營利教育目的。
二、著作之性質。
三、所利用之質量及其在整個著作所占之比例。
四、利用結果對著作潛在市場與現在價值之影響。
著作權人團體與利用人團體就著作之合理使用範圍達成協議者,得為前項判斷之參考。
前項協議過程中,得諮詢著作權專責機關之意見。

參考:TIPO圖解「著作權合理使用原則」筆記(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2024/03/tipo_13.html)。

另可參考:合理使用著作權標的的四個判斷因素 - Oracle America, Inc. v. Google LLC (Fed. Cir. 2018)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2018/03/oracle-america-inc-v-google-llc-fed-cir.html)。

補充美國版權法相關法規:

17 U.S. Code § 106 - Exclusive rights in copyrighted works(https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/17/106)
Subject to sections 107 through 122, the owner of copyright under this title has the exclusive rights to do and to authorize any of the following:(著作權人實施創作與其授權的專屬權利)
(1)to reproduce the copyrighted work in copies or phonorecords;(重製權)
(2)to prepare derivative works based upon the copyrighted work;(衍生著作權)
(3)to distribute copies or phonorecords of the copyrighted work to the public by sale or other transfer of ownership, or by rental, lease, or lending;(通過銷售與其他權利轉移的散佈權)
(4)in the case of literary, musical, dramatic, and choreographic works, pantomimes, and motion pictures and other audiovisual works, to perform the copyrighted work publicly;(公開展示)
(5)in the case of literary, musical, dramatic, and choreographic works, pantomimes, and pictorial, graphic, or sculptural works, including the individual images of a motion picture or other audiovisual work, to display the copyrighted work publicly; and(公開展示)
(6)in the case of sound recordings, to perform the copyrighted work publicly by means of a digital audio transmission.(數位傳輸)

17 U.S. Code § 504 - Remedies for infringement: Damages and profits(https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/17/504)
(a)In General.—Except as otherwise provided by this title, an infringer of copyright is liable for either—(著作權侵權者的責任)
(1)the copyright owner’s actual damages and any additional profits of the infringer, as provided by subsection (b); or(實際損失+額外利潤)
(2)statutory damages, as provided by subsection (c).(法定賠償)
(b)Actual Damages and Profits.—(實際損失與利潤)
The copyright owner is entitled to recover the actual damages suffered by him or her as a result of the infringement, and any profits of the infringer that are attributable to the infringement and are not taken into account in computing the actual damages. In establishing the infringer’s profits, the copyright owner is required to present proof only of the infringer’s gross revenue, and the infringer is required to prove his or her deductible expenses and the elements of profit attributable to factors other than the copyrighted work.
(c)Statutory Damages.—(法定賠償金額)
(1)Except as provided by clause (2) of this subsection, the copyright owner may elect, at any time before final judgment is rendered, to recover, instead of actual damages and profits, an award of statutory damages for all infringements involved in the action, with respect to any one work, for which any one infringer is liable individually, or for which any two or more infringers are liable jointly and severally, in a sum of not less than $750 or more than $30,000 as the court considers just. For the purposes of this subsection, all the parts of a compilation or derivative work constitute one work.
(2)In a case where the copyright owner sustains the burden of proving, and the court finds, that infringement was committed willfully, the court in its discretion may increase the award of statutory damages to a sum of not more than $150,000. In a case where the infringer sustains the burden of proving, and the court finds, that such infringer was not aware and had no reason to believe that his or her acts constituted an infringement of copyright, the court in its discretion may reduce the award of statutory damages to a sum of not less than $200. The court shall remit statutory damages in any case where an infringer believed and had reasonable grounds for believing that his or her use of the copyrighted work was a fair use under section 107, if the infringer was: 
(合理使用範圍)
(i) an employee or agent of a nonprofit educational institution, library, or archives acting within the scope of his or her employment who, or such institution, library, or archives itself, which infringed by reproducing the work in copies or phonorecords; or (非營利教育機構、圖書館、檔案管理)
(ii) a public broadcasting entity which or a person who, as a regular part of the nonprofit activities of a public broadcasting entity (as defined in section 118(f)) infringed by performing a published nondramatic literary work or by reproducing a transmission program embodying a performance of such a work.(公共廣播)
(3)
(A)In a case of infringement, it shall be a rebuttable presumption that the infringement was committed willfully for purposes of determining relief if the violator, or a person acting in concert with the violator, knowingly provided or knowingly caused to be provided materially false contact information to a domain name registrar, domain name registry, or other domain name registration authority in registering, maintaining, or renewing a domain name used in connection with the infringement.(推翻侵權者作為)
(B)Nothing in this paragraph limits what may be considered willful infringement under this subsection.
(C)For purposes of this paragraph, the term “domain name” has the meaning given that term in section 45 of the Act entitled “An Act to provide for the registration and protection of trademarks used in commerce, to carry out the provisions of certain international conventions, and for other purposes” approved July 5, 1946 (commonly referred to as the “Trademark Act of 1946”; 15 U.S.C. 1127).
(d)Additional Damages in Certain Cases.—(額外賠償)
In any case in which the court finds that a defendant proprietor of an establishment who claims as a defense that its activities were exempt under section 110(5) did not have reasonable grounds to believe that its use of a copyrighted work was exempt under such section, the plaintiff shall be entitled to, in addition to any award of damages under this section, an additional award of two times the amount of the license fee that the proprietor of the establishment concerned should have paid the plaintiff for such use during the preceding period of up to 3 years.

都說是"complete guide",大家可參考:https://www.ts-firm.com/post/copyright-law-for-photographers,其中特別指出如何維護自己攝影創作的權利與相關賠償、金額... 。

my two cents:
本篇攝影作品作者是我本人,沒有AI輔助或特效(現在分享作品都還要這樣宣告嗎?)

編者非著作權專業,為了分享而分享,以上法律資訊有"參考"AI的回應,還有Google翻譯的幫忙,而AI回應有誤,在此雖僅摘要,仍有初步審視,如果有任何錯誤或補充還請幫忙。

Ron