2026年4月24日 星期五

美國AI發明專利適格性答辯實務與法院案例

美國AI發明專利適格性答辯實務與法院案例


Ron

專利申請案16/371,492的申請歷程筆記

偶而會找些案子來看人家怎麼寫答辯理由,有時會找到... 過於簡單的情況,但也都是可以學習的,特別是一些指標性公司的專利。

這件美國專利申請案No.16/371,492(申請日:April 1, 2019)最早由IBM提出申請,之後轉讓給Anthropic公司,在此筆記一些申請歷程,雖有觸及一點點35U.S.C.101的議題(以下有些回應),但討論這件是因為技術蠻有趣的,也撈出IBM與Anthropic之間的關係。本案申請歷程讓我理解到IBM與Anthropic公司的關係匪淺,特別問了Claude這兩間公司的關係,關聯到 - 「共享AI許可基金會」(Shared AI License Foundation, SAIL)。

Claude:

SAIL:

"We are committed to protecting your privacy and ensuring the security of your personal information."

美國專利申請案No.16/371,492的101歷程,這件專利名稱:Controllable style-based text transformation(可控基於風格文字轉換方法):

先理解本案技術,使用者輸入文字後,可以選擇輸出的寫作風格,並且可以是混合多種寫作風格的文字。


圖中調整介面206可以讓使用者調整多種寫作風格(如default, academic, advertisement, legal等)的佔比,調整介面208則是提供使用者調整生成文本的措詞和語氣的情感強度與拘謹的程度。

申請時獨立Claims如下,Claim 1描述一個電腦實現的方法,包括取得輸入文字,選擇風格規格(style specification),其中包括目標寫作風格領域(target writing style domain)、每個目標寫作風格領域的權重(讓不同風格之間有相對影響)、語法的權重,接著開始轉換輸入文字,運用神經網路,產生轉換風格的輸出文字。



35U.S.C.101
然而,雖然感覺Claim 1應該會有101問題,不過這件僅Claim 12遭遇不符美國專利法第101條規定的核駁意見(2020 Nov. 12),而且並非現在常見運用TWO-STEP analysis的審查內容。Claim 12被駁回是因為專利範圍界定的是產品 - computer program product,但其中描述的是"抽象"的邏輯與軟體方法,並綜觀專利說明書,所謂的產品(i.e., 裝置)僅是抽象的資料結構,並不屬於35U.S.C.101法定可專利保護的標的,i.e., process, machine, manufacture, or composition of matter。


除此意見,其他為可核准專利。

(2020 Nov. 23)解決方法很簡單,就是 - non-transitory :


(編按,其他常用的標的是 - non-transitory computer-readable medium)

(2020 Dec. 10)核准通知。

Ron

2026年4月22日 星期三

最高法院不受理Dr. Thaler "AI著作登記申請案"上訴案 - Thaler v. Perlmutter (Case No. 25-449)

接續之前美國哥倫比亞地方法院上訴法院(U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit)"同意"地方法院"否決"Dr. Thaler提出以"創作機器"創作的著作權登記申請案的決定,後續上訴最高法院,最高法院拒絕受理(CERTIORARI DENIED),因此本案例就"停在"哥倫比亞地方法院上訴法院的決定:


避免本篇僅是一個補新聞的報導,還是摘錄一些內容。

案件源起:

Dr. Thaler其實都知道,但就是要挑戰體制,認為不接受機器創作的作品(無前例)不合憲法,且也違反了美國自由精神...之類的。


著作權應該是人類的權利,這是不變的基石,其中也"暗示"如果是人類使用AI完成著作,應該是可擁有著作權,不過Dr. Thaler就是強調AI的自主性,甚至是基於兩者之間的僱傭關係,不過"沒有僱用合約"。


即便著作權法並未定義"作者",但強調法律設計都是為了人類,所謂"作者"僅能是人類。


人類生命是有限制的,並可主張權利,權利可以移轉、繼承、簽名...,機器只是工具。

First, the Copyright Act’s ownership provision is premised on the author’s legal capacity to hold property.

Second, the Copyright Act limits the duration of a copyright to the author’s lifespan or to a period that approximates how long a human might live.

Third, the Copyright Act’s inheritance provision states that, when an author dies, that person’s “termination interest is owned, and may be exercised” by their “widow or widower,” or their “surviving children or grandchildren,” 17 U.S.C. § 203(a)(2), (A).

Fourth, copyright transfers require a signature. To transfer copyright ownership, there must be “an instrument of conveyance” that is “signed by the owner[.]”

Fifth, authors of unpublished works are protected regardless of the author’s “nationality or domicile.”

Sixth, authors have intentions.

Seventh, and by comparison, every time the Copyright Act discusses machines, the context indicates that machines are tools, not authors.

(補充中文,法院至少基於以下理由認定AI不能是著作權人,主要理由歸咎是執行AI的"機器"不是人,無法行使權利...  updated on April 23, 2026)
  1. 著作權法規範“著作權人/ownership”前提是著作人擁有財產的的法律能力。 
  2. 著作權法限制作者擁有著作權的期限 – 終生+延長期限(美國是個人/共同創作作者生前+70年;台灣是作者終生+50年)。
  3. 著作權法規範繼承權 – 作者死後,可由繼承人行使著作權。
  4. 著作權轉換需要“簽名”以轉換權利(簽署轉讓文書)。
  5. 未發表創作的作者仍被著作權保護,不論其國籍或是住所。
  6. 作者有意圖...。
  7. 根據著作權法上下文,機器是工具,不會是作者。
之前報導:不是人類創作就不能註冊著作權 - Thaler v. Perlmutter, No. 23-5233 (D.C. Cir. 2024)https://enpan.blogspot.com/2025/04/thaler-v-perlmutter-no-23-5233-dc-cir.html),Shira Perlmutter是美國著作權局長。



Ron

2026年4月21日 星期二

USPTO推出判斷專利適格性的機器人 - 惡搞?

USPTO在 4月1日 推出判斷專利適格性的機器人 - 惡搞?


(這個"計畫"用了美國演員Matthew McConaughey的名字

擔心AI將取代許多工作的同時,擁抱AI技術可能是比較明智的做法之一,USPTO就有不錯的示範,如之前提到的"ASAP!"(Artificial Intelligence Search Automated Pilot Program),不久的過去也有"Class ACT"商標分類與搜尋工具。

這篇講到USPTO在4/1/2026宣佈推出判斷專利適格性的AI工具 - "“McConaughey Agentic Tasking Technology Helping Examiner Workload (“MATTHEW”)"。先不論這是""惡搞的新聞,但確實也是直指核心的需求?但USPTO局長也提到很務實的問題,因為一直有不斷挑戰101議題的判例出現 ... AI或是特定工具是否是能夠應付不斷變化的判例? (編按)或是人類的善變?

這個"MATTHEW計劃"目標講白了就是幫審查委員解決「最棘手的專利適格性問題(thorniest of eligibility questions)」,但是,如文中自我陶侃的描述:它說的算~

“Basically, in terms of eligibility, if MATTHEW says your invention is ‘Alright, Alright, Alright,’ then it’s ‘Alright, Alright, Alright’ with the USPTO.”  (alright, alright, alright是Matthew McConaughey電影的梗

編按,乍看之下,這也成為一個有趣的用語:"AIright",人的權力沒了。

my two cents:
我認為,這"AI審查 (假新聞)"議題是可能實現的!!! 甚至可能是專利局中默默研究的課題。

本篇提到幾個重要案例,都有報導在本部落格,可以參考:
Desjardins - 模型訓練方法可以改善電腦技術嗎?涉及是否具備專利適格性 - Ex parte Desjardins (PTAB Sep. 26, 2025)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2026/04/ex-parte-desjardins-ptab-sep-26-2025.html
Alice - 抽象概念若僅以一般目的電腦實現,不可專利 - Alice Corporation Pty. Ltd. v. CLS Bank International (2014)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2014/06/alice-corporation-pty-ltd-v-cls-bank.html
Mayo - 使用自然律的技術可專利性討論 - Mayo Collaborative Services v. Prometheus Laboratories, Inc. 2012)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2015/10/mayo-collaborative-services-v.html

另外,這也讓我想到這個MLB球季引入「ABS (Automated Ball-Strike Challenge System)」輔助判斷好壞球的系統,這讓"裁判"這個原本帶來球賽公平性的不確定性的角色更明確了。有好有壞吧!!!

即便這是愚人節假新聞,確實也是一個可以討論的"嚴肅"議題。這將用在我"嚴肅"的講義中!!!哈哈哈。

後來看到北美智權的報導,確認這是惡搞:https://naipnews.naipo.com/44235/

Ron

用專利學地理 - 史瓦帝尼/Eswatini

史瓦帝尼王國(史瓦帝語:Umbuso weSwatini;英語:Kingdom of Eswatini),2018年的名稱是Swaziland,本部落格曾提到這個舊名的內容是:用專利學地理 - MENA、GCC、非洲(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2017/02/menagcc.html)。



想要找官方網頁,我能得出最接近官方(gov.sz)的網站是議會網站(https://parliament.gov.sz/):


貿易與工業部(ministry of commerce trade and industry)https://www.gov.sz/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=228&Itemid=306

智慧財產局:
https://intellectualpropertyrightsoffice.org/Eswatini


網頁只有著作權的連結,提供伯恩公約(Berne Convention)下的著作權的登記與保護。

從WIPO的資料可以得到Eswatini的專利/商標與設計申請案狀況,案件不多,幾乎是外國人申請。


Ron

2026年4月20日 星期一

ASAP! 措施的檢討與更新

之前報導:USPTO的ASAP!(AI早期檢索與答辯服務)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2025/12/usptoasapai.html

去年USPTO推出「人工智慧檢索自動試行計畫(Artificial Intelligence Search Automated Pilot Program (ASAP!))」(https://www.uspto.gov/patents/initiatives/automated-search-pilot-program),現在暫時延長到6/1/2026,或總體達到3200件請求ASAP!的案件數量(原本是希望各審查技術中心(TC)都可受理至少200件申請)。


3月前USPTO統計:

這是USPTO針對"提出請願/petition"的專利申請案提出自動AI檢索報告,提供申請人「自動檢索報告通知(Automated Search Results Notice (ASRN))」,申請人參考後可以不用理會,或是主動提出修正、延長審查請求、不提出實際審查(僅公開)、甚至撤銷專利申請案(可退費(部分?)),這樣如初期篩選,應該是對Applicant / USPTO都有好處。

一些條件如下表格,另還會收集申請人的相關資料(https://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/documents/sb0470.pdf)。

根據IPWatchdog的報導,今年3月,USPTO宣布將增加請求ASAP!的申請案到3200件(每TC要達成至少400件),且不收費用

ASRN自動生成的AI檢索報告範例:

按,本措施其實迴響不大,但現在用"免費"吸引申請人可以參與計畫,結合上述表格表示要收集的資訊,以及期待申請人可以回應ASRN,應該是USPTO計畫要從"檢索報告"回頭優化檢索模型!

Ron

2026年4月13日 星期一

專利適格性在促進AI創新的角色 - 筆記3

本篇繼前兩篇(已經是1年前了)再補一篇,內容是基於「The Role of Patent (In)Eligibility in Promoting Artificial Intelligence Innovation」的啟發:

- 專利適格性在促進AI創新的角色 - 筆記1(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2025/04/ai-1.html
- 專利適格性在促進AI創新的角色 - 筆記2(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2025/04/ai-2.html

前篇報導:考量AI發明的專利適格性,將AI技術分為三個層次: 
(1) data layer(資料層),這是關於用於訓練AI的訓練資料(training data)、測試資料(testing data)與驗證資料(validation data),經完成訓練後建立AI模型,AI模型最後根據輸入資料產生預測結果等的輸出資料。
(2) application layer(應用層)(i.e., software),這是關於電腦軟體,通過軟體驅動AI系統執行相應的動作、作決定以及產生結果。舉例來說,深度學習模型讓AI搜尋抽象的數據,AI神經網路則是倚賴數學模型執行分析。
(3) system layer(系統層)(i.e., hardware),這是關於AI系統的硬體,即電腦硬體。

(以下是我講義的片段)
1. Patent Eligibility of AI Data

2. Patent Eligibility of AI Applications

3. Patent Eligibility of AI Systems

順帶一提歐洲AI相關專利適格性:

4. AI Patent Litigation
TW:

US:
(訴訟面對到AI發明專利適格性議題時,被挑戰的不會僅是數學問題(這部分常常應該USPTO就解決了),而是應用已知AI技術到特定應用上的情況)
(可參考本文下方補充內容)

5. AI Patent Prosecution
(面對(答辯)因為發明是抽象概念不具專利適格性的全面駁回的範例)


補充內容:

MPEP 2106.05 Eligibility Step 2B: Whether a Claim Amounts to Significantly More

A. Relevant Considerations For Evaluating Whether Additional Elements Amount To An Inventive Concept

The Supreme Court has identified a number of considerations as relevant to the evaluation of whether the claimed additional elements amount to an inventive concept. The list of considerations here is not intended to be exclusive or limiting. Additional elements can often be analyzed based on more than one type of consideration and the type of consideration is of no import to the eligibility analysis. Additional discussion of these considerations, and how they were applied in particular judicial decisions, is provided in in MPEP § 2106.05(a) through (h).

Limitations that the courts have found to qualify as “significantly more” when recited in a claim with a judicial exception include:

重要!(申請專利範圍中為法定例外不予專利時,其中可以具備"實質超越/significantly more"的元件:(i)電腦功能的改善,如DDR案;(ii)技術領域中的技術改良,如Diamond案;(iii)使用在特定機器;(iv)轉換特定物品到另一個狀態;(v)加入已知、常規或習知活動以外的特定限制,使發明有具體應用;(vi)發明具備超過連接法定例外到特定技術環境的有意義的限制。)

  • i. Improvements to the functioning of a computer, e.g., a modification of conventional Internet hyperlink protocol to dynamically produce a dual-source hybrid webpage, as discussed in DDR Holdings, LLC v. Hotels.com, L.P., 773 F.3d 1245, 1258-59, 113 USPQ2d 1097, 1106-07 (Fed. Cir. 2014) (see MPEP § 2106.05(a));
  • ii. Improvements to any other technology or technical field, e.g., a modification of conventional rubber-molding processes to utilize a thermocouple inside the mold to constantly monitor the temperature and thus reduce under- and over-curing problems common in the art, as discussed in Diamond v. Diehr, 450 U.S. 175, 191-92, 209 USPQ 1, 10 (1981) (see MPEP § 2106.05(a));
  • iii. Applying the judicial exception with, or by use of, a particular machine, e.g., a Fourdrinier machine (which is understood in the art to have a specific structure comprising a headbox, a paper-making wire, and a series of rolls) that is arranged in a particular way to optimize the speed of the machine while maintaining quality of the formed paper web, as discussed in Eibel Process Co. v. Minn. & Ont. Paper Co., 261 U.S. 45, 64-65 (1923) (see MPEP § 2106.05(b));
  • iv. Effecting a transformation or reduction of a particular article to a different state or thing, e.g., a process that transforms raw, uncured synthetic rubber into precision-molded synthetic rubber products, as discussed in Diehr, 450 U.S. at 184, 209 USPQ at 21 (see MPEP § 2106.05(c));
  • v. Adding a specific limitation other than what is well-understood, routine, conventional activity in the field, or adding unconventional steps that confine the claim to a particular useful application, e.g., a non-conventional and non-generic arrangement of various computer components for filtering Internet content, as discussed in BASCOM Global Internet v. AT&T Mobility LLC, 827 F.3d 1341, 1350-51, 119 USPQ2d 1236, 1243 (Fed. Cir. 2016) (see MPEP § 2106.05(d)); or
  • vi. Other meaningful limitations beyond generally linking the use of the judicial exception to a particular technological environment, e.g., an immunization step that integrates an abstract idea of data comparison into a specific process of immunizing that lowers the risk that immunized patients will later develop chronic immune-mediated diseases, as discussed in Classen Immunotherapies Inc. v. Biogen IDEC, 659 F.3d 1057, 1066-68, 100 USPQ2d 1492, 1499-1502 (Fed. Cir. 2011) (see MPEP § 2106.05(e)).

Limitations that the courts have found not to be enough to qualify as “significantly more” when recited in a claim with a judicial exception include:

(申請專利範圍中為法定例外不予專利時,其中"不夠實質超越/significantly more"的元件:(i)在電腦上應用法定例外(如抽象概念);(ii)加入已知、常規與習知活動(高度普遍性);(iii)在法定例外(如抽象概念)加入不重要的額外解決方案(extra-solution activity);(iv)僅一般地連結法定例外到特定技術環境。

  • i. Adding the words “apply it” (or an equivalent) with the judicial exception, or mere instructions to implement an abstract idea on a computer, e.g., a limitation indicating that a particular function such as creating and maintaining electronic records is performed by a computer, as discussed in Alice Corp., 573 U.S. at 225-26, 110 USPQ2d at 1984 (see MPEP § 2106.05(f));
  • ii. Simply appending well-understood, routine, conventional activities previously known to the industry, specified at a high level of generality, to the judicial exception, e.g., a claim to an abstract idea requiring no more than a generic computer to perform generic computer functions that are well-understood, routine and conventional activities previously known to the industry, as discussed in Alice Corp., 573 U.S. at 225, 110 USPQ2d at 1984 (see MPEP § 2106.05(d));
  • iii. Adding insignificant extra-solution activity to the judicial exception, e.g., mere data gathering in conjunction with a law of nature or abstract idea such as a step of obtaining information about credit card transactions so that the information can be analyzed by an abstract mental process, as discussed in CyberSource v. Retail Decisions, Inc., 654 F.3d 1366, 1375, 99 USPQ2d 1690, 1694 (Fed. Cir. 2011) (see MPEP § 2106.05(g)); or
  • iv. Generally linking the use of the judicial exception to a particular technological environment or field of use, e.g., a claim describing how the abstract idea of hedging could be used in the commodities and energy markets, as discussed in Bilski v. Kappos, 561 U.S. 593, 595, 95 USPQ2d 1001, 1010 (2010) or a claim limiting the use of a mathematical formula to the petrochemical and oil-refining fields, as discussed in Parker v. Flook, 437 U.S. 584, 588-90, 198 USPQ 193, 197-98 (1978) (MPEP § 2106.05(h)).

Ron