潘榮恩專利部落格、專利實務、專利筆記與Linux
enpan's Patent & Linux practice
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2026年4月24日 星期五
2026年4月22日 星期三
最高法院不受理Dr. Thaler "AI著作登記申請案"上訴案 - Thaler v. Perlmutter (Case No. 25-449)
避免本篇僅是一個補新聞的報導,還是摘錄一些內容。
即便著作權法並未定義"作者",但強調法律設計都是為了人類,所謂"作者"僅能是人類。
人類生命是有限制的,並可主張權利,權利可以移轉、繼承、簽名...,機器只是工具。
- 著作權法規範“著作權人/ownership”前提是著作人擁有財產的的法律能力。
- 著作權法限制作者擁有著作權的期限 – 終生+延長期限(美國是個人/共同創作作者生前+70年;台灣是作者終生+50年)。
- 著作權法規範繼承權 – 作者死後,可由繼承人行使著作權。
- 著作權轉換需要“簽名”以轉換權利(簽署轉讓文書)。
- 未發表創作的作者仍被著作權保護,不論其國籍或是住所。
- 作者有意圖...。
- 根據著作權法上下文,機器是工具,不會是作者。
2026年4月13日 星期一
專利適格性在促進AI創新的角色 - 筆記3
The Supreme Court has identified a number of considerations as relevant to the evaluation of whether the claimed additional elements amount to an inventive concept. The list of considerations here is not intended to be exclusive or limiting. Additional elements can often be analyzed based on more than one type of consideration and the type of consideration is of no import to the eligibility analysis. Additional discussion of these considerations, and how they were applied in particular judicial decisions, is provided in in MPEP § 2106.05(a) through (h).
Limitations that the courts have found to qualify as “significantly more” when recited in a claim with a judicial exception include:
重要!(申請專利範圍中為法定例外不予專利時,其中可以具備"實質超越/significantly more"的元件:(i)電腦功能的改善,如DDR案;(ii)技術領域中的技術改良,如Diamond案;(iii)使用在特定機器;(iv)轉換特定物品到另一個狀態;(v)加入已知、常規或習知活動以外的特定限制,使發明有具體應用;(vi)發明具備超過連接法定例外到特定技術環境的有意義的限制。)
- i. Improvements to the functioning of a computer, e.g., a modification of conventional Internet hyperlink protocol to dynamically produce a dual-source hybrid webpage, as discussed in DDR Holdings, LLC v. Hotels.com, L.P., 773 F.3d 1245, 1258-59, 113 USPQ2d 1097, 1106-07 (Fed. Cir. 2014) (see MPEP § 2106.05(a));
- ii. Improvements to any other technology or technical field, e.g., a modification of conventional rubber-molding processes to utilize a thermocouple inside the mold to constantly monitor the temperature and thus reduce under- and over-curing problems common in the art, as discussed in Diamond v. Diehr, 450 U.S. 175, 191-92, 209 USPQ 1, 10 (1981) (see MPEP § 2106.05(a));
- iii. Applying the judicial exception with, or by use of, a particular machine, e.g., a Fourdrinier machine (which is understood in the art to have a specific structure comprising a headbox, a paper-making wire, and a series of rolls) that is arranged in a particular way to optimize the speed of the machine while maintaining quality of the formed paper web, as discussed in Eibel Process Co. v. Minn. & Ont. Paper Co., 261 U.S. 45, 64-65 (1923) (see MPEP § 2106.05(b));
- iv. Effecting a transformation or reduction of a particular article to a different state or thing, e.g., a process that transforms raw, uncured synthetic rubber into precision-molded synthetic rubber products, as discussed in Diehr, 450 U.S. at 184, 209 USPQ at 21 (see MPEP § 2106.05(c));
- v. Adding a specific limitation other than what is well-understood, routine, conventional activity in the field, or adding unconventional steps that confine the claim to a particular useful application, e.g., a non-conventional and non-generic arrangement of various computer components for filtering Internet content, as discussed in BASCOM Global Internet v. AT&T Mobility LLC, 827 F.3d 1341, 1350-51, 119 USPQ2d 1236, 1243 (Fed. Cir. 2016) (see MPEP § 2106.05(d)); or
- vi. Other meaningful limitations beyond generally linking the use of the judicial exception to a particular technological environment, e.g., an immunization step that integrates an abstract idea of data comparison into a specific process of immunizing that lowers the risk that immunized patients will later develop chronic immune-mediated diseases, as discussed in Classen Immunotherapies Inc. v. Biogen IDEC, 659 F.3d 1057, 1066-68, 100 USPQ2d 1492, 1499-1502 (Fed. Cir. 2011) (see MPEP § 2106.05(e)).
Limitations that the courts have found not to be enough to qualify as “significantly more” when recited in a claim with a judicial exception include:
(申請專利範圍中為法定例外不予專利時,其中"不夠"實質超越/significantly more"的元件:(i)在電腦上應用法定例外(如抽象概念);(ii)加入已知、常規與習知活動(高度普遍性);(iii)在法定例外(如抽象概念)加入不重要的額外解決方案(extra-solution activity);(iv)僅一般地連結法定例外到特定技術環境。)
- i. Adding the words “apply it” (or an equivalent) with the judicial exception, or mere instructions to implement an abstract idea on a computer, e.g., a limitation indicating that a particular function such as creating and maintaining electronic records is performed by a computer, as discussed in Alice Corp., 573 U.S. at 225-26, 110 USPQ2d at 1984 (see MPEP § 2106.05(f));
- ii. Simply appending well-understood, routine, conventional activities previously known to the industry, specified at a high level of generality, to the judicial exception, e.g., a claim to an abstract idea requiring no more than a generic computer to perform generic computer functions that are well-understood, routine and conventional activities previously known to the industry, as discussed in Alice Corp., 573 U.S. at 225, 110 USPQ2d at 1984 (see MPEP § 2106.05(d));
- iii. Adding insignificant extra-solution activity to the judicial exception, e.g., mere data gathering in conjunction with a law of nature or abstract idea such as a step of obtaining information about credit card transactions so that the information can be analyzed by an abstract mental process, as discussed in CyberSource v. Retail Decisions, Inc., 654 F.3d 1366, 1375, 99 USPQ2d 1690, 1694 (Fed. Cir. 2011) (see MPEP § 2106.05(g)); or
- iv. Generally linking the use of the judicial exception to a particular technological environment or field of use, e.g., a claim describing how the abstract idea of hedging could be used in the commodities and energy markets, as discussed in Bilski v. Kappos, 561 U.S. 593, 595, 95 USPQ2d 1001, 1010 (2010) or a claim limiting the use of a mathematical formula to the petrochemical and oil-refining fields, as discussed in Parker v. Flook, 437 U.S. 584, 588-90, 198 USPQ 193, 197-98 (1978) (MPEP § 2106.05(h)).
2026年4月6日 星期一
過度強調特徵的說明書以及答辯歷史的Disclaimer - Puradigm, LLC v. DBG Group Investments LLC (Fed. Cir. Apr. 1, 2026)
系爭專利說明書內容不多,元件僅是簡單說明,但是技術是看得懂,因為光摘要就講明系爭專利是關於空氣清淨機中運用紫外光產生殺菌分子,通過其中光反射板加強照射目標的紫外光,再經由空氣帶出,運作的示意圖如下:
系爭專利說明書特別強調其UV反射板是不同於會削弱能量的漫射的“鏡射(需要拋光打磨)”反射板:
CAFC階段:
除了以上申請人/發明人在說明書強烈地宣告發明建立了disclaimer以外,主要仍是要與先前技術區隔的答辯內容所建立的disclaimer/disavowal,這些都是形成"clear and unmistakable disclaimer"。
專利說明書不能太短,因為太短可能就僅有過於狹隘的說明,因此,若說明書僅有一個實施例,這個實施例是有可能會被拿來“解釋”專利範圍,雖説實施例不能用來解釋專利範圍,但是法官或對照律師是不是這樣想就不一定。
2026年3月31日 星期二
提供可以用於侵權的服務並不擔負共同侵權 - Cox Communications, Inc. v. Sony Music Entertainment (supreme court 2026)
通過上述嚴格的條件(only if)的檢查,最高法院裁定Cox對於其客戶的侵權行為並不用擔負共同責任。
2026年3月13日 星期五
執行功能的裝置或系統的明確或不明確議題 - Mastermine Software, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp. (CAFC 2017)
如此可知,系爭專利包括了人為介入的動作,解釋專利範圍時有以下結論:
議題二:
這時,前篇主角上場,根據案例「IPXL Holdings, L.L.C. v. Amazon.com, Inc.」,如果單項專利範圍包含裝置與使用該裝置的方法,為不明確。
再查系爭專利'518的Claim 1,如下(部分),界定一個計算裝置,包括資料庫、可程式處理器與報告模組,其餘內容就是以"wherein"子句描述報告模組的"功能",最後由試算表產生所述"pivot table"。
根據以上理解,本案系爭專利範圍為明確的理由是,運用"wherein"寫法界定元件功能,這樣的專利範圍能判斷侵權行為與是否侵權;因此,要避免"hybrid claims(單項範圍同時涵蓋系統/裝置+方法)"被認定不明確(同時涵蓋兩種類別的專利標的),不錯的方式之一是將本來要描述的方法都寫成"wherein"子句。
(5)引用案例-HTC Corp. v. IPCom GmbH & Co., KG,法院在此案例判定專利範圍為明確,原因是,雖然這是個裝置範圍(行動基地台),但其中描述的內容為行動基地台所使用的功能。
(此案例還可參考:BRI受制於112(f)的解釋原則 - IPCom v. HTC (Fed. Cir. 2017)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2017/07/bri112f-ipcom-v-htc-fed-cir-2017.html))
(7)又引用案例-UltimatePointer,其中系爭專利為手持裝置,包括影像感測器,其中描述這個影像感測器產生數據的技術,法院認為此專利描述的是結構的能力,而非使用者的活動,因為專利範圍並非同時界定裝置與方法,而是裝置可以執行的功能,因此認為這樣的專利範圍為明確。








