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2026年4月24日 星期五

美國AI發明專利適格性答辯實務與法院案例

美國AI發明專利適格性答辯實務與法院案例


Ron

2026年4月22日 星期三

最高法院不受理Dr. Thaler "AI著作登記申請案"上訴案 - Thaler v. Perlmutter (Case No. 25-449)

接續之前美國哥倫比亞地方法院上訴法院(U.S. Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit)"同意"地方法院"否決"Dr. Thaler提出以"創作機器"創作的著作權登記申請案的決定,後續上訴最高法院,最高法院拒絕受理(CERTIORARI DENIED),因此本案例就"停在"哥倫比亞地方法院上訴法院的決定:


避免本篇僅是一個補新聞的報導,還是摘錄一些內容。

案件源起:

Dr. Thaler其實都知道,但就是要挑戰體制,認為不接受機器創作的作品(無前例)不合憲法,且也違反了美國自由精神...之類的。


著作權應該是人類的權利,這是不變的基石,其中也"暗示"如果是人類使用AI完成著作,應該是可擁有著作權,不過Dr. Thaler就是強調AI的自主性,甚至是基於兩者之間的僱傭關係,不過"沒有僱用合約"。


即便著作權法並未定義"作者",但強調法律設計都是為了人類,所謂"作者"僅能是人類。


人類生命是有限制的,並可主張權利,權利可以移轉、繼承、簽名...,機器只是工具。

First, the Copyright Act’s ownership provision is premised on the author’s legal capacity to hold property.

Second, the Copyright Act limits the duration of a copyright to the author’s lifespan or to a period that approximates how long a human might live.

Third, the Copyright Act’s inheritance provision states that, when an author dies, that person’s “termination interest is owned, and may be exercised” by their “widow or widower,” or their “surviving children or grandchildren,” 17 U.S.C. § 203(a)(2), (A).

Fourth, copyright transfers require a signature. To transfer copyright ownership, there must be “an instrument of conveyance” that is “signed by the owner[.]”

Fifth, authors of unpublished works are protected regardless of the author’s “nationality or domicile.”

Sixth, authors have intentions.

Seventh, and by comparison, every time the Copyright Act discusses machines, the context indicates that machines are tools, not authors.

(補充中文,法院至少基於以下理由認定AI不能是著作權人,主要理由歸咎是執行AI的"機器"不是人,無法行使權利...  updated on April 23, 2026)
  1. 著作權法規範“著作權人/ownership”前提是著作人擁有財產的的法律能力。 
  2. 著作權法限制作者擁有著作權的期限 – 終生+延長期限(美國是個人/共同創作作者生前+70年;台灣是作者終生+50年)。
  3. 著作權法規範繼承權 – 作者死後,可由繼承人行使著作權。
  4. 著作權轉換需要“簽名”以轉換權利(簽署轉讓文書)。
  5. 未發表創作的作者仍被著作權保護,不論其國籍或是住所。
  6. 作者有意圖...。
  7. 根據著作權法上下文,機器是工具,不會是作者。
之前報導:不是人類創作就不能註冊著作權 - Thaler v. Perlmutter, No. 23-5233 (D.C. Cir. 2024)https://enpan.blogspot.com/2025/04/thaler-v-perlmutter-no-23-5233-dc-cir.html),Shira Perlmutter是美國著作權局長。



Ron

2026年4月13日 星期一

專利適格性在促進AI創新的角色 - 筆記3

本篇繼前兩篇(已經是1年前了)再補一篇,內容是基於「The Role of Patent (In)Eligibility in Promoting Artificial Intelligence Innovation」的啟發:

- 專利適格性在促進AI創新的角色 - 筆記1(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2025/04/ai-1.html
- 專利適格性在促進AI創新的角色 - 筆記2(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2025/04/ai-2.html

前篇報導:考量AI發明的專利適格性,將AI技術分為三個層次: 
(1) data layer(資料層),這是關於用於訓練AI的訓練資料(training data)、測試資料(testing data)與驗證資料(validation data),經完成訓練後建立AI模型,AI模型最後根據輸入資料產生預測結果等的輸出資料。
(2) application layer(應用層)(i.e., software),這是關於電腦軟體,通過軟體驅動AI系統執行相應的動作、作決定以及產生結果。舉例來說,深度學習模型讓AI搜尋抽象的數據,AI神經網路則是倚賴數學模型執行分析。
(3) system layer(系統層)(i.e., hardware),這是關於AI系統的硬體,即電腦硬體。

(以下是我講義的片段)
1. Patent Eligibility of AI Data

2. Patent Eligibility of AI Applications

3. Patent Eligibility of AI Systems

順帶一提歐洲AI相關專利適格性:

4. AI Patent Litigation
TW:

US:
(訴訟面對到AI發明專利適格性議題時,被挑戰的不會僅是數學問題(這部分常常應該USPTO就解決了),而是應用已知AI技術到特定應用上的情況)
(可參考本文下方補充內容)

5. AI Patent Prosecution
(面對(答辯)因為發明是抽象概念不具專利適格性的全面駁回的範例)


補充內容:

MPEP 2106.05 Eligibility Step 2B: Whether a Claim Amounts to Significantly More

A. Relevant Considerations For Evaluating Whether Additional Elements Amount To An Inventive Concept

The Supreme Court has identified a number of considerations as relevant to the evaluation of whether the claimed additional elements amount to an inventive concept. The list of considerations here is not intended to be exclusive or limiting. Additional elements can often be analyzed based on more than one type of consideration and the type of consideration is of no import to the eligibility analysis. Additional discussion of these considerations, and how they were applied in particular judicial decisions, is provided in in MPEP § 2106.05(a) through (h).

Limitations that the courts have found to qualify as “significantly more” when recited in a claim with a judicial exception include:

重要!(申請專利範圍中為法定例外不予專利時,其中可以具備"實質超越/significantly more"的元件:(i)電腦功能的改善,如DDR案;(ii)技術領域中的技術改良,如Diamond案;(iii)使用在特定機器;(iv)轉換特定物品到另一個狀態;(v)加入已知、常規或習知活動以外的特定限制,使發明有具體應用;(vi)發明具備超過連接法定例外到特定技術環境的有意義的限制。)

  • i. Improvements to the functioning of a computer, e.g., a modification of conventional Internet hyperlink protocol to dynamically produce a dual-source hybrid webpage, as discussed in DDR Holdings, LLC v. Hotels.com, L.P., 773 F.3d 1245, 1258-59, 113 USPQ2d 1097, 1106-07 (Fed. Cir. 2014) (see MPEP § 2106.05(a));
  • ii. Improvements to any other technology or technical field, e.g., a modification of conventional rubber-molding processes to utilize a thermocouple inside the mold to constantly monitor the temperature and thus reduce under- and over-curing problems common in the art, as discussed in Diamond v. Diehr, 450 U.S. 175, 191-92, 209 USPQ 1, 10 (1981) (see MPEP § 2106.05(a));
  • iii. Applying the judicial exception with, or by use of, a particular machine, e.g., a Fourdrinier machine (which is understood in the art to have a specific structure comprising a headbox, a paper-making wire, and a series of rolls) that is arranged in a particular way to optimize the speed of the machine while maintaining quality of the formed paper web, as discussed in Eibel Process Co. v. Minn. & Ont. Paper Co., 261 U.S. 45, 64-65 (1923) (see MPEP § 2106.05(b));
  • iv. Effecting a transformation or reduction of a particular article to a different state or thing, e.g., a process that transforms raw, uncured synthetic rubber into precision-molded synthetic rubber products, as discussed in Diehr, 450 U.S. at 184, 209 USPQ at 21 (see MPEP § 2106.05(c));
  • v. Adding a specific limitation other than what is well-understood, routine, conventional activity in the field, or adding unconventional steps that confine the claim to a particular useful application, e.g., a non-conventional and non-generic arrangement of various computer components for filtering Internet content, as discussed in BASCOM Global Internet v. AT&T Mobility LLC, 827 F.3d 1341, 1350-51, 119 USPQ2d 1236, 1243 (Fed. Cir. 2016) (see MPEP § 2106.05(d)); or
  • vi. Other meaningful limitations beyond generally linking the use of the judicial exception to a particular technological environment, e.g., an immunization step that integrates an abstract idea of data comparison into a specific process of immunizing that lowers the risk that immunized patients will later develop chronic immune-mediated diseases, as discussed in Classen Immunotherapies Inc. v. Biogen IDEC, 659 F.3d 1057, 1066-68, 100 USPQ2d 1492, 1499-1502 (Fed. Cir. 2011) (see MPEP § 2106.05(e)).

Limitations that the courts have found not to be enough to qualify as “significantly more” when recited in a claim with a judicial exception include:

(申請專利範圍中為法定例外不予專利時,其中"不夠實質超越/significantly more"的元件:(i)在電腦上應用法定例外(如抽象概念);(ii)加入已知、常規與習知活動(高度普遍性);(iii)在法定例外(如抽象概念)加入不重要的額外解決方案(extra-solution activity);(iv)僅一般地連結法定例外到特定技術環境。

  • i. Adding the words “apply it” (or an equivalent) with the judicial exception, or mere instructions to implement an abstract idea on a computer, e.g., a limitation indicating that a particular function such as creating and maintaining electronic records is performed by a computer, as discussed in Alice Corp., 573 U.S. at 225-26, 110 USPQ2d at 1984 (see MPEP § 2106.05(f));
  • ii. Simply appending well-understood, routine, conventional activities previously known to the industry, specified at a high level of generality, to the judicial exception, e.g., a claim to an abstract idea requiring no more than a generic computer to perform generic computer functions that are well-understood, routine and conventional activities previously known to the industry, as discussed in Alice Corp., 573 U.S. at 225, 110 USPQ2d at 1984 (see MPEP § 2106.05(d));
  • iii. Adding insignificant extra-solution activity to the judicial exception, e.g., mere data gathering in conjunction with a law of nature or abstract idea such as a step of obtaining information about credit card transactions so that the information can be analyzed by an abstract mental process, as discussed in CyberSource v. Retail Decisions, Inc., 654 F.3d 1366, 1375, 99 USPQ2d 1690, 1694 (Fed. Cir. 2011) (see MPEP § 2106.05(g)); or
  • iv. Generally linking the use of the judicial exception to a particular technological environment or field of use, e.g., a claim describing how the abstract idea of hedging could be used in the commodities and energy markets, as discussed in Bilski v. Kappos, 561 U.S. 593, 595, 95 USPQ2d 1001, 1010 (2010) or a claim limiting the use of a mathematical formula to the petrochemical and oil-refining fields, as discussed in Parker v. Flook, 437 U.S. 584, 588-90, 198 USPQ 193, 197-98 (1978) (MPEP § 2106.05(h)).

Ron

2026年4月6日 星期一

過度強調特徵的說明書以及答辯歷史的Disclaimer - Puradigm, LLC v. DBG Group Investments LLC (Fed. Cir. Apr. 1, 2026)

案件資訊:
原告/上訴人/專利權人:PURADIGM, LLC
被告/被上訴人:DBG GROUP INVESTMENTS LLC, AP SCIENCES GROUP, LLC, FKA ACTIVEPURE TECHNOLOGIES, LLC, ACTIVEPURE MEDICAL LLC, AERUS LLC, AERUS FRANCHISING LLC, ARS HOME SOLUTIONS LLC, AERUS ENTERPRISE LLC, VOLLARA LLC, VOLLARA CONCEPTS LLC
系爭專利:US8,585,979
判決日期:April 1, 2026

本案源起Puradigm於北德州法院對DBG提起侵權告訴,地院基於系爭專利'979在審查過程中(prosecution history)放棄部分專利範圍(disclaimer)而在簡易判決中判定侵權不成立。

系爭專利:
系爭專利涉及一種用在空氣清淨機中的光催化元件(photo-catalytic cells 10),其中用紫外光照射的觸媒離子化後,產生殺菌分子(bactericidal molecules),並讓經過的空氣帶出,Claim 1如下(紅色字為另加的註解):

1. An apparatus for ionizing air, the apparatus comprising:
a chamber (18) including:
a top portion,
a bottom portion,
a first side including a first target (honeycomb target 20comprising:
a plurality of passages between an interior area of the chamber and an exterior area of the chamber, and
a photo-catalytic coating on the plurality of passages;
a second side opposite the first side and including a second target comprising:
a plurality of passages between the interior area of the chamber and the exterior area of the chamber, and
the photo-catalytic coating on the plurality of passages;
a first reflector (reflector 22) arranged on the top portion of the chamber and configured to:
reflect UV energy emitted along a dimension towards the first target  (reflected ray 28) from a UV emitter (UV emitter 24) located within the chamber directly to the photo-catalytic coating of the first target, wherein the first reflector is a specular UV reflector (解釋如下), and
reflect UV energy emitted along a dimension towards the second target from the UV emitter directly to the photo-catalytic coating of the second target;
a second reflector arranged on the bottom portion of the chamber and configured to:
reflect UV energy emitted along a dimension towards the first target from the UV emitter located within the chamber directly to the photo-catalytic coating of the first target, wherein the second reflector is a specular UV reflector, and
reflect UV energy emitted along a dimension towards the second target from the UV emitter directly to the photo-catalytic coating of the second target; and
wherein the photo-catalytic coating is arranged to:
receive UV energy directly from the UV emitter,
receive UV energy reflected from the first reflector, and
receive UV energy reflected from the second reflector.

以上主要元件可參考下圖:

系爭專利說明書內容不多,元件僅是簡單說明,但是技術是看得懂,因為光摘要就講明系爭專利是關於空氣清淨機中運用紫外光產生殺菌分子,通過其中光反射板加強照射目標的紫外光,再經由空氣帶出,運作的示意圖如下:

系爭專利說明書特別強調其UV反射板是不同於會削弱能量的漫射的“鏡射(需要拋光打磨)”反射板:
“Also it is important that reflecting surfaces of the UV reflector 22 produce surface specular reflection. (Specular reflection being a “mirror-like reflection” of light (鏡面反射)—in which a single incoming light ray is reflected into a single outgoing direction) Specular reflection is distinct from “diffuse” reflection (漫射/漫反射) where an incoming light ray is reflected into a broad range of directions. Diffuse reflection may diminish performance enhancement of the photo-catalytic cell 10.

審查歷史:
系爭專利審查過程歷經4次核駁與修正,主要是第3次修正加入"first reflector"與"second reflector"元件,再於第4次修正成目前系爭專利的樣貌。

2013 Apr 25修正:

2013 Jun 14修正成目前系爭專利的範圍(僅節錄修正部分):


系爭專利在審查過程中,審查委員依據先前技術(US6,500,387,Bigelow)所揭露的鏡面反射板駁回申請案,核駁理由是先前技術記載拋光的鋁板,可以產生如鏡面的反射。

系爭專利申請人提出修正,但並非針對UV鏡射反光板,而是加上直接照射目標(光觸媒塗層)的“first reflector(claim解釋為first specular UV reflector)”以及“second reflector(claim解釋為second specular UV reflector)”等限制。(編按,如上引用審查歷史追蹤修訂,不過這兩個元件沒有直接揭露在說明書中,只是可以合理得出就是了。)

針對先前技術中的「拋光鋁板」提出答辯,如以下interview summary記載:


地方法院:
專利權人Puradigm對DBG(生產的空氣清淨機)提起侵權告訴。地方法院根據系爭專利審查歷史,認為申請人清楚地放棄(disclaimer)“拋光鋁板”,因為“拋光鋁板”並不足以實現系爭專利強調的“鏡射/specular/mirror-like”,因此,同理可知被告DBG使用的“非拋光鋁板”也應被排除在系爭專利的解釋範圍中,據此判定侵權不成立。


CAFC階段:
原告提出上訴,上訴議題包括:(1)沒有審查歷史disclaimer;(2)地方法院並未正確解釋“specular UV reflector”。

disclaimer:A “clear and unmistakable surrender of subject matter” is needed to trigger disclaimer. (清楚而無誤地拋棄專利範圍將觸發“拋棄範圍”(disclaimer)

CAFC同意地方法院判定系爭專利“清楚而無誤地拋棄”包含「拋光鋁板」的範圍,理由是,審查委員曾引用「拋光鋁版加強UV照射」的先前技術駁回系爭專利,認為解釋了系爭專利的鏡射UV反光板,而當時申請人主張先前技術並沒有揭示此特徵。


法院作出以上結論是因為:(1)申請人答辯中的disclaimer statements,以及(2)在系爭專利“全部”有限內容的說明書都著重在如何通過反射板“避免丟失UV的能量”而加強光觸媒的效能,同時,專利說明書還另外定義了“specular reflection”的反義詞 - 會讓UV光丟失的diffuse reflection(漫反射)。



除了以上申請人/發明人在說明書強烈地宣告發明建立了disclaimer以外,主要仍是要與先前技術區隔的答辯內容所建立的disclaimer/disavowal,這些都是形成"clear and unmistakable disclaimer"。

不錯的功課:
答辯歷史是否建立disclaimer?

本案專利權人Puradigm主張,因為申請人(當時還不是Puradigm)“默認/acquiesce”審查委員認為先前技術Bigelow已經揭露“specular UV reflectors”(沒有對此答辯),因此沒有任何為了要與先前技術區隔的disclaimer。法院審視審查歷史,認為申請人並未“收回/retract”任何為了要區隔前案的聲明,或是也沒有默認審查委員的意見。(編按,如此表示上述兩個方式都有可能不產生disclaimer

結論:
CAFC同意地院判決系爭專利答辯歷史對被告侵權產品的特徵建立了disclaimer而侵權不成立。


my two cents:
專利說明書不能太短,因為太短可能就僅有過於狹隘的說明,因此,若說明書僅有一個實施例,這個實施例是有可能會被拿來“解釋”專利範圍,雖説實施例不能用來解釋專利範圍,但是法官或對照律師是不是這樣想就不一定。

說明書用語盡可能有解釋空間,這應該是常識,但確實仍會有些過於限定的措辭。
我覺得審查答辯多半都是要區隔先前技術,並不容易不產生disclaimer(或說答辯本來就是要建立disclaimer,藉此獲取專利),不過用語上可能不要太過強烈(這應該也很難,將來訴訟怎麼進行誰能預料呢?)。

雖然本案上訴人/專利權人明顯地在“硬凹”,但也學習到,如果答辯過程沒有對審查委員的認定進行回覆或答辯時(申請人默認),應該就不會建立disclaimer

這裡學到兩個不會引發disclaimer的案例,應該下回就來探討:

- Malvern Panalytical Inc. v. TA Instruments-Waters LLC, 85 F.4th 1365 (Fed. Cir. 2023) - 申請人在審查過程中拋棄另一無關申請案(相同申請人)答辯時“不成功的主張”,並克服其他審查核駁意見(other grounds),法院認為審查歷史缺少為了要澄清技術所建立的disclaimer

- Ecolab, Inc. v. FMC Corp., 569 F.3d 1335, 1342 (Fed. Cir. 2009) - 因為對於審查歷史理性的讀者而言,若推斷申請人一開始聲明就是錯的,審查委員也更正了這個錯誤,且申請人也理解這個錯誤,其審查歷史並不足夠明確而無誤地引發disclaimer(“not clear and unmistakable enough to invoke disclaimer”)。

本篇很像講的是"Estoppel",但其實是"disclaimer",或許是互通的,但因為法院在侵權判斷時並沒有落實完整的文義讀取、均等論適用等侵權判斷步驟,而是直接根據審查歷史與有限的說明書內容認定系爭專利範圍的disclaimer,或許在侵權判斷上仍與Estoppel有些不同(但這是我的理解,其實應該是可以想成一樣的)。



Ron

2026年3月31日 星期二

提供可以用於侵權的服務並不擔負共同侵權 - Cox Communications, Inc. v. Sony Music Entertainment (supreme court 2026)

本篇關於Cox Communications, Inc. v. Sony Music Entertainment (supreme court 2026)著作權侵權議題,我是十分外行,在此僅筆記Syllabus與稍微探索一下,有興趣者可以直接參照最高法院意見:https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/25pdf/24-171_bq7d.pdf

這件最高法院對美國聯邦第四巡迴上訴法院(United States Court of Appeals For The Fourth Circuit)判決調閱審理作出的裁定(March 25, 2026)。

根據著作權法17U.S.C.§501(a)(如下),任何違反著作權的侵權者,除"直接"違反著作權法的行為外(如抄襲、進口),其他侵權類型可分為兩類次要(間接)責任(two categories of secondary liability):(1)共同責任(contributory liability);(2)替代責任(vicarious liability)。

以上關於"secondary copyright infringement"、"contributory infringement"與"vicarious infringement"的意思可以參考:https://copyrightalliance.org/education/copyright-law-explained/copyright-infringement/secondary-copyright-infringement/

"secondary copyright infringement"指的是非直接侵權,但卻促成他人侵權(間接侵權)而造成著作權人的損害,這裡提到這是"非常"複雜的領域。(編按,contributory infringement雖翻為"共同侵權",但其真正行為是"誘導/induce",因此可翻為誘導/誘使侵權。)

-------------------------------------------
17 U.S. Code § 501 - Infringement of copyright
(a)Anyone who violates any of the exclusive rights of the copyright owner as provided by sections 106 through 122 or of the author as provided in section 106A(a), or who imports copies or phonorecords into the United States in violation of section 602, is an infringer of the copyright or right of the author, as the case may be. For purposes of this chapter (other than section 506), any reference to copyright shall be deemed to include the rights conferred by section 106A(a). As used in this subsection, the term “anyone” includes any State, any instrumentality of a State, and any officer or employee of a State or instrumentality of a State acting in his or her official capacity. Any State, and any such instrumentality, officer, or employee, shall be subject to the provisions of this title in the same manner and to the same extent as any nongovernmental entity.
-------------------------------------------

最高法院案例關於"contributory liability"(著作權侵權的共同責任)議題,是指"侵權者"要求一提供者(provider)提供著作,而使其服務成為侵權行為。這時,著作權人可以兩種方法證明其"必要意圖(requisite intent)",第一,證明某方(意圖侵權者)誘使(induce)他人侵權;第二,證明某方提供導致侵權的客製化服務(量身訂做)(tailored to infringement)。這裡也提到關於contributory infringement責任如專利法。



本篇案例Cox Communications, Inc.(原侵權被告)為網路服務提供者(ISP),服務600萬客戶,並且每個客戶都擁有唯一IP位址。Cox提供每個客戶固定IP,通過合約禁止客戶貼文、複製、傳送與傳播侵權著作,但如其它ISP,並無法控制客戶怎麼使用這個網路連線。

原聯邦地方法院訴訟:
Sony Music Entertainment(原告)與其他音樂著作權人通過MarkMonitor追蹤網路上的著作侵權行為,藉此偵測與追蹤網際網路中非法上傳或下載著作的行為,兩年內對Cox發出163148則侵權警告訊息。

結果Sony就對Cox提起侵權告訴,如以上間接侵權,第一,Sony宣稱Cox通過提供網路服務而誘導其使用者侵權;第二,Sony宣稱Cox對其使用者的侵權行為有替代責任 - 擔負連帶責任vicariously liable for its users’ infringement)。

結果地院陪審團裁決Cox蓄意侵權,並判定10億美元的損害賠償。
案件經上訴後,美國聯邦第四巡迴上訴法院(The Fourth Circuit)判定Cox擔負侵權共同責任;但否決地院對於替代責任的判決。

案件進入最高法院,議題是就是Cox等的網路服務業者是否對於其客戶的侵權行為擔負「共同責任(contributory liability)」?

根據最高法院的意見,一開始先設定其判斷共同侵權的條件:only if ...,要判斷Cox(適用其他ISP)共同擔負其使用者的侵權行為,唯若(only if)Cox意圖提供用於侵權的服務;而唯若(only if)Cox誘使所述侵權行為或是客製用於侵權的服務時,才能判斷Cox意圖提供用於侵權的服務。


通過上述嚴格的條件(
only if)的檢查,最高法院裁定Cox對於其客戶的侵權行為並不用擔負共同責任

也就是說,要判定共同侵權等間接侵權(secondary copyright liability),當事人需要有"意圖"誘使侵權行為,或是提供客製/量身訂做用於侵權的服務。

(原本想要找範例,而最高法院自己也提出案例)案例:Grokster提供檔案分享軟體(也就是常見點到點peer-to-peer檔案分享軟體,這類軟體確實是"十分容易"地用於下載非法軟體),雖Grokster軟體明顯地可作為侵權的工具,但仍不會直接視Grokster為擔負共同侵權的廠商。這裡提到一個判斷原則,如果軟體/服務不能實質或商業地用在非侵權用途,該軟體/服務就是量身訂做侵權行為的工具("A service is tailored to infringement if it is “not capable of ‘substantial’ or ‘commercially significant’ non-infringing uses.”")。


關於Grokster案,可參考:https://www.wiley.law/pressrelease-162,其中這句話很重要:"The Supreme Court agreed with this core ruling of the Ninth Circuit, reaffirming the principle that indirect copyright liability cannot be based on the distribution of a product or service that is capable of substantial non-infringing use, even if done with knowledge that the technology will be used to infringe. Grokster, Slip op. at 17-19; id. at 1 (Breyer, J., concurring)."。

雖符合一般邏輯,但從最高法院判決得出,就是一種超棒的結論:一個可以用於侵權的服務並不足以建立侵權的意圖。(範例:販售錄音帶的廠商不能說有侵權責任,因為錄音帶可以錄製合法授權的音樂,卻不僅製作用來錄製非法音樂。)


最高法院在本案中建立很重要的原則,至少讓許多網路服務業者(應可延伸到提供網路軟體、影音產品等廠商)避免擔負其用戶侵權的共同責任-Cox並未誘使其用戶進行侵權行為,也沒有量身訂做用於侵權的服務,另外,這個也挺重要,Cox不斷地警告其用戶不要觸法,這個作為可以讓其卸責。



Ron

2026年3月13日 星期五

執行功能的裝置或系統的明確或不明確議題 - Mastermine Software, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp. (CAFC 2017)

本篇也可以標註為本部落格早期"about claims"類別的文章。

即便法院如前一篇「產品與流程在一起的專利範圍明確性 - IPXL Holdings v. Amazon.com, Inc. (Fed. Cir. 2005)https://enpan.blogspot.com/2026/03/product-and-process-in-same-claim.html」表示同時包括方法與裝置/系統的專利範圍為不明確(主要依據是:是否可以判斷侵權),但仍有情況是具有明確性的,原因是專利範圍不會因為這樣寫而無法判斷侵權(一般情況是,系統/裝置為習知)。

Mastermine Software, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp. (CAFC 2017)案例資訊:
原告/上訴人:MASTERMINE SOFTWARE, INC.
被告/被上訴人:MICROSOFT CORPORATION
系爭專利:US7,945,850、US8,429,518
判決日期:October 30, 2017

案件源起MasterMine對Microsoft提出侵權告訴,系爭專利涉及讓使用者可以輕易地挖掘與報告通過CRM(客戶關係管理)應用程式維護的資料,其中涉及運用試算表的技術。

其中'850案Claim 1:
1. A method comprising:
executing a customer relationship management (CRM) software application on a computer, wherein the CRM software application includes customized settings and local field names, and further wherein the CRM software application includes a CRM database that stores CRM data;
receiving a report generation request within the CRM software application;
in response to the request, examining, with a reporting module installed within the CRM software application, a schema and data structures of the CRM database and customized settings including local field names within the CRM application, wherein the reporting module installed within the CRM software application includes one or more report toolkits;
displaying a list of report templates with the reporting module installed within the CRM software application that are pre-defined by the one or more report toolkits of the reporting module installed within the CRM software application;
receiving a selection of one of the report templates with the reporting module installed within the CRM software application;
presenting a set of user-selectable database fields with the reporting module installed within the CRM software application as a function of the selected report template;
receiving, from the user with the reporting module installed within the CRM software application, a selection of one or more of the user-selectable database fields;
generating, with the reporting module installed within the CRM software application, a database query as a function of the user-selectable database fields that were selected by the user;
invoking a spreadsheet application from the reporting module installed within the CRM software application using an application programming interface (API) of the spreadsheet application to automatically generate an electronic worksheet viewable by the spreadsheet software application, wherein the automatically generating the electronic worksheet comprises directing the spreadsheet application with the reporting module installed within the CRM software application to create a new workbook having the electronic worksheet;
further invoking the spreadsheet application from the reporting module installed within the CRM software application using the API to automatically generate a pivot table within the electronic worksheet according to the database query, wherein the pivot table contains the CRM data from the CRM database, and wherein invoking the spreadsheet application includes communicating report parameters from the reporting module installed within the CRM software application to the spreadsheet software application based on the schema and data structures of the CRM database and the customized settings including the local field names within the CRM software application;
presenting the pivot table to a user with the spreadsheet application in accordance with the report parameters received from the reporting module installed within the CRM software application;
receiving within the spreadsheet application a selection from the user of the selected CRM data contained within the pivot table; and
in response to the selection, automatically creating a second worksheet that displays the CRM data as a number of rows in columnar format according to fields within the CRM database,
wherein each row represents a single CRM record stored within the CRM database.

在解釋專利範圍時,地方法院解釋"pivot table"為在可旋轉的行與列顯示的互動資料,並可經過濾而以不同方式總結或查看資料

Microsoft的主張是系爭專利('850的claims 8, 10、'518的claims 1, 2, 3)因為不明確而無效。地方法院同意Microsoft主張,因為專利範圍不當涵蓋兩個不同類別的標的,判定無效。

MasterMine提起上訴,提起地方法院錯誤解釋專利範圍(議題一)以及判定系爭專利不明確(議題二)的兩個上訴議題。

CAFC階段
議題一:
在解釋專利範圍上,採用前例Phillips v. AWH Corp.(Fed. Cir. 2005)形成的原則-以內部證據(Intrinsic Evidence)為首要;外部證據(Extrinsic Evidence)為輔助;以相關領域具有通常知識者根據說明書與審查歷史最廣而合理地解釋專利範圍,並應避免將說明書實施例限制專利範圍。

MasterMine對於"pivot table"的解釋是:一個電腦軟體物件,定義一個可以從列表或資料庫列出資料的互動表

關於"pivot table",CAFC同意地方法院的解釋,因為系爭專利說明書支持地方法院的解釋,並且審查歷史中申請人未了區別先前技術,強調了運用試算表在填滿資料建立pivot table的特徵。其中說明使用者手段選擇欄位並填寫資料等的互動行為。


如此可知,系爭專利包括了人為介入的動作,解釋專利範圍時有以下結論:


議題二:
相關35U.S.C.112明確性的判斷原則如下,參照說明書與審查歷史,判斷是否支持申請專利範圍?


這時,前篇主角上場,根據案例「IPXL Holdings, L.L.C. v. Amazon.com, Inc.
」,如果單項專利範圍包含裝置與使用該裝置的方法,為不明確。

但在本案中,更新上述原則,即便單項專利範圍同時涵蓋方法與裝置為不明確,但如果裝置使用/執行功能性語言,裝置範圍不一定不明確。在此原則下,本案系爭專利並非如地方法院所指將方法元件帶入系統專利範圍CAFC認為系爭專利僅是包括功能語言的裝置範圍,並非不明確(法院這樣說:"In our view, these claims are simply apparatus claims with proper functional language.")

(編按,本案法官認為本案系爭專利範圍不像是前篇提到IPXL案中系爭專利claim 25的範圍,我的判斷是,claim 25是系統專利範圍的附屬項,前項已經定義系統,後項描述使用者使用輸入手段改變其中交易資訊...,這樣的範圍應該就是被認定是方法與系統混合的專利範圍,依照IPXL案,因為這類專利範圍不清楚是否能夠判斷侵權,判定是不明確範圍。)


經查系爭專利'850的claim 8(部分),界定一個系統,包括資料庫、可程式處理器與報告模組,接著就是多個"wherein"子句,其中描述各系統元件的動作,不像是步驟流程,而是描述每個元件的功能,這樣就如法官所述僅是簡單具有功能語言的裝置

再查系爭專利'518的Claim 1,如下(部分),界定一個計算裝置,包括資料庫、可程式處理器與報告模組,其餘內容就是以"wherein"子句描述報告模組的"功能",最後由試算表產生所述"pivot table"。


根據以上理解,本案系爭專利範圍為明確的理由是,運用"wherein"寫法界定元件功能,這樣的專利範圍能判斷侵權行為與是否侵權;因此,要避免"hybrid claims(單項範圍同時涵蓋系統/裝置+方法)"被認定不明確(同時涵蓋兩種類別的專利標的),不錯的方式之一是將本來要描述的方法都寫成"wherein"子句

然而,本篇判決值得一讀的理由是,除了作出系爭專利沒有不明確問題的決定外,除了運用"wherein"讓"product/system+method"專利範圍明確,CAFC法官還列舉多種可能產生爭議的專利範圍寫作方式。

(重要)
(1)上述IPXL不明確的hybrid claims(system/method寫在一起)寫法。

(2)本案系爭專利為明確的"apparatus claims with proper functional language"的寫法。

(3)法院引用前例-In re Katz Interactive Call Processing Patent Litigation,此案例專利範圍界定"a system with an interface means for providing ..., wherein ...",法院說明此案專利範圍並非表示方法步驟,而是定義功能,認證這是明確的專利範圍。
(可參考:支持以112(f)解釋專利範圍的說明書內容 - MPEP 2181, section II(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2018/08/112f-mpep-2181-section-ii.html))

(4)引用案例-Rembrandt Data Techs., LP v. AOL, LLC,以下列舉claim 3並沒有使用者的行為,但卻因為專利範圍同時包括了裝置與方法步驟而被判定不明確。claim 3界定資料傳送裝置,其中前三個元件是裝置元件,但最後冒出一個動作:"transmitting the trellis encoded frames",因此此單項專利範圍不當混合了裝置與方法。

(5)引用案例-
HTC Corp. v. IPCom GmbH & Co., KG,法院在此案例判定專利範圍為明確,原因是,雖然這是個裝置範圍(行動基地台),但其中描述的內容為行動基地台所使用的功能
(編按,初看這樣的專利範圍,依照之前判定hybrid claim是否明確的原則,應該會很猶豫,因為這個裝置範圍(mobile station)描述內容都是方法步驟:storing, holding, maintaining, causing, deleting, freeing...,而最後一個元件又像是描述一個非步驟元件("an arrangement for..."),但法官卻認為這是功能語言(functional language))

(我私心地認為本案法官十分睿智地表達了"我常用且認知明確"的專利範圍撰寫方式,這樣的撰寫方式主要是因為其主體(如本案例的行動基地台)本身是現有技術,並沒有結構或電路上的更新,而專利創新是在方法流程上,因此除了方法項以外,還會有這樣的專利範圍)(標註為重要案例

此案法官其實認為這個專利範圍為非傳統的格式,而且認為,此項專利範圍並非描述一個行動基地台後又描述它執行了六個功能,而"僅是描述在行動基地台運作的網路環境下建立的功能"且這樣的專利範圍可以清楚地判斷侵權與否
(此案例還可參考:BRI受制於112(f)的解釋原則 - IPCom v. HTC (Fed. Cir. 2017)https://enpan.blogspot.com/2017/07/bri112f-ipcom-v-htc-fed-cir-2017.html

(6)在案例Microprocessor Enhancement Corp. v. Tex. Instruments Inc. (MEC) (Fed.
Cir. 2008)中,本篇判決列舉此案例中claim 7,其中界定的處理器包括條件執行決策邏輯管線階段(直翻),但主體是描述這個元件執行的步驟,法院認為此項為描述一個可以執行功能的結構,並非不明確。


(7)又引用案例-UltimatePointer,其中系爭專利為手持裝置,包括影像感測器,其中描述這個影像感測器產生數據的技術,法院認為此專利描述的是結構的能力,而非使用者的活動,因為專利範圍並非同時界定裝置與方法,而是裝置可以執行的功能,因此認為這樣的專利範圍為明確。
(可參考相關案例:貶抑先前技術也會限制專利範圍 - UltimatePointer v. Nintendo (Fed. Cir. 2016)https://enpan.blogspot.com/2016/04/ultimatepointer-v-nintendo-fed-cir-2016.html

CAFC判決:基於上述多件前例,本案例系爭專利範圍並非可以對照IPXL,是明確的。

my two cents:
本篇寫很久,看很久,收穫不少,但會有點迷路,寫到最後忘記原本的案子。


Ron