2026年3月12日 星期四

產品與流程在一起的專利範圍明確性 - IPXL Holdings v. Amazon.com, Inc. (Fed. Cir. 2005)

今天與客戶討論一種"system claim with method steps"的寫法,這類專利範圍主要是因為system本身結構都是習知,但其中運行的方法才有新穎與進步特徵,簡化的寫法大概就是"a system performing a method comprising:",但這類"hybrid claims"寫法的風險可能會落於不明確,這是可以從"IPXL Holdings v. Amazon.com, Inc. (Fed. Cir. 2005)"判例得出,參考以下列舉MPEP 2173.05(p)提到"product by process / product and process"的專利範圍解釋問題。

I. "product-by-process"是以流程定義/製造產品的專利範圍,也就是專利標的是裝置、產品或是材料成分(可能沒有專利特徵),但要引用其中運行的流程或是製造產品的流程。但這類專利範圍能夠清楚指向(directed to)裝置或產品,就沒有不明確問題。

II. 單一項專利範圍涵蓋裝置與方法步驟,這種專利範圍寫法並不陌生,但常有不明確(35U.S.C.112(b))的疑慮,但如以上(I)的說法,如果系統/裝置專利範圍中涵蓋流程步驟,若這些步驟並非指向系統,就會被判定是不明確

引用案例-IPXL Holdings v. Amazon.com, Inc. (Fed. Cir. 2005),其中系統專利範圍(system claim)引述了"input means",但其中要求使用者使用"input means"被判定是不明確,主要理由是:如果不清楚當有人製造"讓人使用input means的系統"是否為侵權?或是,當有人真正使用Input means是否侵權?這樣的專利範圍就為不明確

MPEP 2173.05(p) Claim Directed to Product-By- Process or Product and Process

I. PRODUCT-BY-PROCESS

A product-by-process claim, which is a product claim that defines the claimed product in terms of the process by which it is made, is proper.Purdue Pharma v. Epic Pharma, 811 F.3d 1345, 1354, 117 USPQ2d 1733, 1739 (Fed. Cir. 2016); In re Luck, 476 F.2d 650, 177 USPQ 523 (CCPA 1973); In re Pilkington, 411 F.2d 1345, 162 USPQ 145 (CCPA 1969); and In re Steppan, 394 F.2d 1013, 156 USPQ 143 (CCPA 1967). A claim to a device, apparatus, manufacture, or composition of matter may contain a reference to the process in which it is intended to be used without being objectionable under 35 U.S.C. 112(b) or pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 112, second paragraph, so long as it is clear that the claim is directed to the product and not the process.

An applicant may present claims of varying scope even if it is necessary to describe the claimed product in product-by-process terms. Ex parte Pantzer, 176 USPQ 141 (Bd. App. 1972).

II. PRODUCT AND PROCESS IN THE SAME CLAIM

A single claim which claims both an apparatus and the method steps of using the apparatus is indefinite under 35 U.S.C. 112(b) or pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 112, second paragraph. See In re Katz Interactive Call Processing Patent Litigation, 639 F.3d 1303, 1318, 97 USPQ2d 1737, 1748-49 (Fed. Cir. 2011). In Katz, a claim directed to “[a] system with an interface means for providing automated voice messages…to certain of said individual callers, wherein said certain of said individual callers digitally enter data” was determined to be indefinite because the italicized claim limitation is not directed to the system, but rather to actions of the individual callers, which creates confusion as to when direct infringement occurs. Katz, 639 F.3d at 1318, 97 USPQ2d at 1749 (citing IPXL Holdings v. Amazon.com, Inc., 430 F.3d 1377, 1384, 77 USPQ2d 1140, 1145 (Fed. Cir. 2005), in which a system claim that recited “an input means” and required a user to use the input means was found to be indefinite because it was unclear “whether infringement … occurs when one creates a system that allows the user [to use the input means], or whether infringement occurs when the user actually uses the input means.”); Ex parteLyell, 17 USPQ2d 1548 (Bd. Pat. App. & Inter. 1990) (claim directed to an automatic transmission workstand and the method of using it held ambiguous and properly rejected under 35 U.S.C. 112, second paragraph).

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IPXL Holdings v. Amazon.com, Inc. (Fed. Cir. 2005)案例資訊:
原告/上訴人/專利權人:IPXL HOLDINGS, L.L.C.
被告/被上訴人:AMAZON.COM, INC.
系爭專利:US6,149,055
判決日期:November 21, 2005

案件源起IPXL對Amazon提出侵權告訴,主張Amazon的"1-click"系統侵害系爭專利claims 1, 2, 9, 15, 25專利權,但地方法院在簡易判決中判定侵權不成立、所有主張侵權的專利範圍無效,並且判決原告應返還律師費用給Amazon,IPXL在所有議題都輸。

系爭專利範圍的爭議是,Claim涉及一個電子金融交易系統,其中描述系統讓使用者執行金融交易,Claim 1中有描述"input mechanism enables a user to use the transaction information to execute a financial transaction or to enter selections to specify one or more transaction parameters",其提供使用者"人為介入"輸入交易資訊執行金融交易,輸入選擇以指定交易參數,被判定是不明確。


被告Amazon的"1-click"system的運作是讓使用者事先提供交易資訊,如信用卡、地址,之後只要一鍵就完成交易,而不需要輸入這些資訊。以下就摘錄判決文中描述的"1-click"系統的運作,發現,其實完成交易後還會等90分鐘讓消費者修改訂單,之後才執行結帳、交貨、請款。


地院判定是被告"1-click"系統被系爭專利範圍所讀入,更認為系爭專利並不具備新穎性(US
5,389,773),還認為專利範圍claim 25不明確。

25. The system of claim 2 wherein the predicted transaction information comprises both a transaction type and transaction parameters associated with that transaction type, and the user uses the input means to either change the predicted transaction information or accept the displayed transaction type and transaction parameters.

(判決文還揭露了Amazon律師費用 - $1,674,645.82,但此案,地院判定要返還,但CAFC判定不用返還

(本篇僅討論不明確問題)

關於本案系爭專利無效(指主張侵權的幾項),其中claims 1, 2, 9, 15是不具備新穎性;claim 25則不具備明確性。

Indefiniteness of Claim 25
地院判決claim 25不明確是認為其中同時包括了系統與使用該系統的方法,因為違反35U.S.C. 112(b)所規定"claims of a patent particularly point out and distinctly claim the subject matter which the applicant regards as his invention"。

但是否一項專利範圍同時描述系統與方法就為不明確?這裡引用BPAI意見,主要理由還是從是否可以執行侵權判斷來看,表示這樣的範圍並不容易讓人確認專利範圍,以及其行為是否侵權?


無法交代競爭者其範圍為何?

不明確理由:

CAFC判決侵權不成立、系爭專利(主張侵權的範圍)無效,但因為Amazon沒有及時判定原告不必返還律師費用給被告。

my two cents:
這類專利範圍,小心寫就是,或是風險太大就不要這樣寫(主要判斷依據是判斷是否使用者執行相關流程/步驟時會引發侵權?即"whether infringement occurs when the user actually performs steps (uses the input means to change transaction information or uses the input means to accept a displayed transaction)"),但判定上仍有不同意見,往後會有其他案例分享。

舉例來說,在案例Mastermine Software, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp. (CAFC 2017)中,法官判定是,雖如案例IPXL判決是同時包括方法與裝置的範圍不明確,但並非所有使用"功能"的裝置都是不明確


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另案會討論的是案例(其中引用IPXL案例)-Mastermine Software, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp. (CAFC 2017)

Ron

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