2012年9月27日 星期四

一件涉及功能手段用語的專利侵權訴訟


一件涉及功能手段用語的專利侵權訴訟

這件進入美國聯邦巡迴法院(CAFC)的專利侵權訴訟案例(DESA IP v. EML Tech and Costco (Fed. Cir. 2007 – NONPRECEDENTIAL)),其中訴訟告訴人為DESA IP, LLC,持有專利為US5,598,066,專利涉及有移動偵測功能的安全燈(motion-activated security light),被告為EML TECHNOLOGIES, LLC以及販售相關產品的COSTCO WHOLESALE CORPORATION。

這件案子在地方法院認定沒有侵權的事實,但是其中涉及了有關功能手段用語(sensor means)的Claim Construction,在進入CAFC之後,同樣有claim construction的爭議,因此發回地方法院重審。

US5,598,066所載的安全燈有兩個照明的等級,其一為微暗等級,另一為較亮的安全等級,也就是偵測到有物體移動而立即啟動的等級。若偵測物體持續移動,則持續以安全等級的亮度繼續照明,如果是日間,則會被關掉。另可設為持續照明直到天亮,或是避免誤觸動而設定要在一定時間內偵測到兩次移動才啟動照明。這些照明模式都是用來解釋專利範圍。

提出告訴的專利範圍有Claims 6, 9, 10, 11:
列舉Claim 6如下,其中裝置包括有第一感測器手段(first sensor means),用以偵測第一個預定的情況,也就是物體相對於第一感測器手段的移動;第二感測器手段(second sensor means),用以偵測第二個預定的情況,為照明的等級;一照明燈(lamp),有兩個照明等級,以及可以快速開啟;控制電路手段(control circuit means),根據感測的結果控制照明燈的亮度等級。


6. An apparatus comprising:
first sensor means for detecting a first predetermined condition external to said apparatus, said first predetermined condition being motion relative to said first sensor means of a person or object separate from said apparatus;
second sensor means for detecting a second predetermined condition, said second predetermined condition being a predetermined level of light external to said apparatus;
a lamp which can emit a first level of illumination and which can emit a second level of illumination substantially greater than said first level of illumination, said lamp being capable of switching rapidly from said first level of illumination to said second level of illumination; and
control circuit means coupled to said lamp and responsive to said first and second sensor means for causing said lamp to emit light at said first level of illumination in the absence of said first predetermined condition in response to said second predetermined condition, and for causing said lamp to emit light at said second level of illumination in response to detection of said first predetermined condition;
wherein said control circuit means includes means responsive to detection of said first predetermined condition for initiating measurement of a predetermined time interval, and responsive to expiration of said time interval for causing said lamp to thereafter emit light at said first level of illumination in response to said second predetermined condition in the absence of a recurrence of said first predetermined condition.

CLAIM CONSTRUCTION
看來,專利範圍十分明確,但其中使用了「means」的用語。經地方法院判斷無侵權事實後,原告上訴到CAFC,其中爭議在於幾個手段用語:sensor means, control circuit means, swtiching means(Claims 9, 10)等means-plus-function的用語。

在地方法院的認定中,這幾個用語可適用美國專利法第112條第6段(可參閱:http://enpan.blogspot.tw/2008/09/112.html),因為其中並未描述足夠的結構、材料或是動作,這類解釋將根據112第6段來認定:範圍解釋應包括說明書中對應的結構, 材料或是動作, 與其均等範圍。因此法院解釋這些手段用語時,由於Claim中並未述及結構、材料或是動作,因此適用112第6段的解釋方式,引述了說明書的段落,於是說明書的描述限制了專利範圍的解釋

經此Claim Construction之後,權利範圍於是清楚界定於說明書所載的內容,於是原告承認被告侵權物品並未落入專利範圍內,地方法院於是作出不侵權的結論。

但原告DESA仍上訴CAFC,辯解法院曾經陳述「circuit」這個字有暗示一些結構,且訴諸專家解釋means用語在電子類專利中有模糊的地帶,且無須一定要用112條第6段來解釋範圍,因此認為本案權利範圍應不適用於美國專利法第112條第6段的解釋方式。
CAFC在此例中判斷地方法院有不當將專利範圍限縮於說明書實施例的疑慮,因此決定發回重審(並非同意原告的arguments)。

即便我並未Follow這件案子最後的結果,但從這件案子仍學到:

  1. 若權利範圍使用一般常用名詞,如案例Vitronics Corp v. Conceptronics, Inc., 90 F.3d 1576, 1582-83 (Fed. Cir. 1996) 的決定,就是該技術領域通常知識者的瞭解來解釋;
  2. 若權利範圍內使用"means"的手段用語描述特定功能,且無記載結構、材料或是動作時,則以說明書所記載的結構、材料或是動作,以及其均等範圍來解釋該項範圍;
  3. 若專利範圍描述中使用了"means",是否適用112條第6段的解釋仍有空間可以爭論;但是沒有使用"means"這個字,則無疑地不能適用112條第6段的解釋方式;
  4. 取得專利的答辯歷史(prosecution history)也是判定專利範圍均等範圍重要的依據(本案也有引用答辯歷史討論權利範圍是否曾經有過特定的限制描述)。

Ron
感謝同事分享
資料參考:Patently-O

2012年9月26日 星期三

從100看美國專利法改變

筆記

從美國專利法第100101條(updated on Dec.6,2012)的修正來看美國專利法改革後的「發明人」:

 「發明人(inventor)」這個詞是指獨立或共同發明人中之一發明或發現專利主張的標的(the subject matter of the invention
共同發明人(joint inventor)」這個詞是指發明人中之任一為專利標的的發明人(
subject matter of a joint invention
共同研究合同(joint research agreement)」 指至少兩個人因為共同實驗、開發與研究所主張的發明案而訂下的合約、同意書或是合作協議(
claimed invention
有效申請日(effective filing date)」指一個發明申請案(
claimed invention in a patent or application for patent)的真實申請日,或主張優先權或延續的後案之前的最早申請日
有效申請日」為包括再領證(reissue)專利案中主張範圍的申請案之申請日
主張權利的發明(claimed invention)」指在專利申請案中透過專利範圍(claim)定義的發明(
subject matter defined by a claim in a patent or an application for a paten

這些定義支持了改革後所謂第一發明人的申請主義(first-inventor-to-file)的基本精神,共同的條件是都要提出專利主張的才稱為發明人

35 U.S.C. 100 Definitions.

When used in this title unless the context otherwise indicates -
(a) The term "invention" means invention or discovery.
(b) The term "process" means process, art, or method, and includes a new use of a known process, machine, manufacture, composition of matter, or material.
(c) The terms "United States" and "this country" mean the United States of America, its territories and possessions.
(d) The word "patentee" includes not only the patentee to whom the patent was issued but also the successors in title to the patentee.
(e) The term "third-party requester" means a person requesting ex parte reexamination under section 302 or inter partes reexamination under section 311 who is not the patent owner.
(f) The term ‘inventor’ means the individual or, if a joint invention, the individuals collectively who invented or discovered the subject matter of the invention.
(g) The terms ‘joint inventor’ and ‘coinventor’ mean any 1 of the individuals who invented or discovered the subject matter of a joint invention.
(h) The term ‘joint research agreement’ means a written contract, grant, or cooperative agreement entered into by 2 or more persons or entities for the performance of experimental, developmental, or research work in the field of the claimed invention.
(i)
(1) The term ‘effective filing date’ for a claimed invention in a patent or application for patent means--
(A) if subparagraph (B) does not apply, the actual filing date of the patent or the application for the patent containing a claim to the invention; or
(B) the filing date of the earliest application for which the patent or application is entitled, as to such invention, to a right of priority under section 119, 365(a), or 365(b) or to the benefit of an earlier filing date under section 120, 121, or 365(c).
(2) The effective filing date for a claimed invention in an application for reissue or reissued patent shall be determined by deeming the claim to the invention to have been contained in the patent for which reissue was sought.
(j) The term ‘claimed invention’ means the subject matter defined by a claim in a patent or an application for a patent.

Ron

PTAB會考慮專利是否符合101

來自美國專利局長的Blog內容

9/24/2012的內容關於PTAB是否可以判斷專利標的適格的問題。

PTAB and Patentability Challenges

內容涉及是否新建立的PTAB(專利審判與上訴委員會)在審理「專利核准後」上訴案件時(如PGR, CBM)會考量美國專利法第101條的專利標的合法性的議題,美國專利局長就摘錄出他的想法,我想這就是「重點」,這個討論主題就是在美國專利法第282(b)條規定在PGR(post-grant review)或是CBM(covered business method review)的辯護:

專利(核准後)是否有效的判斷,根據35USC282(b)(3)的規定,並未有101的討論,因為101的議題涉及「發明是否可專利」,而非102,103等專利性的判斷。


但David Kappos表示,由於AIA提供的異議制度中,PGR無效專利的條件也包括101與112,因此認為審理此程序的PTAB也可以判斷專利101適格的問題。
David Kappos認為最高法院與聯邦巡迴法院都可以以101為條件討論專利性,引用最高法院判例(Graham v. John Deere Co. of Kansas City, 383 U.S. 1, 12 (1966)),判定101,102,103為三個專利性的條件;再引用判例(Mayo Collab. Servs. v. Prometheus Labs., Inc., 132 S. Ct. 1289, 1305 (2012))中,最高法院提出當對專利侵權辯護時,101為專利無效的條件之一。

因此,再經過聯邦巡迴法院清楚的表示:在辯護專利無效或是侵權時,即便相關的法條282並未提及101,但101仍為專利性的條件之一。此可見於判決(Dealertrack, Inc. v. Huber, 674 F.3d 1315, 1330 n.3 (Fed. Cir. 2012)中。)

結論:PTAB將在審理PGR或CBM案件時,考慮系爭專利是否符合101的要件。因此112, 101, 102, 103皆為專利合法的考量。
(So, the courts and Congress have indicated quite clearly, in our view, that the PTAB should consider patentability challenges brought under § 101 in post-grant and covered business method reviews.)

可參考相關35U.S.C.282(b)在AIA的條文修改:
(b) DEFENSES.--The following shall be defenses in any action involving the validity or infringement of a patent and shall be pleaded:
(1) Noninfringement, absence of liability for infringement, or unenforceability,unenforceability.
(2) Invalidity of the patent or any claim in suit on any ground specified in part II of this title as a condition for patentability, patentability.
(3) Invalidity of the patent or any claim in suit for failure to comply with--
(A) any requirement of section 112, except that the failure to disclose the best mode shall not be a basis on which any claim of a patent may be canceled or held invalid or otherwise unenforceable; or
(B) any requirement of section 251.
(3) Invalidity of the patent or any claim in suit for failure to comply with any requirement of sections 112 or 251 of this title,
(4) Any other fact or act made a defense by this title.

其中282(b)(3)涉及,核准專利(經過審查)一般來說應推測是有效的(presumption of validity),對於專利無效或是侵權的辯護可以包括辯護不符112的撰寫規定,但已把BEST MODE的要件刪除,以及辯護不符美國專利法第251條規定的所有要件(寫作瑕疵)等。

Ron
資料參考:Patently-O, USPTO
相關連結:
http://enpan.blogspot.tw/search/label/PTAB
http://enpan.blogspot.tw/2012/09/blog-post_18.html
http://enpan.blogspot.tw/2008/12/251-reissue.html

2012年9月24日 星期一

設計(新式樣)專利搜尋筆記

筆記

設計(新式樣)專利搜尋筆記

http://www.google.com/insidesearch/features/images/searchbyimage.html

用圖找圖,在一般的專利檢索系統並不容易
於是,我就用了Google Images的搜尋工具

以欲申請設計新案為例,可以先透過Google Images來找找是否類似的前案,先拍攝產品或是利用設計圖案產生的圖檔,接著去Google Images的網頁:
http://images.google.com/


經驗告訴我,不要用只有線條的圖案,因為Google Images這類搜尋工具會認為是一些線條,但是仍可以輔以關鍵字一起查詢;或是用彩色圖案的畫面,最好找到對應的產品圖(盡量)。

範例:
進入Google Images:

點入選擇輸入影像:

輸入從Apple網站上抓的iphone影像,不用說,Google馬上知道這是支"iPhone 5",並且馬上列出相關影像:
 
 再試試輸入一個垃圾桶影像,Google也馬上在第一頁出現很多相關的影像:
接著從專利公報截下一張車子的圖,因為這是線條組成的,Google似乎是從線條瞭解這張圖,因此得到的影像就有誤差:
 但再搜尋欄中鍵入"car"關鍵字,就會因此得到接近的影像:
 


後語:
如果要用類似的方法無效別人的專利,即便Google Images可以以圖找圖,但是設計專利還有個「申請時間」的因素,因此即便找到了相關的圖,還要證明為先前技術,這卻是非常頭痛的事。

Ron

2012年9月20日 星期四

Single Means Claim--About Claims XLV

Single Means Claim--About Claims XLV

single means claim意思是個別(孤單)手段的權利主張,也就是,當權利範圍引用另一個權利範圍時,若引用的內容中有並未出現在另一權利範圍的組合中的手段,就產生「個別手段」,即產生不當廣度的問題(undue breadth),因此會引用35USC112,first paragraph核駁該項範圍。

個別手段即便結合了其他可理解的手段,但是可能會造成非(non-enabling)實現發明人在說明書所揭露的技術目的



此類核駁可透過修正依附關係或是修訂範圍。

參考法條:
MPEP 2164.08(a) Single Means Claim
A single means claim, i.e., where a means recitation does not appear in combination with another recited element of means, is subject to an undue breadth rejection under 35 U.S.C. 112, first paragraph. In re Hyatt, 708 F.2d 712, 714-715, 218 USPQ 195, 197 (Fed. Cir. 1983) (A single means claim which covered every conceivable means for achieving the stated purpose was held nonenabling for the scope of the claim because the specification disclosed at most only those means known to the inventor.). When claims depend on a recited property, a fact situation comparable to Hyatt is possible, where the claim covers every conceivable structure (means) for achieving the stated property (result) while the specification discloses at most only those known to the inventor.

§112. Specification
(First Paragraph)
The specification shall contain a written description of the invention, and of the manner and process of making and using it, in such full, clear, concise, and exact terms as to enable any person skilled in the art to which it pertains, or with which it is most nearly connected, to make and use the same, and shall set forth the best mode contemplated by the inventor of carrying out his invention.
專利說明書應包括發明的描述, 如製作或是使用該發明的方式, 內容需完整(確實揭露), 清楚(使熟悉技術的人可以明瞭), 簡潔(避免冗句), 用正確的用語(使用該領域常用的名詞), 讓該領域的技術人員可以據以實施, 並提出最佳實施態樣(best mode)

Ron

2012年9月19日 星期三

Aspator網頁版

Aspator網頁版適用於手機、平板
作者特別再次跟我更新連結網址,改成比較好記的
http://m.petapator.com

相關頁面:







確實很好用,推薦給你

Ron

2012年9月18日 星期二

Petapator/Aspator行動版

Petapator/Aspator行動版

Kenneth為Aspator(Firefox的外掛)以及Petapator(Chrome的外掛)的作者,這外掛工具確實帶給我很大的幫助,如今出了行動裝置的測試版(alpha trial),相關功能可以參考連結:http://petapatorpatentinfo4.appspot.com/
另一個連結則寫在目前的外掛程式上:


利用此網頁的搜尋公式可以參考美國專利網站資料庫的查詢方法:


試用之後,確實十分好用,介面也漂亮:

功能包括,可以選擇個別的專利
可預先看圖(試用之後,目前仍有點問題)

可看到美國專利網站的內容

也可從歐洲專利局看到


我利用iPad進入http://m2.petapator.com/
使用上雖仍有一些bug,但非常的好用,將來可成為我的隨身利器:



原信件:來自Aspator以及Petapator作者的邀請

Hi Ron,

This is Kenneth, the creator of Aspator and Petapator.  I would like to let you know that a mobile version of Petapator/Aspator, namely Petapator Mobile, is now ready for alpha trial.  For your blog readers, the link is http://petapatorpatentinfo4.appspot.com.  The search query syntax is the same as what we have been using with USPTO.

Petapator Mobile is still under heavy development, may have bugs and may not be stable.  I apologize in advance here if it creates any inconveniences to you and your blog reader.  ..........................................

Would you share this news with your blog reader?

Thanks a lot!

Kenneth


Ron

二零一二年九月十六日開始的美國專利制度

二零一二年九月十六日開始的美國專利制度

Inventor's oath or declaration
http://enpan.blogspot.tw/2012/08/aia.html
發明人宣誓,9/16/2012施行(Final Rule, 77 Fed. Reg. 48776 (August, 14, 2012))
為了簡化美國專利申請程序,以往可能造成申請人要求發明人簽署宣誓書時產生延遲或是其他困擾,在新的修法中,將簡化了宣誓書的內容,並提供更彈性的規定,包括:
申請時無需提供發明人宣誓書(可後補),可以重複提出宣誓書(後送者取代前者,或是讓新的發明人加入),可以利用替代陳述取代發明人簽署,以及可用讓渡書(assignment)包括宣誓內容等。

並且,過去認定發明人為當然申請人的規定也被挑戰,因此「當然」申請人可以自行先提出專利申請,之後利用前述方式提出後補。
但這個申請人要確實是發明人理應讓渡的對象才是(讓渡對象、應讓渡的對象,或是證明可以擁有專屬權利的一方),如果申請人(自然人或是法人)並不能取得專利的所有權,則不能成為合法的申請人,之後專利取得會被挑戰。相關證明申請人權利(ownership)的證據應於專利獲准領證前提出,比如發明人簽署的讓渡書,或是證明發明人為受聘的對象(職務上發明)。

一個合法的專利申請人除了取得發明人宣誓書以外,上述資訊可配合一個申請人資料書(Applicant Data Sheet, ADS)提出,其中內容應有:
The assignee;
Person to whom the inventor is under an obligation to assign the invention; or
Person who otherwise shows sufficient proprietary interest in the matter.


Preissuance submissions
http://enpan.blogspot.tw/2012/07/preissuance-submission-final-rules.html
http://enpan.blogspot.tw/2011/09/iv.html
預先發布提交(pre-issuance submission)方案於09/16/2012施行(Final Rule, 77 Fed. Reg. 42150 (July 17, 2012))。
「預先發布提交」提供除了專利權人的第三方在專利核准通知(notice of allowance)後,或公開六個月後提出先前技術,讓第三方有充分表達意見的機會,以免專利誤准,或是造成後續專利權不穩定、訴訟困擾等問題。此方案可針對發明案、設計案、植物發明案以及各種延續案,而相關前案文件除了規定的期限內提出外,不得對已領證專利、再領證申請案以及再審(reexamination)案提出。

提交的文件包括:任何專利、公開專利申請案、印刷文件等,並應附上各先前技術文件的簡要說明、費用、以及告知符合35 U.S.C. 122(e)的相關陳述。時間範例如下:


新增法條:35 U.S.C. 122(e)
(e) PREISSUANCE SUBMISSIONS BY THIRD PARTIES.--
(1) IN GENERAL.--Any third party may submit for consideration and inclusion in the record of a patent application, any patent, published patent application, or other printed publication of potential relevance to the examination of the application, if such submission is made in writing before the earlier of--
(A) the date a notice of allowance under section 151 is given or mailed in the application for patent; or
(B) THE LATER OF.--
(i) 6 months after the date on which the application for patent is first published under section 122 by the Office, or
(ii) the date of the first rejection under section 132 of any claim by the examiner during the examination of the application for patent.
(2) OTHER REQUIREMENTS.--Any submission under paragraph (1) shall--
(A) set forth a concise description of the asserted relevance of each submitted document;
(B) be accompanied by such fee as the Director may prescribe; and
(C) include a statement by the person making such submission affirming that the submission was made in compliance with this section.



Supplemental examination
http://enpan.blogspot.tw/2012/08/blog-post_8.html
http://enpan.blogspot.tw/2011/09/iv.html
補充審查(Supplemental Examination),施行於09/16/2012(Final Rule, 77 Fed. Reg. 48828 (August 14, 2012))
這方案是提供給專利權人(擁有全部的專利權的一方)對於已經獲准領證的專利提出再審的程序,再次與USPTO確認專利可實施的措施,尤其是在提起訴訟之前,可以利用此程序確認專利權的穩定性,而且官方會在提出後3個月內提出決定,或許可能產生新的專利性議題。在此補充審查程序中,所提出的任何資訊不會影像專利權人行使專利權的正當性。

經補充審查後,可以透過刪除與修正更改專利範圍,且應由全部專利權人同意執行。
補充審查提出的相關資訊不得超出12筆。
任何形式的資訊都可,包括影音資料(應有文字描述)。


Citation of patent owner claim scope statements
專利權人主張權利範圍陳述(Patent Owner Claim Scope Statements),於09/16/2012施行
此方案提供專利權人提出包括有關已獲得的專利的專利性的專利、印刷文件等前案,或在專利爭議進入專利局或聯邦法院之前提出有關專利範圍爭議的陳述意見。
此類陳述意見主要是讓專利局取得關聯該專利的資訊,包括至少涉及一個專利項的文字描述、引用文件,以及可以補入專利範圍為何根據這些前案仍具有專利性的陳述等,這陳述意見可用來鞏固專利權,且不會被公開。
值得一提的是,專利審查委員在此程序中將會對各權利項以最廣而合理的解釋來判斷專利範圍。但此標準不會影響日後可能產生再審程序的爭議。
法條修正如下:
35 U.S.C. 301 Citation of prior art and written statements.
(a) IN GENERAL.--Any person at any time may cite to the Office in writing--(1) prior art consisting of patents or printed publications which that person believes to have a bearing on the patentability of any claim of a particular patent; or
(2) statements of the patent owner filed in a proceeding before a Federal court or the Office in which the patent owner took a position on the scope of any claim of a particular patent.
(b) OFFICIAL FILE.--If the person citing prior art or written statements pursuant to subsection (a) explains in writing the pertinence and manner of applying the prior art or written statements to at least 1 claim of the patent, the citation of the prior art or written statements and the explanation thereof shall become a part of the official file of the patent.
(c) ADDITIONAL INFORMATION.--A party that submits a written statement pursuant to subsection (a)(2) shall include any other documents, pleadings, or evidence from the proceeding in which the statement was filed that addresses the written statement.
(d) LIMITATIONS.--A written statement submitted pursuant to subsection (a)(2), and additional information submitted pursuant to subsection (c), shall not be considered by the Office for any purpose other than to determine the proper meaning of a patent claim in a proceeding that is ordered or instituted pursuant to section 304, 314, or 324. If any such written statement or additional information is subject to an applicable protective order, such statement or information shall be redacted to exclude information that is subject to that order.
(e) CONFIDENTIALITY.--Upon the written request of the person citing prior art or written statements pursuant to subsection (a), that person's identity shall be excluded from the patent file and kept confidential.

Any person at any time may cite to the Office in writing prior art consisting of patents or printed publications which that person believes to have a bearing on the patentability of any claim of a particular patent. If the person explains in writing the pertinency and manner of applying such prior art to at least one claim of the patent, the citation of such prior art and the explanation thereof will become a part of the official file of the patent. At the written request of the person citing the prior art, his or her identity will be excluded from the patent file and kept confidential.


Post grant review(核准後復審)以及Inter partes review(第三方復審)為不同時間點卻有相同規範的核准專利異議制度,相同的部份有針對已領證專利、first-inventor-to-file制度下的核准專利。不同的部份為提出時間的規定,而PGR可於專利領證後9個月內針對專利的101,102,103,112等核駁理由提出復審;而IPR可於專利領證後的任何時間提出(除了PGR時間以外),僅針對102,103核駁理由。

Post grant review
詳情請參考部落格文章:
http://enpan.blogspot.tw/2012/08/blog-post_8.html
http://enpan.blogspot.tw/2011/09/iv.html

Inter partes review
詳情請參考部落格文章:
http://enpan.blogspot.tw/2012/08/blog-post_8.html
http://enpan.blogspot.tw/2011/09/iv.html



Covered business method review
Covered Business Methods(CBM,姑且翻譯為「被蓋/涵蓋的商業方法」)updated on April 7, 2016,於09/16/2012施行。
由於商業方法(包括方法、裝置、資料處理、服務)充滿了爭議,不少有關商業方法的專利在訴訟階段產生很大的爭議,甚至造成上下法院不同意見,也可能無法主張權利(可參看部份部落格文章)。
CBM採用PGR的標準與程序,只是是用於「侵權被告」的階段,主要的目的是處理在之前「first-to-invent」的「商業方法」專利的相關前案,CBM程序適用於first-to-invent與first-inventor-to-file制度下獲准的專利。

提出CBM的專利案是否為技術思想下的發明為主要爭議議題:其中是否有解決技術問題的技術特徵,而此特徵是否有新穎性、進步性。提出申請的時間不能在"可能"會提出PGR的時間,比如為專利領證後9個月內。請願的人應該有責要證明使用CBM的合法性。



可參考USPTO提供的電子檔:
http://www.uspto.gov/aia_implementation/120910-aia-reference-guide-to-statutory-provisions-and-final-rules.pdf

Ron

2012年9月17日 星期一

耳機的發明

Nathaniel Baldwin(December 1, 1878 – January 19, 1961),根據Wikipedia的資料,是耳機的發明人,1910年他用自己利用壓縮空氣而產生聲音放大的技術製作了第一個耳機,並賣給美國海軍,儘管美國海軍鼓勵,但他覺得很沒有價值因此並未申請專利。

但透過Google Patents查了一下有關「Nathaniel Baldwin」的專利,不確定是否同一人,發現在他發明耳機的1910年前後,確實有相關的專利存在。

比如1907年獲得專利的聲音放大器(sound amplifier),專利號碼:US869288


專利範圍Claim 1主張一個聲音放大裝置,包括有一個用以在一個提供空氣在壓力下流動的導管(conduit);兩個改變導管內氣流的氣閥(valves);另有根據聲波振動而移動氣閥以改變氣流的手段。


接著在1908年有個核准的電話接收器(telephone receiver),專利號碼:US905781
專利範圍Claim 1界定一種磁性電話,其中有個永久磁鐵、轉子、一個讓磁鐵兩極在轉子兩端作動的手段,以及產生相對效應的手段。


再有一件於1910年提出的聲音放大器,專利號碼:US946096
專利範圍Claim 1界定一個聲音放大器,有個具有氣閥並暴露在氣流壓力的桿子、運作氣閥的手段、調整桿子以平衡氣閥壓力的手段。











最近隨著iPhone 5的發表,有個叫做Earpods的抗噪耳機,似乎也是個不錯的發明
但對於Apple的言論,有如不以為然:


原始出處:https://plus.google.com/u/0/117126068236790799917/posts/KQLgaqG9X4v


(若有任何不舒服的感受,還請見諒)
Ron

有關PTAB

筆記

將來對於審查中或是核准後的美國專利,美國專利改革法案(AIA)提供專利權人、第三方多種異議與復審的機制,且也因為節能環保的要求,同時鼓勵電子送件。相關審判(Trial)與訴願(Appeal)的制度可以參考美國專利局網站的資訊。

因應美國專利審查系統中新的專利異議與訴願體制,也就是取代原來BPAI的專利審判與上訴委員會(Patent Trial and Appeal Board, PTAB),用以受理PGR、IPR等專利異議的制度,與原本專利訴願的爭議。美國專利局提出電子送件與案例管理系統:Patent Review Processing System (PRPS,專利復審處理系統),用以規範PTAB的運作。

可參考部落格文章:
http://enpan.blogspot.tw/2012/09/derivation-proceeding.html
http://enpan.blogspot.tw/2011/09/iv.html

透過電子郵件方式提出的訴願應包括:
•name of point of contact;(聯絡名稱)
•email address of point of contact;(聯絡電子信箱)
•patent number to which the petition corresponds;(請願對應的專利號碼)
•application number of the patent;(專利的申請號碼)
•number of claims challenged;(被挑戰的權利項次)
•type of trial proceeding;(訴訟程序的類似)
•power of attorney;(代理人委託書)
•fee.(費用)

Ron

新的美國商標與專利審查指南的搜尋工具

美國專利局發表新的商標與專利審查指南的搜尋工具。一般使用者應該不會無端去瀏覽這些指南的內容,但對於一些審查的規範或是疑慮,這個搜尋工具確實十分好用。

商標審查指南的網頁:
http://tmep.uspto.gov/RDMS/detail/manual/TMEP/Eighth/d1e2.xml



專利審查指南的網頁:
http://mpep.uspto.gov/RDMS/detail/manual/MPEP/e8r9/d0e18.xml

以專利的網頁來看,其中可以透過左側各章節的標題找到所需的內容:



也有簡單的關鍵字搜尋:



因為頁面的改善,所以方便利用網頁瀏覽器列印或是匯出PDF檔:




Ron