一件涉及功能手段用語的專利侵權訴訟
這件進入美國聯邦巡迴法院(CAFC)的專利侵權訴訟案例(DESA IP v. EML Tech and Costco (Fed. Cir. 2007 – NONPRECEDENTIAL)),其中訴訟告訴人為DESA IP, LLC,持有專利為US5,598,066,專利涉及有移動偵測功能的安全燈(motion-activated security light),被告為EML TECHNOLOGIES, LLC以及販售相關產品的COSTCO WHOLESALE CORPORATION。
這件案子在地方法院認定沒有侵權的事實,但是其中涉及了有關功能手段用語(sensor means)的Claim Construction,在進入CAFC之後,同樣有claim construction的爭議,因此發回地方法院重審。
US5,598,066所載的安全燈有兩個照明的等級,其一為微暗等級,另一為較亮的安全等級,也就是偵測到有物體移動而立即啟動的等級。若偵測物體持續移動,則持續以安全等級的亮度繼續照明,如果是日間,則會被關掉。另可設為持續照明直到天亮,或是避免誤觸動而設定要在一定時間內偵測到兩次移動才啟動照明。這些照明模式都是用來解釋專利範圍。
提出告訴的專利範圍有Claims 6, 9, 10, 11:
列舉Claim 6如下,其中裝置包括有第一感測器手段(first sensor means),用以偵測第一個預定的情況,也就是物體相對於第一感測器手段的移動;第二感測器手段(second sensor means),用以偵測第二個預定的情況,為照明的等級;一照明燈(lamp),有兩個照明等級,以及可以快速開啟;控制電路手段(control circuit means),根據感測的結果控制照明燈的亮度等級。
6. An apparatus comprising:
- first sensor means for detecting a first predetermined condition external to said apparatus, said first predetermined condition being motion relative to said first sensor means of a person or object separate from said apparatus;
- second sensor means for detecting a second predetermined condition, said second predetermined condition being a predetermined level of light external to said apparatus;
- a lamp which can emit a first level of illumination and which can emit a second level of illumination substantially greater than said first level of illumination, said lamp being capable of switching rapidly from said first level of illumination to said second level of illumination; and
- control circuit means coupled to said lamp and responsive to said first and second sensor means for causing said lamp to emit light at said first level of illumination in the absence of said first predetermined condition in response to said second predetermined condition, and for causing said lamp to emit light at said second level of illumination in response to detection of said first predetermined condition;
- wherein said control circuit means includes means responsive to detection of said first predetermined condition for initiating measurement of a predetermined time interval, and responsive to expiration of said time interval for causing said lamp to thereafter emit light at said first level of illumination in response to said second predetermined condition in the absence of a recurrence of said first predetermined condition.
CLAIM CONSTRUCTION
看來,專利範圍十分明確,但其中使用了「means」的用語。經地方法院判斷無侵權事實後,原告上訴到CAFC,其中爭議在於幾個手段用語:sensor means, control circuit means, swtiching means(Claims 9, 10)等means-plus-function的用語。
在地方法院的認定中,這幾個用語可適用美國專利法第112條第6段(可參閱:http://enpan.blogspot.tw/2008/09/112.html),因為其中並未描述足夠的結構、材料或是動作,這類解釋將根據112第6段來認定:範圍解釋應包括說明書中對應的結構, 材料或是動作, 與其均等範圍。因此法院解釋這些手段用語時,由於Claim中並未述及結構、材料或是動作,因此適用112第6段的解釋方式,引述了說明書的段落,於是說明書的描述限制了專利範圍的解釋。
經此Claim Construction之後,權利範圍於是清楚界定於說明書所載的內容,於是原告承認被告侵權物品並未落入專利範圍內,地方法院於是作出不侵權的結論。
但原告DESA仍上訴CAFC,辯解法院曾經陳述「circuit」這個字有暗示一些結構,且訴諸專家解釋means用語在電子類專利中有模糊的地帶,且無須一定要用112條第6段來解釋範圍,因此認為本案權利範圍應不適用於美國專利法第112條第6段的解釋方式。
CAFC在此例中判斷地方法院有不當將專利範圍限縮於說明書實施例的疑慮,因此決定發回重審(並非同意原告的arguments)。
即便我並未Follow這件案子最後的結果,但從這件案子仍學到:
- 若權利範圍使用一般常用名詞,如案例Vitronics Corp v. Conceptronics, Inc., 90 F.3d 1576, 1582-83 (Fed. Cir. 1996) 的決定,就是該技術領域通常知識者的瞭解來解釋;
- 若權利範圍內使用"means"的手段用語描述特定功能,且無記載結構、材料或是動作時,則以說明書所記載的結構、材料或是動作,以及其均等範圍來解釋該項範圍;
- 若專利範圍描述中使用了"means",是否適用112條第6段的解釋仍有空間可以爭論;但是沒有使用"means"這個字,則無疑地不能適用112條第6段的解釋方式;
- 取得專利的答辯歷史(prosecution history)也是判定專利範圍均等範圍重要的依據(本案也有引用答辯歷史討論權利範圍是否曾經有過特定的限制描述)。
Ron
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資料參考:Patently-O