USPTO曾於February 13, 2024發布AI輔助發明人資格指南,但整個被廢除,現於11/28/2025發布聯邦記事 - Revised Inventorship Guidance for AI-Assisted Inventions(修訂AI輔助發明的發明人資格指南)。
2024年版被廢除,表示傳統上判斷發明人是誰的Pannu factors將僅用於判斷是否多個自然人為共同發明人的資格,而並不適用一個自然人以AI輔助發明的情況,因為AI系統不是人,並不能成為共同發明人中的一員。
這裡說明的是,不論是否是AI輔助發明,對於發明人的判斷標準是一致的。
定義發明/發明人:
根據Dabus案例(CAFC)可知,美國專利法是不允許"非人類"取得發明人資格的,CAFC將發明人資格設定在「誰完成了發明構思?」 - "Conception" - "Conception is “the formation in the mind of the inventor, of a definite and permanent idea of the complete and operative invention, as it is hereafter to be applied in practice.” Conception is complete when “the inventor has a specific, settled idea, a particular solution to the problem at hand, not just a general goal or research plan.”"(所謂"conception/構思"指發明人心思中形成的明確與永久的可完成與可運行的發明構想/idea。一個conception的完成是當發明人針對"手邊的問題"提出具有具體、確定的構想與特定解決方案,而不能僅是一個通常的目標或研究計畫)
可以主張權利的發明(claimed invention)是在發明人思想中有清楚定義而讓相關領域一般技術人員可以在無須廣泛研發或實驗時可付諸實現(reduce the invention to practice)(“clearly defined in the inventor's mind that only ordinary skill would be necessary to reduce the invention to practice, without extensive research or experimentation.”)。
專利申請案中列舉發明人如果包括AI系統或是其他非自然人時,將會以35U.S.C.101/115駁回(35 U.S. Code § 115 - Inventor’s oath or declaration)。
合格的發明人是要符合Pannu factors:(特別針對列舉為共同發明人時)
(1) contribute in some significant manner to the conception or reduction to practice of the invention, (對所述構思貢獻重要的方案或使其據以實施)
(2) make a contribution to the claimed invention that is not insignificant in quality, when that contribution is measured against the dimension of the full invention, and (對於發明(指主張權利的發明)的貢獻在質量上並非不重要)
(3) do more than merely explain to the real inventors well-known concepts and/or the current state of the art.”(超越僅是解釋真正發明人已知構思或是發明當下的技術)
如果主張優先權的基礎案(包括國外案)中列舉有AI,並不能被USPTO接受。
以上適用設計與植物發明。
參考:
-「Artificial Intelligence (AI) guidance updates」- USPTO(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2025/07/artificial-intelligence-ai-guidance.html)
- A.I.不能是發明人;或說發明人不能是非人類 - Thaler v. Hirshfeld, App No. 21-02347 (Fed. Cir. 2022)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2023/04/ai-thaler-v-hirshfeld-app-no-21-02347.html)
Ron
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