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2018年11月30日 星期五

「味道」不受到著作權保護與相關侵權議題討論(歐洲) - Levola Hengelo BV v. Smilde Foods BV (Court of Appeal, Arnhem-Leeuwarden, Netherlands 2018)

保護「味道」的著作權 - Levola Hengelo BV v. Smilde Foods BV (Court of Appeal, Arnhem-Leeuwarden, Netherlands 2018)

案件資訊:
原告/上訴人:Levola Hengelo BV
被告:Smilde Foods BV
法院:Gelderland District Court, Netherlands

本次爭議中關於一種蘸醬‘Heksenkaas’,或稱Witch’s Cheese,這是一種經典的荷蘭奶酪醬,判決文定義:"Heksenkaas is a spreadable dip with cream cheese and fresh herbs.",是一種可塗抹的奶油奶酪和新鮮香草。上訴人Levola Hengelo強調這個蘸醬的味道是他們的版權(copyright)。

本次爭議源自荷蘭法院於23 May 2017作出初步決定(preliminary ruling),接著案件進入歐盟司法法院(ECJ),主要議題是「味道/氣味」是否是著作權保護標的?

Levola Hengelo擁有有關"Heksenkaas"的權利,並於2012年推出產品,到了2014年,Smilde Food也推出類似的產品"Witte Wievenkaas",Levola Hengelo即提告(荷蘭法院),認為Smilde侵犯其"氣味"著作權。

Levola Hengelo的"Heksenkaas":


Smilde Food的"Witte Wievenkaas":


其中,主張Heksenkaas氣味著作權的Levola Hengelo認為Heksenkaas為自己的智慧創作(intellectual creation),應該符合著作權法中規範的作品/創作(work),主張被告"仿製"了這個創作(氣味),其中也宣稱也擁有專利權與商標權。


結果,荷蘭法院無法評估氣味是否符合著作權標的,因此在2015年撤銷這個訴訟,Levola Hengelo上訴後,荷蘭阿納姆 - 呂伐登上訴法院(Arnhem-Leeuwarden Court of Appeal)則訴諸歐盟司法法院意見

ECJ判決中提到幾個相關法條規定,包括EP, WIPO、Berne Convention、WTO Agreement、TRIPS Agreement與國內法,文學與藝術創作的保護就如著作權(copyright),本次爭議相關的規定在歐洲法中的Directive 2001/29,其中規定「重製權」,這是給作者的排他權,禁止他人以直接、間接、暫時或永久地重製全部或部分作者的創作,「傳播權」禁止他人以任何形式播送給大眾,「散布權」禁止任何形式販售非經授權的創作。

相關著作權法(如Berne Convention)保護的創作/作品(work)是"literary and artistic works",偏向文學與藝術創作,並且也是指向「視覺/聽覺」相關的創作。而有關食品的味道(taste)關聯的味覺具有極大的主觀性質,可能無法有穩定的保護狀態

產生的問題是,味道/氣味(taste)是否符合著作權法中定義的"work"?但相關法條,如Directive 2001/29,並沒有定義"work",而僅是列舉哪些是"work",就如上述視覺與聽覺方面的work,偏向文學與藝術(音樂、繪畫...)創作,答案十分不明確

以下是ECJ法官的意見,就Berne公約定義的著作權表達的"literary and artistic works"包括文學、科學與藝術領域的作品,不論形式的表達,且為關於刺激「視覺與聽覺」方面的作品,並可能排除了味覺或觸覺方面的創作。並且也表明國際上對此也沒有相關規定。

"I would note, however, that, notwithstanding the fact that, under Article 2(1) of the Berne Convention, ‘the expression “literary and artistic works” include every production in the literary, scientific and artistic domain, whatever may be the mode or form of its expression’, that provision refers only to works which are perceived visually or aurally, such as books and musical compositions, excluding productions which may be perceived by other senses such as taste, smell or touch."

因此,即便上訴人提出了專家證人,但因為氣味具有不確定性與客觀性,在侵權判斷上具有不明確性,使得法院作出氣味無法主張著作權的決定。

"However, the fact that tastes themselves are ephemeral, volatile and unstable militates, in my view, against their precise and objective identification and, therefore, their classification as works for the purposes of copyright."

最後,歐盟司法法院作出決定,為了法律的穩定性,認為食品的味道無法客觀地、精確地識別出來,因此裁定「氣味」不是可受到著作權保護的標的。

"Directive 2001/29/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 May 2001 on the harmonisation of certain aspects of copyright and related rights in the information society precludes the copyright protection of the taste of a food product."

[法條]
荷蘭國內法(著作權):
17.      Article 1 of the Auteurswet (Netherlands Copyright Law, ‘the Copyright Law’) provides:


‘Copyright is the exclusive right of the author of a literary, scientific or artistic work or his successors in title, to communicate that work to the public and to reproduce it, subject to the limitations laid down by law.’

EU law
14.      Article 2 of Directive 2001/29, entitled ‘Reproduction right’, provides:

‘Member States shall provide for the exclusive right to authorise or prohibit direct or indirect, temporary or permanent reproduction by any means and in any form, in whole or in part:

(a)      for authors, of their works;

...’

15.      Article 3 of Directive 2001/29, entitled ‘Right of communication to the public of works and right of making available to the public other subject matter’, provides:

‘1.      Member States shall provide authors with the exclusive right to authorise or prohibit any communication to the public of their works, by wire or wireless means, including the making available to the public of their works in such a way that members of the public may access them from a place and at a time individually chosen by them.

...’

16.      Article 4 of Directive 2001/29, entitled ‘Distribution right’, provides:

‘1.      Member States shall provide for authors, in respect of the original of their works or of copies thereof, the exclusive right to authorise or prohibit any form of distribution to the public by sale or otherwise.


...’


my two cents:
本次判決是講「氣味」的著作權,然而,氣味也會有商標的概念,例如,我用「味道」二字查自己的部落格,知道味道也是商標類型的一種:商標類型有:動態、3D全像圖、顏色、地理、聲音、氣味、觸感、味道與「trade dress(トレードドレス,外觀商標)」等,可參考日本專利局整理各國新型態商標與範例:https://enpan.blogspot.com/2016/04/blog-post_18.html

事實上,很多國家並不認同可以商標保護氣味、聲音與觸感。

補充,歐盟司法法院網站:https://curia.europa.eu/jcms/jcms/index.html
歐洲法院案件搜尋網站:http://curia.europa.eu/juris/recherche.jsf?cid=5774490

ECJ判決文:
http://curia.europa.eu/juris/document/document.jsf;jsessionid=E3A51A3CEC28DC8052A632448DC357EF?text=&docid=204426&pageIndex=0&doclang=EN&mode=req&dir=&occ=first&part=1&cid=3633494

參考資料:
https://patentlyo.com/patent/2018/11/protecting-your-flavor.html
https://svw.no/en/news/news/2018/november/the-taste-of-a-food-product-is-not-eligible-for-copyright-protection/
http://ipkitten.blogspot.com/2018/11/the-levola-hengelo-cjeu-decision.html
https://www.vbb.com/insights/corporate-commercial/corporate-commercial/dutch-court-seeks-guidance-from-court-of-justice-of-european-union-regarding-copyright-protection-of-taste
https://www.specialtyfood.com/news/article/eu-court-rules-taste-food-cannot-be-trademarked/

編按,在Patently-O文後提到,歐洲司法法院也出自己的答覆:所述"Directive 2001/29"排除氣味/味道是版權可保護的標的。

Ron

2013年4月26日 星期五

STMicroelectronics的麥克風是Nokia的

根據新聞的描述,Nokia委託麥克風供應商STMicroelectronics製造其中含有Nokia專利技術的麥克風模組,但hTC拿來用,Nokia提出告訴,使得hTC遭受荷蘭法院(阿姆斯特丹地方法院)的"初步禁令(preliminary injunction)",禁止STMicroelectronics供貨給hTC。

告訴中明令STMicroelectronics不得出售麥克風模組給hTC,但特別的是,根據FOSS Patents的報導,Nokia有關這個麥克風的專利申請案尚未獲准專利,因此本案並非是一個專利侵權的官司(但美國案已經獲准專利),因此並非是以專利侵權的事實發出"海關"禁令,而是法院認為STMicroelectronics違反與Nokia的合約未經授權販售相關物品給hTC。


尚在審理中的歐洲專利應該是這件:EP2389770
此件揭示一種高能音訊多薄膜麥克風(Multi-membrane microphone for high-amplitude audio capture)。



(換能器就是薄膜!)
經過簡單的搜尋,判斷就是這件系爭專利,相對美案為US8,233,637


專利範圍如下,比歐洲/PCT專利初步規劃的範圍稍微有不同的描述,在沒有任何前案核駁的情況下獲准,顯然有一定的創新,獨立項為一個方法,包括:接收一個聲音訊號,根據此訊號輸出由第一輸入音訊換能器與第二輸入音訊換能器的電訊號;其中第二輸入音訊換能器為較低敏感度的元件,將根據電訊號選擇所要輸出的音訊。
1. A method, comprising: 
receiving an acoustic signal; 
in response to the received acoustic signal, outputting electrical signals from a first input audio transducer and a second input audio transducer, 
where the second input audio transducer is less sensitive than the first input audio transducer and selecting one of either the electrical signal from the first input audio transducer or the electrical signal from the second input audio transducer based on an analysis of the electrical signals.


另有一項裝置範圍,即包括有第一輸入音訊換能器與第二輸入音訊換能器。
11. An apparatus comprising: 
a substrate; 
a first input audio transducer mounted over the substrate and configured to output an electrical signal from an acoustic signal; and 
a second input audio transducer mounted over the substrate and configured to output an electrical signal from an acoustic signal, 
where the second input audio transducer is less sensitive than the first input audio transducer, where a difference in the sensitivity of the second input transducer is due at least in part to a configuration of a membrane of the second input audio transducer or a difference in the sensitivity of the second input audio transducer is due at least in part to a capacitive gap between the second input audio transducer and a back-plate of the substrate.

需要高效能的麥克風的廠商,趕快迴避吧!

Ron
參考資料:FOSS Patents
參考新聞:
http://www.ithome.com.tw/itadm/article.php?c=79948

2012年10月25日 星期四

連續觸控事件的專利,荷蘭法院判決Samsung並未侵害Apple專利

EP2098948是Apple公司定義觸控事件(touch events)的方法、軟體、裝置以及API,專利範圍對觸控事件的發生、辨識、軟體處理以及回應,用各種不同的方向進行專利權主張,包括裝置、觸控裝置、軟體、記憶媒體、方法步驟,技術目的主要是針對各種不同的觸控事件進行處理,簡化軟體的作業,對同時的觸控事件做出選擇與回應,大概也算是專利範圍寫作的範本,至少是個教材!

專利技術看這個流程就是了:
updated on Oct.25,2012 afternoon

專利範圍中,先定義出視區(views),當手指觸碰時產生觸碰事件(第一位置),接著手指在沒有離開原觸碰位置而移到另一位置(第二位置)時,產生一個連續的觸碰行為,對應軟體將執行回應,(updated on Oct.25,2012, afternoon),並排除無關目前軟體所需觸控事件的區域,因此可以產生特定的觸控行為,並簡化軟體處理,專利範圍真是無所不包,列舉一些:
1. A method for handling touch events at a multi-touch device, comprising:
displaying one or more views;
executing one or more software elements, each software element being associated with a particular view;
associating a multi-touch flag or an exclusive touch flag with each view;
receiving one or more touches at the one or more views; and
selectively sending one or more touch events, each touch event describing a received touch, to one or more of the software elements associated with the one or more views at which a touch was received based on the values of the multi-touch and exclusive touch flags.

11. A method for recognizing one or more touch events at a multi-touch device, comprising:
defining one or more views;
assigning an exclusive touch or a multi-touch flag to each view; and
accepting one or more touch events detected in each view in accordance with the exclusive touch or multi-touch flag for each view.

12. A computer readable medium comprising a plurality of instructions configured for execution at a multi-touch device, the instructions being configured to cause the multi-touch device to:
display one or more views;
execute one or more software elements, each software element being associated with a particular view;
associate a multi-touch flag or an exclusive touch flag with each view;
receive one or more touches at the one or more views; and
selectively send one or more touch events, each touch event describing a received touch, to one or more of the software elements associated with views at which a touch was received based on the values of the multi-touch and exclusive touch flags.

27. A multi-touch enabled mobile telephone including a computer readable medium comprising a plurality of instructions configured for execution at the mobile telephone, the instructions being configured to cause the mobile telephone to:
display one or more views;
execute one or more software elements, each software element being associated with a particular view;
associate a multi-touch flag or an exclusive touch flag with each view;
receive one or more touches at the one or more views; and
selectively send one or more touch events, each touch event describing a received touch, to one or more of the software elements associated with views at which a touch was received based on the values of the multi-touch and exclusive touch flags.

此件專利算是Apple的觸控相關的核心專利之一,法院稱為「pinch to zoom」的專利,也就是描述手指連續觸碰觸控顯示器產生的指令,幾乎每個歐洲主要國家都有相關的訴訟在進行,包括德國(不過被認定專利無效)、英國等,被告也包括hTC。而此次荷蘭法院認為Samsung並未侵害此件專利,顯然是參考了英國與德國的決定,但理由是根據Samsung提出德國法院的意見(updated on Oct.25,2012, afternoon)。但其中有關專利無效的議題尚未有結論。

補充(updated on Oct.25,2012, afternoon)
以下內容節錄荷蘭法院判決文,是參考了一些其他國家法院的意見(荷蘭語轉為英文):
2.9. By judgment of 24 August 2011, the judge of this court ruled in an Apple against Samsung brought summary proceedings (case number / docket number 396957 KG ZA 11-730). In that case, Apple took the view that, by bringing the Samsung Galaxy products infringe include EP 948. The judge has ruled that the hands attacked Galaxy products not covered by the scope of EP 948 traps. He therefore dismissed the claims as far as they were based on EP 948.
2.10. By judgment of 4 July 2012, the British court ruled in an Apple against HTC Corporation (HTC) case brought (High Court of Justice, Chancery Division, Patents Court, the Hon Mr Justice Floyd, July 4, 2012, [2012 ] EWHC 1789 (pat)). In that case, Apple has taken the position that HTC infringed on the British part of EP 948 by marketing products that have Android version 2.3. The British judge ruled in favor of Apple rejected on the grounds that HTC products not covered by the scope of EP 948 and EP 948 are not inventive. Apple has appealed against this judgment. There has not yet ruled on the appeal.
2.11. By judgment of 21 September 2012, the Landgericht Mannheim ruled on an Apple against Samsung Electronics and Samsung Electronics Co. GmhH. Ltd.. case brought (Geschäftsnummer 7 O 337/11). In that case, Apple has taken the position that the defendant Samsung companies have infringed the German part of EP 948, by bringing Galaxy products that have Android version 2.3.3 and version 3.0. The German court has rejected Apple's claims grounds that such products are not within the scope of EP 948 traps.  

本案討論過程片段(荷蘭語轉為英文):
5.7. Based on the foregoing, it must be held that the Galaxy products running under Android version 2.3 or version 3.0 and higher, Samsung is not within the scope of the independent claims of EP 948 traps. It follows that Samsung products that does not infringe on Apple invoked dependent claims. The claims Apple must therefore be rejected.

5.8. The court finds that the outcome of this case is equal to the outcome of the 2.10 and 2.11 above British and German cases and that the foregoing explanation of the element "selectively send" is also consistent with the way the British court corresponding element of the British section of the patent explained.

5.9. Apple will if the unsuccessful party will be ordered to pay the costs. Samsung claims the entire proceedings an amount of 325,247.55. That amount is, in view of the interests at issue, in the opinion of the court, reasonable and proportionate within the meaning of Article 1019h Rv. The fact that Apple has made ​​less cost, in this case can not lead to a different conclusion. Samsung has rightly pointed out that Apple EP 948 also maintains and defends against parties other than Samsung. Since these proceedings are conducted similar arguments, Apple's costs spread over more procedures than Samsung.

5.10. Apple has argued that two thirds of the costs should be allocated to the convention and one third to the counterclaim. Samsung has not contradicted this division. Therefore, the Court will also assume convention and thus the amount of € 216,831.70 (2/3 × 325,247.55)
(賠償金) to assign.

本案結論(荷蘭語轉為英文):
訴訟駁回、要求Apple賠償21萬歐元
6.1. dismisses the claims,
6.2. condemns Apple in the proceedings, on the part of Samsung to date budgeted at 216,831.70,
6.3. declares this judgment in the terms of the cost award enforceable,


Ron
資料來源:FOSS Patents, Thomson Reuters
http://zoeken.rechtspraak.nl/resultpage.aspx?snelzoeken=true&searchtype=ljn&ljn=BY0961

2009年12月18日 星期五

漂浮屋


聖經中的方舟, the ark, 是個拯救人類的大船,在很多人看來是個神話,但確實有很多古老民族的古老神話有類似的故事,似乎當時確實是個全球性的洪水。電影中也有一些相關搞笑或是正經八百的內容!比如2012
面對未來,如果全球氣溫繼續上升,確實某天會需要「大船」,大船絕對是比飛機更好的救難選擇!

與海爭地的荷蘭面對全球氣候變遷確實是最積極的國家之一,有30%的土地是在海平面以下,現在國土政策改變從「填海」成為「可以漂浮的房子」。

找找有關"floating house",其實還挺有趣的!房子除了要會飄,還要固定在某處,比如:US2004/0261338
比如在土地上打個樁,房子可以隨著潮汐起落:
Ron