潘榮恩專利部落格、專利實務、專利筆記與Linux
enpan's Patent & Linux practice
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2026年4月24日 星期五
專利申請案16/371,492的申請歷程筆記
美國專利申請案No.16/371,492的101歷程,這件專利名稱:Controllable style-based text transformation(可控基於風格文字轉換方法):
35U.S.C.101
2026年4月13日 星期一
專利適格性在促進AI創新的角色 - 筆記3
The Supreme Court has identified a number of considerations as relevant to the evaluation of whether the claimed additional elements amount to an inventive concept. The list of considerations here is not intended to be exclusive or limiting. Additional elements can often be analyzed based on more than one type of consideration and the type of consideration is of no import to the eligibility analysis. Additional discussion of these considerations, and how they were applied in particular judicial decisions, is provided in in MPEP § 2106.05(a) through (h).
Limitations that the courts have found to qualify as “significantly more” when recited in a claim with a judicial exception include:
重要!(申請專利範圍中為法定例外不予專利時,其中可以具備"實質超越/significantly more"的元件:(i)電腦功能的改善,如DDR案;(ii)技術領域中的技術改良,如Diamond案;(iii)使用在特定機器;(iv)轉換特定物品到另一個狀態;(v)加入已知、常規或習知活動以外的特定限制,使發明有具體應用;(vi)發明具備超過連接法定例外到特定技術環境的有意義的限制。)
- i. Improvements to the functioning of a computer, e.g., a modification of conventional Internet hyperlink protocol to dynamically produce a dual-source hybrid webpage, as discussed in DDR Holdings, LLC v. Hotels.com, L.P., 773 F.3d 1245, 1258-59, 113 USPQ2d 1097, 1106-07 (Fed. Cir. 2014) (see MPEP § 2106.05(a));
- ii. Improvements to any other technology or technical field, e.g., a modification of conventional rubber-molding processes to utilize a thermocouple inside the mold to constantly monitor the temperature and thus reduce under- and over-curing problems common in the art, as discussed in Diamond v. Diehr, 450 U.S. 175, 191-92, 209 USPQ 1, 10 (1981) (see MPEP § 2106.05(a));
- iii. Applying the judicial exception with, or by use of, a particular machine, e.g., a Fourdrinier machine (which is understood in the art to have a specific structure comprising a headbox, a paper-making wire, and a series of rolls) that is arranged in a particular way to optimize the speed of the machine while maintaining quality of the formed paper web, as discussed in Eibel Process Co. v. Minn. & Ont. Paper Co., 261 U.S. 45, 64-65 (1923) (see MPEP § 2106.05(b));
- iv. Effecting a transformation or reduction of a particular article to a different state or thing, e.g., a process that transforms raw, uncured synthetic rubber into precision-molded synthetic rubber products, as discussed in Diehr, 450 U.S. at 184, 209 USPQ at 21 (see MPEP § 2106.05(c));
- v. Adding a specific limitation other than what is well-understood, routine, conventional activity in the field, or adding unconventional steps that confine the claim to a particular useful application, e.g., a non-conventional and non-generic arrangement of various computer components for filtering Internet content, as discussed in BASCOM Global Internet v. AT&T Mobility LLC, 827 F.3d 1341, 1350-51, 119 USPQ2d 1236, 1243 (Fed. Cir. 2016) (see MPEP § 2106.05(d)); or
- vi. Other meaningful limitations beyond generally linking the use of the judicial exception to a particular technological environment, e.g., an immunization step that integrates an abstract idea of data comparison into a specific process of immunizing that lowers the risk that immunized patients will later develop chronic immune-mediated diseases, as discussed in Classen Immunotherapies Inc. v. Biogen IDEC, 659 F.3d 1057, 1066-68, 100 USPQ2d 1492, 1499-1502 (Fed. Cir. 2011) (see MPEP § 2106.05(e)).
Limitations that the courts have found not to be enough to qualify as “significantly more” when recited in a claim with a judicial exception include:
(申請專利範圍中為法定例外不予專利時,其中"不夠"實質超越/significantly more"的元件:(i)在電腦上應用法定例外(如抽象概念);(ii)加入已知、常規與習知活動(高度普遍性);(iii)在法定例外(如抽象概念)加入不重要的額外解決方案(extra-solution activity);(iv)僅一般地連結法定例外到特定技術環境。)
- i. Adding the words “apply it” (or an equivalent) with the judicial exception, or mere instructions to implement an abstract idea on a computer, e.g., a limitation indicating that a particular function such as creating and maintaining electronic records is performed by a computer, as discussed in Alice Corp., 573 U.S. at 225-26, 110 USPQ2d at 1984 (see MPEP § 2106.05(f));
- ii. Simply appending well-understood, routine, conventional activities previously known to the industry, specified at a high level of generality, to the judicial exception, e.g., a claim to an abstract idea requiring no more than a generic computer to perform generic computer functions that are well-understood, routine and conventional activities previously known to the industry, as discussed in Alice Corp., 573 U.S. at 225, 110 USPQ2d at 1984 (see MPEP § 2106.05(d));
- iii. Adding insignificant extra-solution activity to the judicial exception, e.g., mere data gathering in conjunction with a law of nature or abstract idea such as a step of obtaining information about credit card transactions so that the information can be analyzed by an abstract mental process, as discussed in CyberSource v. Retail Decisions, Inc., 654 F.3d 1366, 1375, 99 USPQ2d 1690, 1694 (Fed. Cir. 2011) (see MPEP § 2106.05(g)); or
- iv. Generally linking the use of the judicial exception to a particular technological environment or field of use, e.g., a claim describing how the abstract idea of hedging could be used in the commodities and energy markets, as discussed in Bilski v. Kappos, 561 U.S. 593, 595, 95 USPQ2d 1001, 1010 (2010) or a claim limiting the use of a mathematical formula to the petrochemical and oil-refining fields, as discussed in Parker v. Flook, 437 U.S. 584, 588-90, 198 USPQ 193, 197-98 (1978) (MPEP § 2106.05(h)).
2026年4月3日 星期五
模型訓練方法可以改善電腦技術嗎?涉及是否具備專利適格性 - Ex parte Desjardins (PTAB Sep. 26, 2025)
2019 Revised Guidance
基於Enfish案例,DeepMind強調系爭申請案發明中就有這樣改善電腦技術的AI系統,如以上提到說明書記載發明可以使用較少的儲存空間,以及減少系統複雜度,這次,ARP同意申請人意見,也就是同意系爭申請案發明『通過調整第一值優化用在第一機器學習任務的模型的參數,還保護了模型在第一機器學習任務的效能』已經改良模型的運作,而非僅是數學方程式而已。
根據ARP的意見,雖是為了美國在AI上的主導地位會因為目前專利法的阻礙而憂心,但整體上確實講出不少人的心聲,明明一個有充分揭露、具有創造性/非顯而易知的發明,卻因為被認為法定不予專利(一般目的電腦執行)的演算法而被駁回。這回ARP主動針對35U.S.C.101提出主張,認為之前判決都忽視了Enfish案例給出應該依循的前例(最後表示APJ新加的101議題是違法的)。
2026年3月26日 星期四
發明改善使用者體驗並非改善電腦功能 - 不具專利適格性 - Rideshare Displays, Inc. v. Squires (CAFC 2025)
本篇討論好幾個基於侵權訴訟的上訴議題,包括專利範圍解釋、專利用語解釋、引證案之組合,以及想要討論的101議題。
案件資訊:
上訴人/專利權人:RIDESHARE DISPLAYS, INC.
參加人/IPR異議人:JOHN A. SQUIRES, UNDER SECRETARY OF COMMERCE FOR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND DIRECTOR OF THE UNITED STATES PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE
交叉上訴人:LYFT, INC.
系爭專利:1–9 and 11–20 of U.S. Patent No. 9,892,637; claims 1, 2, 4, and 6–8 of U.S. Patent No. 10,169,987; claim 1 of U.S. Pa-tent No. 10,395,525; claims 1 and 2 of U.S. Patent No. 10,599,199; and claims 1–5 of U.S. Patent No. 10,748,417(IPR2021-01598, IPR2021-01599, IPR2021-01600, IPR2021-01601, IPR2021-01602)
判決日期:September 29, 2025
本案起因是5件系爭專利經PTAB的IPR異議審理後判定為顯而易知,專利權人Rideshare上訴CAFC,CAFC判決也是全數被挑戰專利範圍不具非顯而易知性;但另一件事Lyft針對PTAB部分同意Rideshare修正'637案claims 29, 31, 32的請求提出上訴,CAFC對此則是駁回PTAB決定。
系爭專利皆涉及車輛辨識方法,從專利權人的名稱也可知,這是一種共享車輛的方法,不過專利權人的網站卻僅有簡單的資訊,不曉得是不是NPE。根據系爭專利提出的發明,乘客手機安裝相關App,運用App可以在車輛靠近時得到通知,駕駛與乘客接收訊息後,都可以顯示器(如手機螢幕)顯示相關資訊,使乘客可以確認進入正確的車輛中,對於駕駛而言則可確認接到正確的乘客,對駕駛與乘客而言都有保障。
在103議題中,異議人提出四件先前技術,技術都不太一樣,分別揭示在多目標環境(如路上多部車輛)中識別目標、隨選服務中使用者設定指示裝置(顯示器)、自主車輛唯一訊號讓乘客確認車輛、叫車服務等。
上訴議題一:(用語"generate")
上訴人Rideshare認為PTAB錯誤解釋專利範圍中"generate"("generate a signal representing an indicator")。PTAB宣稱用一般(字面上)而普通的意思解釋(plain and ordinary meaning)為“引發或產生訊號(originate or produce the signal)”,但專利權人Rideshare則主張“generate”需要同時修正“訊號/signal”與“指示器/碼(indicator/code)”,因為“訊號/signal”包含了“指示器資訊/indicator information”,因此當有訊號產生,就產生新的指示器("a new indicator is created whenever the signal is generated.")。
對此,CAFC法官並不同意專利權人的解釋,認為PTAB用其一般且普通的解釋才是對的,也就不用去討論專利權人基於要推翻PTAB的解釋意見的顯而易見的論點。
上訴議題二:(關於引證案Lalancette中揭露通訊裝置連結車輛駕駛的議題)
上訴議題三:(關於引證案Kalanick與Kemler結合所教示的特徵:在一定距離內(叫車與乘客)發出通知訊息)
上訴議題四:(關於引證案Kalanick與Kemler結合所教示的另一特徵:對於乘客回應,控制器傳送指示訊號到駕駛的裝置)
CAFC同意PTAB對於引證案之結合可以教示所述特徵的決定。
上訴議題五:(關於本篇標題,因為101議題才有本篇內容)
LYFT提起交叉上訴,挑戰PTAB同意專利權人Rideshare提起「"針對101, 說明書受到原始揭露的支持,以及關於顯而易見等議題"修正系爭專利3個獨立請求項」的請願(motion)。
關於35 U.S.C. 101議題,自然是引用最高法院在Alice案所作出兩步驟(TWO-STEP Inquiry)的專利適格性判斷原則,簡單來說(編按,我覺得這樣濃縮還不錯,就不會落落長地討論step 2A, prong one, two, step 2B等步驟),第一步驟,就考量系爭專利範圍是否涉及不符專利適格性的概念(如抽象概念);若屬於不符專利適格性的發明,再查第二步驟,查專利範圍的元件的個別或組合中是否有可以轉換(transform)系爭專利"不符專利適格性"的範圍為符合專利適格性的應用(patent-eligible application)的額外元件(additional elements)。
根據以上TWO-STEP專利適格性判斷原則,PTAB裁決替換(修正)後的申請專利範圍:step one (i.e., step 2A),發明涉及抽象概念(directed to an abstract idea)、組織人類活動(本案系爭專利)等法定不可專利概念;step two (i.e., step 2B),系爭專利為解決電腦與網路科技問題的技術方案,屬於可專利標的(轉換不可專利概念為可專利應用)。
但於PTAB裁決,CAFC並不同意其中step two的判斷,法院引用前例 - Simio, LLC v. FlexSim Software Prods., Inc. (Fed. Cir. 2020),其中法院意見認為使用電腦應用改善使用者體驗並不足以讓系爭專利範圍成為改善電腦功能(編按,若證明電腦實現的發明為改善電腦功能,屬於符合專利適格性的發明)。
本案CAFC法官指出本案系爭專利本案為通過App讓乘客識別駕駛而改善使用者體驗的發明,但這並非改善使用者行動裝置功能的發明,這是一種讓人類方便互動的技術 - 簡化人類用手寫叫車的流程,其中使用電腦僅是作為抽象程序的工具,卻非改善電腦功能或改善科技。
如此,CAFC否決PTAB對於系爭專利符合35 U.S.C. 101的裁決,認為系爭專利僅使用一般目的電腦簡化流程而改善使用者體驗,並非改善電腦(行動裝置)功能,因此不具專利適格性。
結論:CAFC部分同意PTAB裁決(103)、部分否決PTAB裁決(101),整體是判定系爭專利(本次挑戰的專利範圍)無效。
my two cents:
法院並非直接使用TWO-STEP分析系爭專利的專利適格性,而是直接認定系爭專利僅是將電腦作為改善人類體驗的工具而判定不具專利適格性,我是認為有點不公平。不過,本質上確實是有不容易辯解之處,系爭專利發明可以讓乘客運用App從眾多車輛中識別出自己叫的車輛,若將整個系統(駕駛電腦/手機+使用者手機)視為電腦技術,改善的不是電腦功能,而是提供更好的使用者體驗,算是組織人類活動的技術,確實可能在step one過不了,不過應有機會在step two取勝,但法院並未繼續探討,讓我覺得專利權人至少在101議題上有些遺憾。
CAFC判決文:https://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/opinions-orders/23-2033.OPINION.9-29-2025_2579953.pdf
Ron
2025年12月31日 星期三
從案例來看101核駁意見的答辯 - US12086857
以專利圖式來看,此發明將輸入文字轉為圖案,再對圖案進行搜尋,得出各種額外資訊:
這樣的專利範圍收到不符專利適格性(35U.S.C.101)的核駁意見,審查委員在OA中的描述算是很制式,但也可整理出答辯方向,其中藍色字是我標註的,可以知道審查委員採用TWO-STEP test審查本案,也很標準地提出核駁意見,反過來,也是提示相應議題的完整答辯方向。
step 2A prong 2
step 2B
修正:
答辯:(其中標註的藍色字就是答辯的重點,答辯策略就是順著審查意見一一回應)
核准通知中審查委員的核准理由,可知審查委員在乎的是本案"建立模型"的技術內容使得發明並非僅是一般目的電腦執行既有流程的抽象概念,而是具備有意義的技術特徵,實現某種"轉換/transformation",使得本案可以超越抽象概念。
my two cents:








