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2025年8月30日 星期六

通過Track One加速審查與嚴謹的專利核准過程筆記 - US11,922,144

US11,922,144歷程:
03/20/2023 申請日
03/20/2023 Track One Request / 同時提交IDS
05/09/2023 Track One request Granted
06/26/2023 List of References cited by applicant and considered by examiner / Non Patent Literature / Examiner's search strategy and results / List of references cited by examiner
06/26/2023 Examiner Interview Summary Record(面詢報告)
審查委員通過面詢表示可核准專利的修正建議:
06/26/2023 Notice of Allowance and Fees Due
審查委員主動提出修正(proposed amended),從申請日起三個月就接獲核准通知(就我所知在track one中這算慢的)
07/27/2023領證嗎?事情還沒完,還有形式上的修正(應該是刪除說明書中申請人內部校稿時的標註),也有審查委員自己啟動的修正。
09/25/2023 Post Allowance Communication - Incoming / Issue Fee Payment
10/04/2023 申請人繼續提交參考文獻(IDS)
10/04/2023 Request for Continued Examination (RCE)
基於獲准後提出的IDS,申請人提出RCE請求接續審查:
11/01/2023 List of References cited by applicant and considered by examiner
11/01/2023 Notice of Allowance and Fees Due(第二次核准通知)
02/14/2024 Issue Notification


US11,922,144

Claim 1:(編按:以下編號(1), (2)...是為了方便理解而加的)
1. A computer-implemented method for integrating a particular external application programming interface (API) with a natural language model user interface, comprising:

(1)receiving a first input at the natural language model user interface communicably connected to a natural language model that is trained to call one or more functions based on a manifest and in response to the received first input; 

(2)determining the first input includes a request to integrate the particular external API with the natural language model user interface; 

(3)identifying the particular external API based on the received first input; 

(4)integrating the particular external API with the natural language model user interface, the integrating comprising accessing a web API, a description of the web API, and the manifest stored in a location associated with the particular external API, wherein the manifest is customizable by a publisher of the particular external API; 

(5)accessing the particular external API based on the first input or a second input at the natural language model user interface; and 

(6)transmitting, based on the accessing, a response message to the natural language model user interface, the response message including a result of the accessing, wherein transmitting the response message to the natural language model user interface includes summarizing payload contents received from the particular external API and displaying natural language text to a user via the natural language model user interface.


my two cents:
在檢索時發現這件關於AI的專利(申請人OpenAI),為了快速取得專利,花錢請求track one加速審查(也只有這個),目前查到的費用是除申請費外要額外繳交4500美元,並在過程中需要緊密與審查委員配合,包括提交已知文獻(IDS)、面詢,才能快速得到回應,從歷程看到很多動作都是同一天執行(也可能是歸檔日期造成的錯覺),審查委員也樂意地協助申請人修正申請專利範圍,加上,既然已經花錢了,就更嚴謹地看待這個專利,即便取得核准通知,還又提出IDS請求RCE接續審查,藉此取得更穩固的專利權。這個過程值得有此需求的申請人學習。


Ron

2024年10月11日 星期五

不要沒事來建立申請人承認的先前技術 - MPEP 2129

本篇目的是要引用前例說服發明人不要在說明書中標註先前技術的專利號或名稱,如前篇報導就是可提供的參考(說明書中引用文獻的效力如何?- 智慧財產法院97行專訴字第63號(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2024/10/9763.html),但此篇針對美國專利時將文獻分為必要與非必要資料,而針對必要資料認為"可以引述之文獻僅限於美國專利案及美國專利公開案",對此或許有文獻支持,但實務上還是盡量避免,因此就來找找資料~),接著就要以美國法院案例來說明,先來建立一些背景知識-MPEP 2129,其實又獲得不錯的知識 !!! 接著會來探討前例內容。

MPEP 2129 - 承認是先前技術(Admission as Prior Art)

I. ADMISSIONS BY APPLICANT CONSTITUTE PRIOR ART

A statement by an applicant in the specification or made during prosecution identifying the work of another as “prior art” is an admission which can be relied upon for both anticipation and obviousness determinations, regardless of whether the admitted prior art would otherwise qualify as prior art under the statutory categories of 35 U.S.C. 102. Riverwood Int’l Corp. v. R.A. Jones & Co., 324 F.3d 1346, 1354, 66 USPQ2d 1331, 1337 (Fed. Cir. 2003); Constant v. Advanced Micro-Devices Inc., 848 F.2d 1560, 1570, 7 USPQ2d 1057, 1063 (Fed. Cir. 1988). Where the admitted prior art anticipates the claim but does not qualify as prior art under any of the paragraphs of 35 U.S.C. 102, the claim may be rejected as being anticipated by the admitted prior art without citing to 35 U.S.C. 102.

(第一段落就說明(算是"嚴厲地聲明")申請人在"專利說明書"或是"審查過程"中指出"PRIOR ART(先前技術)"的聲明,不論所指出的先前技術是否夠格成為先前技術,就是承認可以用來當作新穎性或進步性的判斷的先前技術。)

However, even if labeled as “prior art,” the work of the same inventive entity may not be considered prior art against the claims unless it falls under one of the statutory categories. Id.; see also Reading & Bates Construction Co. v. Baker Energy Resources Corp., 748 F.2d 645, 650, 223 USPQ 1168, 1172 (Fed. Cir. 1984) (“[W]here the inventor continues to improve upon his own work product, his foundational work product should not, without a statutory basis, be treated as prior art solely because he admits knowledge of his own work. It is common sense that an inventor, regardless of an admission, has knowledge of his own work.”).

(然而,即便標示"prior art",如果是相同實體的先前發明,而本發明是接續改良,如果是發明人承認的,先前的工作不會"單獨/solely"作為先前技術。)

Consequently, the examiner must determine whether the subject matter identified as “prior art” is the inventor’s own work, or the work of another. In the absence of another credible explanation, examiners should treat such subject matter as the work of another.

(結果是,審查委員需要判斷是否有發明標的被發明人指為自己或是他人的先前技術,如果缺少可信任的解釋,就會被視為他人先前技術。)

II. DISCUSSION OF PRIOR ART IN SPECIFICATION

Where the specification identifies work done by another as “prior art,” the subject matter so identified is treated as admitted prior art. In re Nomiya, 509 F.2d 566, 571, 184 USPQ 607, 611 (CCPA 1975) (holding applicant’s labeling of two figures in the application drawings as “prior art” to be an admission that what was pictured was prior art relative to the claimed improvement).

(當在專利說明書中指名他人完成的先前技術,就是自己承認的先前技術,根據案例In re Nomiya中,CCPA裁定申請人標記了兩張圖為"PRIOR ART",也就是承認其中繪製的圖相對本案為先前技術。)

III. JEPSON CLAIMS

Drafting a claim in Jepson format (i.e., the format described in 37 CFR 1.75(e); see MPEP § 608.01(m)) is taken as an implied admission that the subject matter of the preamble is the prior art work of another. In re Fout, 675 F.2d 297, 301, 213 USPQ 532, 534 (CCPA 1982) (holding preamble of Jepson-type claim to be admitted prior art where applicant’s specification credited another as the inventor of the subject matter of the preamble). However, this implication may be overcome where applicant gives another credible reason for drafting the claim in Jepson format. In re Ehrreich, 590 F.2d 902, 909-910, 200 USPQ 504, 510 (CCPA 1979) (holding preamble not to be admitted prior art where applicant explained that the Jepson format was used to avoid a double patenting rejection in a co-pending application and the examiner cited no art showing the subject matter of the preamble). Moreover, where the preamble of a Jepson claim describes the inventor’s own work, such may not be used against the claims. Reading & Bates Construction Co. v. Baker Energy Resources Corp., 748 F.2d 645, 650, 223 USPQ 1168, 1172 (Fed. Cir. 1984); Ehrreich, 590 F.2d at 909-910, 200 USPQ at 510.

(當申請專利範圍以Jepson寫法(其改良在於~)撰寫時,隱含承認前言部分的內容是他人完成的先前技術。但是,若申請人可以提出其他可信的以此寫法撰寫專利範圍的理由,此隱含承認的部分可以被克服。這裡提到前例In re Ehrreich,申請人解釋使用Jepson寫法是要迴避重複專利核駁,前言部分就不會是自己承認的先前技術。同理,當Jepson寫法的前言部分是發明人自己的先前技術,就不會用來駁回申請專利範圍描述的發明。)

IV. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE STATEMENT (IDS)

Mere listing of a reference in an information disclosure statement is not taken as an admission that the reference is prior art against the claims. Riverwood Int’l Corp. v. R.A. Jones & Co., 324 F.3d 1346, 1354-55, 66 USPQ2d 1331, 1337-38 (Fed Cir. 2003) (listing of the inventor’s own prior patent in an IDS does not make it available as prior art absent a statutory basis); see also 37 CFR 1.97(h) (“The filing of an information disclosure statement shall not be construed to be an admission that the information cited in the statement is, or is considered to be, material to patentability as defined in § 1.56(b).”).

(列舉在IDS中的參考文獻不會視為承認的先前技術來駁回專利。)

(USPTO:https://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/mpep/s2129.html)


相關案例:
-Constant v. Advanced Micro-Devices Inc., 848 F.2d 1560, 1570, 7 USPQ2d 1057, 1063 (Fed. Cir. 1988)(https://casetext.com/case/constant-v-advanced-micro-devices-inc)


Ron

2024年1月3日 星期三

什麼是"Barcode"?法院考量了他國答辯內容 - K-Fee v. Nespresso (Fed. Cir. Dec. 26, 2023)

K-Fee v. Nespresso (Fed. Cir. Dec. 26, 2023)案件資訊:
原告/上訴人/專利權人:K-FEE SYSTEM GMBH
被告/被上訴人:NESPRESSO USA, INC.
系爭專利:US10,858,176, US10,858,177, US10,870,531
判決日期:December 26, 2023

幾件系爭專利都是源自相同母案,有一樣的揭露內容,專利權人K-fee向Nespresso提出侵權告訴,經解釋範圍後,Nespresso提出侵權不成立簡易判決請願,認為其產品並未使用系爭專利範圍中定義的"Barcode",地院同意簡易判決請願,判定侵權不成立。

列舉系爭專利US10,858,176的Claim 1如下,其中描述製作咖啡的方法,咖啡膠囊有兩個Barcode,下圖編號50是barcode,事實上系爭專利說明書並未定義第一與第二Barcode,根據claim的記載,"first barcode"設於第一膠囊的底部,讀取"first barcode"是用於控制第一生產程序,包括刺破第一膠囊的第一鋁箔蓋、注入熱水產生第一咖啡飲料;接著退掉第一膠囊,放入第二膠囊,底部設有"second barcode",經讀取"second barcode",控制第二生產程序,包括刺破第二鋁箔蓋,經注入熱水後產生第二咖啡飲料。

(編按,根據claim描述,整個流程就是運用兩個不同的Barcode執行兩次僅有一些差異的生產程序,前後關係不明,說明書支持不多。然而,這不影響本案討論,本案主要議題還是怎麼解釋專利範圍中用語"Barcode"?外國審查過程中的說明是否會對當下訴訟產生影響?)

1. A method of making a coffee beverage comprising:
providing an apparatus including a barcode reader;
inserting a first portion capsule into the apparatus, the first portion capsule including a first foil lid sealed to a base element having a cavity within which a powdered coffee material is located, the cavity being free of a filter and including a central portion, and a plurality of ribs that are radially spaced, vertically oriented, and configured to extend toward the central portion of the cavity, the base element including a circumferential flange having a top side to which the first foil lid is sealed and an opposing bottom side with a first barcode located on the bottom side, the base element of the first portion capsule includes an outside surface having a plurality of vertically oriented grooves;
reading the first barcode with the barcode reader;
controlling a production process of a first coffee beverage based upon the reading of the first barcode;
piercing the first foil lid with a mandrel of the apparatus in a region that is offset from a central axis of the first portion capsule;
sealing the first foil lid against a seal of the apparatus;
introducing heated water into the first portion capsule through a water inlet of the apparatus that is arranged along the central axis of the portion capsule to form the first coffee beverage;
unloading the first portion capsule from the apparatus;
inserting a second portion capsule into the apparatus, the second portion capsule including a second foil lid sealed to a base element having a cavity within which a powdered coffee material is located, the cavity of the second portion capsule being free of a filter and includes a central portion, and a plurality of ribs that are radially spaced, vertically oriented, and configured to extend toward the central portion of the cavity, the base element of the second portion capsule including a circumferential flange having a top side to which the second foil lid is sealed and an opposing bottom side with a second barcode located on the bottom side and being different from the first barcode, the base element of the second portion capsule includes an outside surface having a plurality of vertically oriented grooves;
reading the second barcode with the barcode reader;
controlling a second production process of a second coffee beverage based upon the reading of the second barcode, the second production process being different than the first production process;
piercing the second foil lid with the mandrel of the apparatus in a region that is offset from a central axis of the second portion capsule;
scaling the top side of the flange and/or the second foil lid of the second portion capsule against the seal of the apparatus; and
introducing the heated water into the second portion capsule to form the second coffee beverage.

系爭專利採用Barcode的目的是能夠啟動對應的生產參數與煮咖啡的程序,並且Barcode的設計可以避免機器使用不相容的膠囊。

CLAIM CONSTRUCTION:
在地方法院解釋專利範圍階段中,以"plain and ordinary meaning"解釋原則"Barcode"就是多種寬度的線條與間隙的組成("a code having bars of variable width, which includes the lines and gaps"),就如我們一般認知的條碼:

特別的是,本案系爭專利對應歐洲專利曾經有過解釋專利範圍的聲明,如此,是否歐洲專利答辯意見會影響這裡的"plain and ordinary meaning"?

在歐洲,Nespresso對K-fee歐洲專利EP3023362提出異議程序,引證案是WO 2011/141532 A1 (Jarisch),而K-fee為了要區隔Jarisch,提出專利範圍解釋,K-fee答辯意見是排除Jarisch膠囊上顯示的"bit codes",如以下Jarisch專利揭露的"bit code 70":


根據地方法院意見,這樣的記錄也是會提交給USPTO,成為"內部證據"的一部分,所述"Barcode"並不包括Jarisch膠囊上"bit code"。

如此,基於以上claim construction的指令(order),Nespresso表示Jarisch膠囊採用的"bit code"就是Nespresso使用的二元符號碼("two binary symbols"),這是K-fee排除的樣式。如此,地方法院判定Nespresso被告產品採用的碼是由兩個二元符號形成,系爭專利範圍並未能讀入被告產品,地院判決侵權不成立。


K-fee上訴CAFC。

其中值得討論的議題是被告Nespresso引用原告歐洲專利異議答辯時所排除的前案Jarisch就是被告產品使用的二元符號,而原告在他國專利異議程序中的聲明是否形成在美國訴訟解釋專利範圍的限制(雙方爭辯的是,是否外國答辯形成專利範圍的"disclaimer"或是"surrender claim scope")?

如上述曾經提到的,從系爭專利說明書內容看不出太多barcode的描述,甚至沒有描述到first barcode與second barcode使用說明,更沒有說是一般理解的不同寬窄條紋組合的"條碼"。對於系爭專利所稱"barcode"的解釋,CAFC法官則是參照相關領域中技術人員理解的"barcode",並且反對地方法院引用K-fee歐洲異議答辯而排除"bit code"的決定。

討論Barcode與Jarisch膠囊上的"bit code"差異,Jarisch的"bit code"是由多個小方形組成,方形能表達兩個狀態:0, 1;一般理解的"barcode"是由寬窄不一的條紋/間隙組成的"條碼",可以承載更多資訊(條紋並非僅寬與窄兩個狀態,而是具有多種寬度的條紋),如此可知,"barcode"就不是Jarisch的"bit code"。

然而(編按,事實上不管是甚麼"碼",最底層都是用二元(0,1)表示),CAFC法官認為地方法院過度限制"barcode"的解釋。K-fee曾經表示,"Barcode"可以是"bit code",但沒有需要是"bit code",如專家證詞,"Barcode"可以表示為"bit code"的子集,換句話說,"Barcode"可以是"binary code/bit code"的一種版本。

進一步地,K-fee在歐洲異議答辯中曾經表示所謂"barcode"可以理解是"EAN [European Article Number]或是UPC [Universal Product Code]",這些也是二元(binary)表示的碼,也如"bit code",只是樣式上不同於Jarisch揭露的"bit code"。

基於以上討論以及很多周邊證據、專家證詞與一般技術人員的理解,法院的判定是,如K-fee提交給EPO的記錄理解"Barcode"為不同寬度的條紋的組成,這也是一般理解的條碼:

"We conclude that the relevant artisan reading the asserted patents and their prosecution history (the latter now accepted by the parties to include the EPO opposition submission) would understand “barcode” to refer to line-code messages, displaying bars, that are characterized by the varying-width visual appearance of the bars in the messages."

剩下的議題就是,到底K-fee在EPO提交的意見放棄了什麼專利範圍?法院認為,針對"Barcode",根據歐洲異議答辯,K-fee並沒有提出新的定義,也沒有明顯拋棄一般對Barcode的理解。

"Taken as a whole, the prosecution history certainly demonstrates “that the patentee committed no clear and unmistakable disclaimer.”"

法院認為,K-fee在歐洲異議答辯中清楚地是要區隔Jarisch揭示的"bit code",基於歐洲爭議,CAFC法官判定是,K-fee主張與Jarisch的差異並沒有拋棄任何專利範圍,而是因為Jarisch的內容並未在專利範圍內。

"We conclude that Jarisch was distinguished not through any clear disavowal of claim scope, but because it was never within the scope of the claim."

因為否決地院專利範圍的解釋,基於"barcode"解釋差異,CAFC發回重審,並沒有涉及侵權與否的判斷。(根據我的理解,加上法院提醒,本案討論"Barcode"本身已經離題,專利侵權涉及的議題應是如何使用Barcode,以及如何使用其中所承載的資訊等。)

my two cents:
本案雖是簡單的"barcode"議題,但是其實涉及的是申請人在他國為了獲准專利/異議答辯/訴訟答辯等程序中所拋棄的專利範圍是否影響本國解釋專利範圍的議題,包括是否外國答辯形成了disclaimer、disavowal,或是surrender。

本篇用很多時間來理解,因為確實也是實務上遇到"barcode"(對應中文的"條碼")到底解釋上可否涵蓋到"QR Code"或其他各種圖形碼?我的理解是,最上位表示應該是"圖形碼",但需要解釋可以是一維、二維條碼,或是其他形式的圖形碼。



Ron

2023年6月5日 星期一

第三方遞交IDS規定

關於IDS規定:MPEP 609 Information Disclosure Statement(https://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/mpep/s609.html)。

除了專利申請人自己遞交的IDS,第三方也可以提供IDS,一般說是「情報提供」,就是遞交讓審查委員審理專利時可以參考的資訊,常見為申請人自己提交申請前已知先前技術、同一案別國的審查意見、前案檢索報告等。


條件一:37 CFR 1.290(第三方遞交IDS)

(a)只要符合35USC122(e)(如以下(b)點),第三方可以針對特定專利案提交IDS。
(b)第三方遞交IDS時間點:USPTO對該案發出核准通知之前;或是專利申請案公開後六個月內或第一次審查意見之前,兩者較晚者。
(c)書面遞交。
(d)第三方遞交IDS應包括:(1)指出文件有哪些;(2)針對每個文件有簡潔說明;(3)若非美國專利文件,提交清晰副本;(4)若非英文,應提出翻譯本;(5)關於非有義務提交IDS的第三方本身的聲明。
(e)IDS文件列表的相關說明規定,如專利號碼、出處、公開時間等,若公開時間不詳,要提出公開證據。
(f)費用。
(g)若IDS遞交文件小於3件,沒有費用。
(h)針對第三方遞交IDS,若USPTO沒有要求,申請人不用回應。
(i)若有遞交時間的證明,時間不受限以上規定。


條件二:37 CFR 1.291(針對懸宕申請案的反對意見)

(a)若無適當地指出所要針對的專利申請案,不會被受理。
(b)符合規定的反對意見會被列入審查記錄中。
(c)應提交IDS列表的資訊,包括應指出文件中哪一部分與藥抗議的申請案相關;對於遞交的文件簡潔的解釋;非美國專利或申請案時,應提交清晰的副本;對非英文文件應提交翻譯本;若相同方又第二次或多次提交IDS,要提出理由,說明為何分開提出,有何差異。
(d)可與USPTO確認是否收到IDS。
(e)若有任何不公平行為(應該是指隱藏或惡意),不會有相關評論。
(f)若USPTO沒有要求,專利申請人不用回應。
(g)若不符以上規定,USPTO不受理。


其他參考:
- 證明不正當與不公平行為的要件 - Regeneron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. v. Merus N.V. (CAFC 2017)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2017/09/regeneron-pharmaceuticals-inc-v-merus.html),此案涉及申請人刻意隱瞞申請前已知前案或他國審查意見,這被競爭者拿出來抗議。


Ron

2022年3月15日 星期二

利用Notice of Appeal改變時間序

美國專利審查程序的是,當收到non-final/final office action,官方會有3個月以及至多再延長3個月的回覆期限。如果是收到final office action,若無任何可核准專利範圍,或是沒有同意任何可核准的條件,申請人需要提出接續審查(RCE),才可避免申請案被拋棄。

本篇討論的,算是之前討論pre-appeal(同時應提出Notice of Appeal)的延續狀況,當收到pre-appeal decision後,當decision建議提交Appeal Brief,官方提供的期限有二,一是提出pre-appeal/notice of appeal後兩個月內;二是收到pre-appeal decision後一個月內。以時間較長的為準。

我的理解(與同事討論過程的理解),當接獲final office action或是兩次以上的non-final office action,申請人可提出pre-appeal(訴願先行),同時提出準備進入訴願程序的notice of appeal,這時已經跳開原本prosecution的程序,進入appeal程序,期限會重新規範,也就是上段的說明。

然而,當接獲pre-appeal decision後,相關筆記可參考本部落格報導:pre-appeal再一次筆記 - 基於USPTO簡報(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2022/02/pre-appeal-uspto.html),會有4種決定:(1)直接駁回請求、(2)進入訴願程序、(3)核准,以及(4)重開prosecution(重新發出新的office action)。


特別的是,pre-appeal decision表示應進入appeal處理相關議題,這時期限重置,也就是上段說明。而此時也是提交RCE的時機,提交RCE就中止appeal程序,回到原本prosecution程序。

(本篇報導重點)
------------------
關於RCE與Appeal的相關時間規定可以參考37 C.F.R. 1.114 。當提出pre-appeal後,同時也提交notice of appeal,案件進入appeal程序,也就是跳出prosecution程序,而根據37 C.F.R. 1.114第(d)點規定,在此階段中提出RCE,即表示撤銷訴願,重開prosecution。

當申請人接獲pre-appeal decision,如果被建議提交appeal brief,申請人可選擇在上述期限內提出appeal brief,或是提出RCE重開prosecution。

以上狀況是因為提出pre-appeal同時也會提交notice of appeal,讓案件進入appeal程序,再以RCE重開prosecution。因此,這個套路是利用notice of appeal讓整個時間序改變,讓申請人有特別的時間考慮訴願、RCE選項。可參考,在不考量費用的情況下,似乎有"偷"時間的好處。
------------------

37 C.F.R. 1.114 (a)說明如果申請案審查程序中止(close),中止情況包括核准通知、拋棄或是提出notice of appeal等,申請人可在繳付領證費、申請案被拋棄,或是提出notice of appeal之前提出RCE,讓申請案延續。

(b)當申請案處於appeal程序、接獲final action、接獲notice of allowance,或是其他會中止prosecution程序的動作,原本prosecution程序就中止。

(c)申請人提交RCE時,可提交(但不限於)IDS、說明書/請求項/圖式修正、新的答辯理由,或是支持專利性的新證據。

(d)如果申請人及時提出RCE與費用,USPTO將撤銷之前的final office action。如果申請人是在提出appeal brief後卻在appeal decision之前提出RCE,將視為撤銷訴願,重開prosecution,訴願相關資訊就整個失效。

第(e)點規範RCE不適用情況,例如設計案、再審查案等。

37 C.F.R. 1.114   Request for continued examination.
(a) If prosecution in an application is closed, an applicant may request continued examination of the application by filing a submission and the fee set forth in § 1.17(e)  prior to the earliest of:
(1) Payment of the issue fee, unless a petition under § 1.313  is granted;
(2) Abandonment of the application; or
(3) The filing of a notice of appeal to the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit under 35 U.S.C. 141, or the commencement of a civil action under 35 U.S.C. 145  or 146, unless the appeal or civil action is terminated.

(b) Prosecution in an application is closed as used in this section means that the application is under appeal, or that the last Office action is a final action (§ 1.113 ), a notice of allowance (§ 1.311), or an action that otherwise closes prosecution in the application.

(c) A submission as used in this section includes, but is not limited to, an information disclosure statement, an amendment to the written description, claims, or drawings, new arguments, or new evidence in support of patentability. If reply to an Office action under 35 U.S.C. 132  is outstanding, the submission must meet the reply requirements of § 1.111.

(d) If an applicant timely files a submission and fee set forth in § 1.17 (e), the Office will withdraw the finality of any Office action and the submission will be entered and considered. If an applicant files a request for continued examination under this section after appeal, but prior to a decision on the appeal, it will be treated as a request to withdraw the appeal and to reopen prosecution of the application before the examiner. An appeal brief (§ 41.37  of this title) or a reply brief (§ 41.41  of this title), or related papers, will not be considered a submission under this section.

(e) The provisions of this section do not apply to:
(1) A provisional application;
(2) An application for a utility or plant patent filed under 35 U.S.C. 111(a ) before June 8, 1995;
(3) An international application filed under 35 U.S.C. 363  before June 8, 1995;
(4) An application for a design patent; or
(5) A patent under reexamination.

Ron 

2021年1月19日 星期二

Quayle Action 與 IDS提出時機(筆記)

筆記

本篇名為「Quayle Action 與 IDS提出時機」,主要是因為看到MPEP 609(https://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/mpep/s609.html)中的這個表格:


本部落格有關Quayle Action的報導:
- 美國專利修正規定(MPEP714)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2015/07/mpep714.html)

本部落格有關IDS(information disclosure statement)的報導(編按,感覺有點過時,此篇再討論一下):
- 有關「意圖欺瞞」的IDS案例討論 - Larson Mfg. Co. v. Aluminart Products Ltd. (Fed. Cir. 2008)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2017/01/ids-larson-mfg-co-v-aluminart-products.html)
- 補充IDS提出的時機 - 適用發明、設計、植物專利(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2011/06/ids.html)
- MPEP 609 - Information Disclosure Statement(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2008/12/mpep-609-information-disclosure.html)
- 審查委員要求補充IDS內容(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2011/10/ids.html)

IDS提出的主要時機:
(1) 專利申請案申請日後三個月內
(2) 在第一次審查意見發出以前
(3) RCE後第一次審查意見以前
但在上述時間以外,若在終駁(final action)、核准通知(notice of allowance)或審查程序終結以前,仍可提出IDS,只要繳費以及相關聲明,比如相關IDS文件已經見於外國審理中(須為IDS提出前的三個月內的意見),或提出IDS前三個月以前不為任何人所知。
提出IDS的時機:提出美國申請案(一般正式案,可能為PCT轉入美國)後三個月內,並於第一次OA之前(包括RCE後1stOA);若於第一次OA之後,應該審查程序關閉之前,如發出Final OA、核准通知,或Quayle Action之前。

以上提出的表格表示提出IDS的時間:
(1)提出美國專利申請案三個月內、PCT進入美國階段申請案三個月內、RCE或CPA提出後下一次OA之前,或是針對國際計申請案公告後3個月內、第一次OA之前等。
(2)上述第(1)點之後,但為發出最終意見、notice of allowance或Quayle action之前。
(3)上述第(2)點之後,但為繳付領證費之前。
(4)繳付領證費後,不再受理IDS。

有關Quayle Action:
(1) MPEP 714.14 Amendments after allowance of all claims

發出Quayle Action的條件是「全部的專利範圍」已經處於可核准狀態,就差了一些需要修正的地方。

MPEP 714.14中7.51節提到Quayle Action的條件:

7.51 Quayle Action
This application is in condition for allowance except for the following formal matters:
Prosecution on the merits is closed in accordance with the practice under Ex parte Quayle, 25 USPQ 74, 453 OG 213 (Comm’r Pat. 1935).
A shortened statutory period for reply to this action is set to expire TWO (2) MONTHS from the mailing date of this letter. Extensions of time may be granted under 37 CFR 1.136 but in no case can any extension carry the date for reply to this Office action beyond the maximum period of SIX MONTHS set by statute (35 U.S.C. 133).

(2) OA中會在status一欄中勾選表示除了一些形式的問題,申請案進入Quayle Action,案件處於獲准並將關閉的狀態。
(3) OA中表明回應Quayle Action的期限是兩個月。
(4) 但仍可延期,過了延期期限案件即被拋棄,至多到6個月。


Ron

2020年6月23日 星期二

重新審視「瑕疵造成專利權無法實施」報導

本篇報導源自:
瑕疵造成專利權無法實施(更新版)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2010/03/blog-post.html)

本篇帶出的資訊應該是所有要進入訴訟的專利權人/專屬被授權人應該注意的。

案件資訊:
原告/上訴人:OLE K. NILSSEN and GEO FOUNDATION, LTD.
被告/被上訴人:OSRAM SYLVANIA, INC. and OSRAM SYLVANIA PRODUCTS, INC.
判決日:October 10, 2007
系爭專利:



原告幾項不正當行為(inequitable conduct):

- Patents No Longer In Suit
- Improper Payment of Small Entity Maintenance Fees
- Misclaimed Priorities
- Failure to Disclose the Motorola Litigation
- Failure to Disclose Prior Art

所述「不正當行為」的形成與故事背景很有關係,本案原告Nilssen為系爭專利專利權人,專利涉及電燈產品,如最早的US4,857,806(下圖)溯及1980年優先權,關於一種氣體放電是的螢光燈泡。

US4,857,806:


故事背景溯及1983年的專利審查過程,依照判決文內容,Nilssen的專利知識(專利法、MPEP與法院案例)比專利代理人還厲害,甚至之後創立"非營利組織" - Geo Foundation,2000年,Geo Foundation成為Nilssen的專屬被授權人,但在此之前,已經授權給其他燈具廠商,如Philips,因此之後變成由Geo Foundation對Philips等公司進行專利授權。Geo Foundation開始以專利授權獲利,還加上通過和解取得的損害賠償。

本案中,Nilssen與其Geo Foundation以11件專利對Osram提出侵權告訴,Osram的反擊是Nilssen以不正當行為(inequitable conduct)取得專利權。

在地院中,11件專利各有各個問題,如'345案在reexamination程序中、'690在專利審查程序中,並沒有透露與其他機構的財務來往(這與大小實體、專利費用有關);如'345、'270與'681等案有彼此共同母案關係不明確的問題(這與優先權不確實有關);部份專利的前案關係、相關前案、現行訴訟關係(Motorola)等資訊都有揭露不實的問題,使得地院依照「doctrine of infectious unenforceability」判定其中專利不可主張權利(unenforceability)。

Nilssen與Geo Foundation提出上訴。

CAFC指出幾項上訴人的"罪狀":

1. 專利權人未確實揭露系爭專利關於"專利性"的審查歷史,主要指的是申請人答辯時所主張與前案差異的意見,即便是不重要的意見。

這個失誤導致不當行為(inequitable conduct)而使得專利不可實施(unenforceable)。

2. 關於專利權人Nilssen是否「不當繳付"small entity"專利維持費」?法官根據專利權的狀態分為兩個時間段:(1)Nilssen(獨立發明人)授權階段(Late 2000之前);(2)Geo(法人)授權階段(Late 2000之後)。

(1)Nilssen(獨立發明人)授權階段(Late 2000之前)

其實法院並不覺得「錯誤繳付小實體維持費」會讓專利權不可實施(沒那麼嚴格),但問題是專利權人Nilssen有意圖欺騙(mislead)。

(2)Geo(法人)授權階段(Late 2000之後)

法院發現Nilssen在將專利權授權給Geo基金會仍以「小實體」繳付專利維持費,這違反「小實體」"並未授權"的條件,產生「意圖欺騙」的事實,使得專利權人在法院上的證詞不可採信(no credit)。

以上錯誤也導致不當行為(inequitable conduct)而使得專利不可實施(unenforceable)。
3. 專利權錯誤引用優先權。Nilssen承認這個事實,但認為錯誤引用優先權僅關於專利性,並沒有欺騙意圖,也不會導致無法主張專利權的問題。然而,根據專利審查歷史,雖審查委員並未仔細審視優先權,但顯然專利權人根據這個優先權主張來排除"中間"的公開文獻,因為這涉及專利權,也被認為有意圖欺騙的問題!


這個錯誤導致不當行為(inequitable conduct)而使得專利不可實施(unenforceable)。

4. 專利權人並未確實提交IDS,特別是相關專利標的的訴訟信息。("We conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in holding eight patents unenforceable for inequitable conduct based upon Nilssen’s failure to disclose the Motorola litigation.")

Nilssen主張地院並沒有適當地比對與Motorola的訴訟標的與目前系爭專利範圍,但MPEP 2001.06(c)規定申請人應將訴訟(包括IPR, PGR等)中的信息告知專利審查委員,因為這些信息可能有關審查中專利申請案的專利性,應被審查委員了解,屬於IDS(information disclosure statement)的一種。

這個錯誤導致不當行為(inequitable conduct)而使得專利不可實施(unenforceable)。

涉及規定:MPEP 2001.06(c) Information From Related Litigation and/or Trial Proceedings

The America Invents Act (AIA) added trial proceedings to be conducted by the Patent Trial and Appeal Board (PTAB) including inter partes review proceedings, post-grant review, covered business method reviews, and derivation. In many instances, these trial proceedings yield information that may be considered material to pending related patent applications. Where the subject matter for which a patent is being sought is or has been involved in litigation and/or a trial proceeding, or the litigation and/or trial proceeding yields information material to currently pending applications, the existence of such litigation and any other material information arising therefrom must be brought to the attention of the examiner or other appropriate official at the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. In particular, material information that is raised in trial proceedings that is relevant to related applications undergoing examination should be submitted on an Information Disclosure Statement for the examiner’s consideration. ...

5. 即便Nilssen強調未揭露的先前技術並不影響系爭專利專利權,地院也沒有解釋為何Nilssen應該知道這些未揭露的前案,但CAFC仍認定Nilssen並未誠實揭示已知前案。

這裡有個"申請人很無奈"的原則,"Information is material if there is a substantial likelihood that a reasonable examiner would have considered the information important in deciding whether to allow the application to issue as a patent.",不是專利申請人說的算,而是當審查委員認為審查專利時應考慮的資訊,就是重要/關鍵的資訊。

這個瑕疵導致不當行為(inequitable conduct)而使得專利不可實施(unenforceable)。

判決原文:http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/opinions-orders/06-1550.pdf(備份:https://app.box.com/s/ycgqm3d0pn4nkt4629rw2lvribnz5uxl)


Ron

2020年3月25日 星期三

PTAB有權拒絕相同理由的異議案 - Advanced Bionics v. Med-El elektromedizinische (PTAB)

以下幾件案例為USPTO/PTAB指定為先例(precedential)或有資訊價值的案件:

- Advanced Bionics, LLC v. MED-EL Elektromedizinische Geräte GmbH, IPR2019-01469 (PTAB Feb. 13, 2020) (Paper 6) (precedential)
- PUMA North America, Inc. v. NIKE, Inc., IPR2019-01042 (PTAB Oct. 31, 2019) (Paper 10) (informative)
- Oticon Medical AB v. Cochlear Limited, IPR2019-00975 (PTAB Oct. 16, 2019) (Paper 15) (precedential as to sections II.B and II.C)

USPTO資訊:PTAB designates two decisions as precedential and one decision as informative

--------------------------

本篇討論案例為「Advanced Bionics, LLC v. MED-EL Elektromedizinische Geräte GmbH, IPR2019-01469 (PTAB Feb. 13, 2020) (Paper 6) (precedential)」

此為PTAB拒絕啟始(institution)的案例,涉及35 U.S.C. § 325(d)規定:若提出異議程序的之前已經有另一審理案件(針對相同專利),且已經作出決定或是在審理中,USPTO主管可以決定如何續行:擱置、轉手、合併或終止。特別指相同系爭專利在另一程序中也遇到相同或實質相同的先前技術而言。

35 U.S.C. § 325(d)
35 U.S.C. 325 RELATION TO OTHER PROCEEDINGS OR ACTIONS

...
(d) MULTIPLE PROCEEDINGS.—Notwithstanding sections 135(a), 251, and 252, and chapter 30, during the pendency of any post- grant review under this chapter, if another proceeding or matter involving the patent is before the Office, the Director may determine the manner in which the post-grant review or other proceeding or matter may proceed, including providing for the stay, transfer, consolidation, or termination of any such matter or proceeding. In determining whether to institute or order a proceeding under this chapter, chapter 30, or chapter 31, the Director may take into account whether, and reject the petition or request because, the same or substantially the same prior art or arguments previously were presented to the Office.

本文標題是「PTAB有權拒絕相同理由的異議案 - Advanced Bionics v. Med-El elektromedizinische (PTAB)」,主要討論是何謂「相同理由(證據、論點)」?

案件資訊:
IPR異議人:ADVANCED BIONICS, LLC
專利權人:MED-EL ELEKTROMEDIZINISCHE GERÄTE GMBH
系爭專利:US8,634,909 (claims 1, 3, 5, 6, 10, 11, 14, 16, and 20,IPR2019-01469)

US8,634,909關於一種可植入病患體內的磁性裝置,指的是電子耳。
一般電子耳中有磁鐵,當病患接受磁振造影檢查時,此電子耳會被影響,使得其中磁鐵位移,甚至造成耳內組織損害,但系爭專利提出的裝置內有可旋轉磁鐵,磁極平行其中線圈平面殼體,其磁化方向平行人體皮膚,可避免被磁化(進入MRI)時形成轉矩,也就不會產生位移。


Claim 1:
1. An implantable system for a recipient patient, the implantable system comprising:
a coil housing configured to be implanted under the patient's skin, the coil housing having a planar outer surface configured to lie parallel to the patient's skin and containing a signal coil for transcutaneous communication of an implant communication signal; and
a planar disc shaped first attachment magnet within the coil housing, the first attachment magnet adapted to be rotatable therein, having a magnetic dipole moment oriented across a diameter of the first attachment magnet, and configured within the coil housing such that the magnetic dipole moment remains substantially parallel to the planar outer surface of the coil housing when the first attachment magnet rotates for transcutaneous magnetic interaction with a corresponding second attachment magnet.

IPR的103異議理由:

U.S. Pat. No. 6,838,963 B2, issued Jan. 4, 2005 (“Zimmerling”)
U.S. Pat. No. 7,266,208 B2, issued Sept. 4, 2007 (“Charvin”)
U.S. Pat. App. Pub. No. US 2009/0005836, published Jan. 1, 2009 (“Chang”)
U.S. Pat. No. 6,761,681 B2, issued July 13, 2004 (“Schmid”)

這時,根據專利權人意見,議題轉向35 U.S.C. § 325(d),是否在此異議案之前已經提交過(previously presented)相同或實質相同的前案或論點(art or arguments)?

何謂「之前已經提交過的先前技術與論點」?

"Under § 325(d), the art and arguments must have been previously presented to the Office during proceedings pertaining to the challenged patent."

文中表示包括:"審查委員記錄中的前案"、"申請人提供給專利局的先前技術(如IDS)"、"系爭專利的審查歷史"。

與提交的先前技術有關的的程序如:專利審查程序、再審程序(reexamination)、再領證程序,以及AIA的異議程序。

如何應用35 U.S.C. § 325(d),這裡提出two-part framework:

(1) whether the same or substantially the same art previously was presented to the Office or whether the same or substantially the same arguments previously were presented to the Office; and (2) if either condition of first part of the framework is satisfied, whether the petitioner has demonstrated that the Office erred in a manner material to the patentability of challenged claims.

第一:是否先前已經提交相同或實質相同的先前技術與論點給審理機關(PTAB)?
第二:符合上述條件,是否異議人證明審理機關的審理有誤?

如果符合"第一點"情況,即表示主管機關可以拒絕審理本次異議案,除非,異議人可以證明之前審理評估所述先前技術與論點有錯。若異議人無法證明先前審理有錯,本次審查官可以否決啟始IPR。

其中,「相同」的前案或論點不難判斷,但是,如何判斷「相同或實質相同」的前案或論點?

這裡又引用了「Becton, Dickinson factors」。這個判斷要素提出,所述「先前提交的前案或論點」是要在「此AIA程序前的任何審理期間(during examination)」提出的。如此可知,如果並未被審查委員引用的前案,可能不算是已經提交過的證據(先前技術)。而且,若要證明「之前審查有誤」,要證明先前審查時對先前技術的考慮是錯的,或是甚至沒有正確引用。

關於本案,PTAB審理此議題時,很仔細地查閱過去審理機關的審理與答辯過程。經查,其實本次IPR提出證據與過去審理期間的引用前案"不同",但是吊詭的是,先前引用前案與本次證據有實質相同的"資訊",如Charvin與Zimmerling,以下節錄圖示,當然還是要看看其中內容細節,以及核駁引用段落而定(編按,都是有關平面磁性物體、線圈、可旋轉磁鐵等)。

同樣地,對於前案Chang、Schmid與Zimmerling也是類似的判斷。

Charvin


Zimmerling


Chang


Schmid


根據其中前案給的資訊(編按,這種解釋超廣),加上異議人並未證明先前審理意見有誤,PTAB的審查官認為,本案異議理由已經符合35 U.S.C. § 325(d)可以拒絕啟始的條件了!





my two cents:
雖本篇有點傻眼,但給我的信息是,趁著專利審理過程,充分利用IDS、情報提供,可能可以減少將來的爭議,不過,類訴訟的IPR又是很嚴格地看證據,即便有此precedential,仍是充滿了不確定的因素。

IPR決定:https://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/documents/IPR2019-01469%20DDI%2C%20Advanced%20Bionics%20p.pdf?utm_campaign=subscriptioncenter&utm_content=&utm_medium=email&utm_name=&utm_source=govdelivery&utm_term=(備份:https://app.box.com/s/6pittf4jzsrvht1ejzsa3y30sawbqvti)

Ron