潘榮恩專利部落格、專利實務、專利筆記與Linux
enpan's Patent & Linux practice
(http://enpan.blogspot.tw/, http://enpan.blogspot.com/)
(接受委託安排課程)
ronpan@gmail.com
2025年8月30日 星期六
通過Track One加速審查與嚴謹的專利核准過程筆記 - US11,922,144
2024年10月11日 星期五
不要沒事來建立申請人承認的先前技術 - MPEP 2129
A statement by an applicant in the specification or made during prosecution identifying the work of another as “prior art” is an admission which can be relied upon for both anticipation and obviousness determinations, regardless of whether the admitted prior art would otherwise qualify as prior art under the statutory categories of 35 U.S.C. 102. Riverwood Int’l Corp. v. R.A. Jones & Co., 324 F.3d 1346, 1354, 66 USPQ2d 1331, 1337 (Fed. Cir. 2003); Constant v. Advanced Micro-Devices Inc., 848 F.2d 1560, 1570, 7 USPQ2d 1057, 1063 (Fed. Cir. 1988). Where the admitted prior art anticipates the claim but does not qualify as prior art under any of the paragraphs of 35 U.S.C. 102, the claim may be rejected as being anticipated by the admitted prior art without citing to 35 U.S.C. 102.
(第一段落就說明(算是"嚴厲地聲明")申請人在"專利說明書"或是"審查過程"中指出"PRIOR ART(先前技術)"的聲明,不論所指出的先前技術是否夠格成為先前技術,就是承認可以用來當作新穎性或進步性的判斷的先前技術。)
However, even if labeled as “prior art,” the work of the same inventive entity may not be considered prior art against the claims unless it falls under one of the statutory categories. Id.; see also Reading & Bates Construction Co. v. Baker Energy Resources Corp., 748 F.2d 645, 650, 223 USPQ 1168, 1172 (Fed. Cir. 1984) (“[W]here the inventor continues to improve upon his own work product, his foundational work product should not, without a statutory basis, be treated as prior art solely because he admits knowledge of his own work. It is common sense that an inventor, regardless of an admission, has knowledge of his own work.”).
(然而,即便標示"prior art",如果是相同實體的先前發明,而本發明是接續改良,如果是發明人承認的,先前的工作不會"單獨/solely"作為先前技術。)
Consequently, the examiner must determine whether the subject matter identified as “prior art” is the inventor’s own work, or the work of another. In the absence of another credible explanation, examiners should treat such subject matter as the work of another.
(結果是,審查委員需要判斷是否有發明標的被發明人指為自己或是他人的先前技術,如果缺少可信任的解釋,就會被視為他人先前技術。)
II. DISCUSSION OF PRIOR ART IN SPECIFICATIONWhere the specification identifies work done by another as “prior art,” the subject matter so identified is treated as admitted prior art. In re Nomiya, 509 F.2d 566, 571, 184 USPQ 607, 611 (CCPA 1975) (holding applicant’s labeling of two figures in the application drawings as “prior art” to be an admission that what was pictured was prior art relative to the claimed improvement).
(當在專利說明書中指名他人完成的先前技術,就是自己承認的先前技術,根據案例In re Nomiya中,CCPA裁定申請人標記了兩張圖為"PRIOR ART",也就是承認其中繪製的圖相對本案為先前技術。)
III. JEPSON CLAIMSDrafting a claim in Jepson format (i.e., the format described in 37 CFR 1.75(e); see MPEP § 608.01(m)) is taken as an implied admission that the subject matter of the preamble is the prior art work of another. In re Fout, 675 F.2d 297, 301, 213 USPQ 532, 534 (CCPA 1982) (holding preamble of Jepson-type claim to be admitted prior art where applicant’s specification credited another as the inventor of the subject matter of the preamble). However, this implication may be overcome where applicant gives another credible reason for drafting the claim in Jepson format. In re Ehrreich, 590 F.2d 902, 909-910, 200 USPQ 504, 510 (CCPA 1979) (holding preamble not to be admitted prior art where applicant explained that the Jepson format was used to avoid a double patenting rejection in a co-pending application and the examiner cited no art showing the subject matter of the preamble). Moreover, where the preamble of a Jepson claim describes the inventor’s own work, such may not be used against the claims. Reading & Bates Construction Co. v. Baker Energy Resources Corp., 748 F.2d 645, 650, 223 USPQ 1168, 1172 (Fed. Cir. 1984); Ehrreich, 590 F.2d at 909-910, 200 USPQ at 510.
(當申請專利範圍以Jepson寫法(其改良在於~)撰寫時,隱含承認前言部分的內容是他人完成的先前技術。但是,若申請人可以提出其他可信的以此寫法撰寫專利範圍的理由,此隱含承認的部分可以被克服。這裡提到前例In re Ehrreich,申請人解釋使用Jepson寫法是要迴避重複專利核駁,前言部分就不會是自己承認的先前技術。同理,當Jepson寫法的前言部分是發明人自己的先前技術,就不會用來駁回申請專利範圍描述的發明。)
IV. INFORMATION DISCLOSURE STATEMENT (IDS)Mere listing of a reference in an information disclosure statement is not taken as an admission that the reference is prior art against the claims. Riverwood Int’l Corp. v. R.A. Jones & Co., 324 F.3d 1346, 1354-55, 66 USPQ2d 1331, 1337-38 (Fed Cir. 2003) (listing of the inventor’s own prior patent in an IDS does not make it available as prior art absent a statutory basis); see also 37 CFR 1.97(h) (“The filing of an information disclosure statement shall not be construed to be an admission that the information cited in the statement is, or is considered to be, material to patentability as defined in § 1.56(b).”).
(列舉在IDS中的參考文獻不會視為承認的先前技術來駁回專利。)
(USPTO:https://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/mpep/s2129.html)
2024年1月3日 星期三
什麼是"Barcode"?法院考量了他國答辯內容 - K-Fee v. Nespresso (Fed. Cir. Dec. 26, 2023)
根據地方法院意見,這樣的記錄也是會提交給USPTO,成為"內部證據"的一部分,所述"Barcode"並不包括Jarisch膠囊上"bit code"。
2023年6月5日 星期一
第三方遞交IDS規定
條件一:37 CFR 1.290(第三方遞交IDS)
2022年3月15日 星期二
利用Notice of Appeal改變時間序
2021年1月19日 星期二
Quayle Action 與 IDS提出時機(筆記)
本部落格有關Quayle Action的報導:
(1) 專利申請案申請日後三個月內
(2) 在第一次審查意見發出以前
(3) RCE後第一次審查意見以前
但在上述時間以外,若在終駁(final action)、核准通知(notice of allowance)或審查程序終結以前,仍可提出IDS,只要繳費以及相關聲明,比如相關IDS文件已經見於外國審理中(須為IDS提出前的三個月內的意見),或提出IDS前三個月以前不為任何人所知。
2020年6月23日 星期二
重新審視「瑕疵造成專利權無法實施」報導
瑕疵造成專利權無法實施(更新版)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2010/03/blog-post.html)
本篇帶出的資訊應該是所有要進入訴訟的專利權人/專屬被授權人應該注意的。
案件資訊:
原告/上訴人:OLE K. NILSSEN and GEO FOUNDATION, LTD.
被告/被上訴人:OSRAM SYLVANIA, INC. and OSRAM SYLVANIA PRODUCTS, INC.
判決日:October 10, 2007
系爭專利:

原告幾項不正當行為(inequitable conduct):
- Patents No Longer In Suit
- Improper Payment of Small Entity Maintenance Fees
- Misclaimed Priorities
- Failure to Disclose the Motorola Litigation
- Failure to Disclose Prior Art
所述「不正當行為」的形成與故事背景很有關係,本案原告Nilssen為系爭專利專利權人,專利涉及電燈產品,如最早的US4,857,806(下圖)溯及1980年優先權,關於一種氣體放電是的螢光燈泡。
US4,857,806:

故事背景溯及1983年的專利審查過程,依照判決文內容,Nilssen的專利知識(專利法、MPEP與法院案例)比專利代理人還厲害,甚至之後創立"非營利組織" - Geo Foundation,2000年,Geo Foundation成為Nilssen的專屬被授權人,但在此之前,已經授權給其他燈具廠商,如Philips,因此之後變成由Geo Foundation對Philips等公司進行專利授權。Geo Foundation開始以專利授權獲利,還加上通過和解取得的損害賠償。
本案中,Nilssen與其Geo Foundation以11件專利對Osram提出侵權告訴,Osram的反擊是Nilssen以不正當行為(inequitable conduct)取得專利權。
在地院中,11件專利各有各個問題,如'345案在reexamination程序中、'690在專利審查程序中,並沒有透露與其他機構的財務來往(這與大小實體、專利費用有關);如'345、'270與'681等案有彼此共同母案關係不明確的問題(這與優先權不確實有關);部份專利的前案關係、相關前案、現行訴訟關係(Motorola)等資訊都有揭露不實的問題,使得地院依照「doctrine of infectious unenforceability」判定其中專利不可主張權利(unenforceability)。
Nilssen與Geo Foundation提出上訴。
CAFC指出幾項上訴人的"罪狀":
1. 專利權人未確實揭露系爭專利關於"專利性"的審查歷史,主要指的是申請人答辯時所主張與前案差異的意見,即便是不重要的意見。
這個失誤導致不當行為(inequitable conduct)而使得專利不可實施(unenforceable)。
2. 關於專利權人Nilssen是否「不當繳付"small entity"專利維持費」?法官根據專利權的狀態分為兩個時間段:(1)Nilssen(獨立發明人)授權階段(Late 2000之前);(2)Geo(法人)授權階段(Late 2000之後)。
(1)Nilssen(獨立發明人)授權階段(Late 2000之前)
其實法院並不覺得「錯誤繳付小實體維持費」會讓專利權不可實施(沒那麼嚴格),但問題是專利權人Nilssen有意圖欺騙(mislead)。
(2)Geo(法人)授權階段(Late 2000之後)
法院發現Nilssen在將專利權授權給Geo基金會仍以「小實體」繳付專利維持費,這違反「小實體」"並未授權"的條件,產生「意圖欺騙」的事實,使得專利權人在法院上的證詞不可採信(no credit)。
以上錯誤也導致不當行為(inequitable conduct)而使得專利不可實施(unenforceable)。
3. 專利權錯誤引用優先權。Nilssen承認這個事實,但認為錯誤引用優先權僅關於專利性,並沒有欺騙意圖,也不會導致無法主張專利權的問題。然而,根據專利審查歷史,雖審查委員並未仔細審視優先權,但顯然專利權人根據這個優先權主張來排除"中間"的公開文獻,因為這涉及專利權,也被認為有意圖欺騙的問題!
這個錯誤導致不當行為(inequitable conduct)而使得專利不可實施(unenforceable)。
4. 專利權人並未確實提交IDS,特別是相關專利標的的訴訟信息。("We conclude that the district court did not abuse its discretion in holding eight patents unenforceable for inequitable conduct based upon Nilssen’s failure to disclose the Motorola litigation.")
Nilssen主張地院並沒有適當地比對與Motorola的訴訟標的與目前系爭專利範圍,但MPEP 2001.06(c)規定申請人應將訴訟(包括IPR, PGR等)中的信息告知專利審查委員,因為這些信息可能有關審查中專利申請案的專利性,應被審查委員了解,屬於IDS(information disclosure statement)的一種。
這個錯誤導致不當行為(inequitable conduct)而使得專利不可實施(unenforceable)。
涉及規定:MPEP 2001.06(c) Information From Related Litigation and/or Trial Proceedings
The America Invents Act (AIA) added trial proceedings to be conducted by the Patent Trial and Appeal Board (PTAB) including inter partes review proceedings, post-grant review, covered business method reviews, and derivation. In many instances, these trial proceedings yield information that may be considered material to pending related patent applications. Where the subject matter for which a patent is being sought is or has been involved in litigation and/or a trial proceeding, or the litigation and/or trial proceeding yields information material to currently pending applications, the existence of such litigation and any other material information arising therefrom must be brought to the attention of the examiner or other appropriate official at the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. In particular, material information that is raised in trial proceedings that is relevant to related applications undergoing examination should be submitted on an Information Disclosure Statement for the examiner’s consideration. ...
5. 即便Nilssen強調未揭露的先前技術並不影響系爭專利專利權,地院也沒有解釋為何Nilssen應該知道這些未揭露的前案,但CAFC仍認定Nilssen並未誠實揭示已知前案。
這裡有個"申請人很無奈"的原則,"Information is material if there is a substantial likelihood that a reasonable examiner would have considered the information important in deciding whether to allow the application to issue as a patent.",不是專利申請人說的算,而是當審查委員認為審查專利時應考慮的資訊,就是重要/關鍵的資訊。
這個瑕疵導致不當行為(inequitable conduct)而使得專利不可實施(unenforceable)。
判決原文:http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/opinions-orders/06-1550.pdf(備份:https://app.box.com/s/ycgqm3d0pn4nkt4629rw2lvribnz5uxl)
Ron
2020年3月25日 星期三
PTAB有權拒絕相同理由的異議案 - Advanced Bionics v. Med-El elektromedizinische (PTAB)
- Advanced Bionics, LLC v. MED-EL Elektromedizinische Geräte GmbH, IPR2019-01469 (PTAB Feb. 13, 2020) (Paper 6) (precedential)
- PUMA North America, Inc. v. NIKE, Inc., IPR2019-01042 (PTAB Oct. 31, 2019) (Paper 10) (informative)
- Oticon Medical AB v. Cochlear Limited, IPR2019-00975 (PTAB Oct. 16, 2019) (Paper 15) (precedential as to sections II.B and II.C)
USPTO資訊:PTAB designates two decisions as precedential and one decision as informative
--------------------------
本篇討論案例為「Advanced Bionics, LLC v. MED-EL Elektromedizinische Geräte GmbH, IPR2019-01469 (PTAB Feb. 13, 2020) (Paper 6) (precedential)」
此為PTAB拒絕啟始(institution)的案例,涉及35 U.S.C. § 325(d)規定:若提出異議程序的之前已經有另一審理案件(針對相同專利),且已經作出決定或是在審理中,USPTO主管可以決定如何續行:擱置、轉手、合併或終止。特別指相同系爭專利在另一程序中也遇到相同或實質相同的先前技術而言。
35 U.S.C. § 325(d)
35 U.S.C. 325 RELATION TO OTHER PROCEEDINGS OR ACTIONS
...
(d) MULTIPLE PROCEEDINGS.—Notwithstanding sections 135(a), 251, and 252, and chapter 30, during the pendency of any post- grant review under this chapter, if another proceeding or matter involving the patent is before the Office, the Director may determine the manner in which the post-grant review or other proceeding or matter may proceed, including providing for the stay, transfer, consolidation, or termination of any such matter or proceeding. In determining whether to institute or order a proceeding under this chapter, chapter 30, or chapter 31, the Director may take into account whether, and reject the petition or request because, the same or substantially the same prior art or arguments previously were presented to the Office.
本文標題是「PTAB有權拒絕相同理由的異議案 - Advanced Bionics v. Med-El elektromedizinische (PTAB)」,主要討論是何謂「相同理由(證據、論點)」?
案件資訊:
IPR異議人:ADVANCED BIONICS, LLC
專利權人:MED-EL ELEKTROMEDIZINISCHE GERÄTE GMBH
系爭專利:US8,634,909 (claims 1, 3, 5, 6, 10, 11, 14, 16, and 20,IPR2019-01469)
US8,634,909關於一種可植入病患體內的磁性裝置,指的是電子耳。
一般電子耳中有磁鐵,當病患接受磁振造影檢查時,此電子耳會被影響,使得其中磁鐵位移,甚至造成耳內組織損害,但系爭專利提出的裝置內有可旋轉磁鐵,磁極平行其中線圈平面殼體,其磁化方向平行人體皮膚,可避免被磁化(進入MRI)時形成轉矩,也就不會產生位移。

Claim 1:
1. An implantable system for a recipient patient, the implantable system comprising:
IPR的103異議理由:

U.S. Pat. No. 6,838,963 B2, issued Jan. 4, 2005 (“Zimmerling”)
U.S. Pat. No. 7,266,208 B2, issued Sept. 4, 2007 (“Charvin”)
U.S. Pat. App. Pub. No. US 2009/0005836, published Jan. 1, 2009 (“Chang”)
U.S. Pat. No. 6,761,681 B2, issued July 13, 2004 (“Schmid”)
這時,根據專利權人意見,議題轉向35 U.S.C. § 325(d),是否在此異議案之前已經提交過(previously presented)相同或實質相同的前案或論點(art or arguments)?
何謂「之前已經提交過的先前技術與論點」?
"Under § 325(d), the art and arguments must have been previously presented to the Office during proceedings pertaining to the challenged patent."
文中表示包括:"審查委員記錄中的前案"、"申請人提供給專利局的先前技術(如IDS)"、"系爭專利的審查歷史"。
與提交的先前技術有關的的程序如:專利審查程序、再審程序(reexamination)、再領證程序,以及AIA的異議程序。
如何應用35 U.S.C. § 325(d),這裡提出two-part framework:
(1) whether the same or substantially the same art previously was presented to the Office or whether the same or substantially the same arguments previously were presented to the Office; and (2) if either condition of first part of the framework is satisfied, whether the petitioner has demonstrated that the Office erred in a manner material to the patentability of challenged claims.
第一:是否先前已經提交相同或實質相同的先前技術與論點給審理機關(PTAB)?
第二:符合上述條件,是否異議人證明審理機關的審理有誤?
如果符合"第一點"情況,即表示主管機關可以拒絕審理本次異議案,除非,異議人可以證明之前審理評估所述先前技術與論點有錯。若異議人無法證明先前審理有錯,本次審查官可以否決啟始IPR。
其中,「相同」的前案或論點不難判斷,但是,如何判斷「相同或實質相同」的前案或論點?
這裡又引用了「Becton, Dickinson factors」。這個判斷要素提出,所述「先前提交的前案或論點」是要在「此AIA程序前的任何審理期間(during examination)」提出的。如此可知,如果並未被審查委員引用的前案,可能不算是已經提交過的證據(先前技術)。而且,若要證明「之前審查有誤」,要證明先前審查時對先前技術的考慮是錯的,或是甚至沒有正確引用。
關於本案,PTAB審理此議題時,很仔細地查閱過去審理機關的審理與答辯過程。經查,其實本次IPR提出證據與過去審理期間的引用前案"不同",但是吊詭的是,先前引用前案與本次證據有實質相同的"資訊",如Charvin與Zimmerling,以下節錄圖示,當然還是要看看其中內容細節,以及核駁引用段落而定(編按,都是有關平面磁性物體、線圈、可旋轉磁鐵等)。
同樣地,對於前案Chang、Schmid與Zimmerling也是類似的判斷。
Charvin

Zimmerling

Chang

Schmid

根據其中前案給的資訊(編按,這種解釋超廣),加上異議人並未證明先前審理意見有誤,PTAB的審查官認為,本案異議理由已經符合35 U.S.C. § 325(d)可以拒絕啟始的條件了!


my two cents:
雖本篇有點傻眼,但給我的信息是,趁著專利審理過程,充分利用IDS、情報提供,可能可以減少將來的爭議,不過,類訴訟的IPR又是很嚴格地看證據,即便有此precedential,仍是充滿了不確定的因素。
IPR決定:https://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/documents/IPR2019-01469%20DDI%2C%20Advanced%20Bionics%20p.pdf?utm_campaign=subscriptioncenter&utm_content=&utm_medium=email&utm_name=&utm_source=govdelivery&utm_term=(備份:https://app.box.com/s/6pittf4jzsrvht1ejzsa3y30sawbqvti)
Ron

