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2026年3月5日 星期四

單一引證的單一實施例教示系爭案時的顯而易知性論述 - Guardant Health, Inc. v. University of Washington (CAFC 2026)

案件資訊:
上訴人/IPR異議人:GUARDANT HEALTH, INC.
被上訴人/專利權人UNIVERSITY OF WASHINGTON
系爭專利:US10,760,127(IPR2022-00817)
判決日期:January 23, 2026

案件源起PTAB的IPR最終決定 - 系爭專利claims 1-30為非顯而易見(35 U.S.C. § 103),也就是判決IPR理由不成立IPR異議人Guardant提起上訴

先看一下系爭專利'127的Claim 1,如下,提出一種基因(DNA)定序方法,其中提出adapter(銜接子,這是在基因工程中一段雙鏈DNA分子,用於銜接兩種DNA分子的端點),方法將此"銜接子"接到"雙股DNA"的片段上,產生多個部分互補的、不對稱雙股"經過銜接子連接的DNA分子",所述"銜接子"包括選自不同條碼序列(sequences)的條碼(barcodes)擴張/放大"經過銜接子連接的DNA分子"中原始股的基因分子以生成第一與第二複製基因;定序(sequencing)多個第一與第二複製基因得出第一與第二股"序列讀段"(reads);以及針對一些"經過銜接子連接的DNA分子"所包括的條碼 - 確認"序列讀段"的存在、比對經確認的"序列讀段"與參考序列(reference sequence),以及分析其中對應關係以識別出序列的變異性(sequence variation)。(編按,這個方法的目的是要在產檢時移除一些非天然或是非原始的"損壞/突變"的DNA,理解這樣的專利範圍蠻有趣!)
1. A method of sequencing DNA comprising:
a) attaching adapters to double-stranded DNA fragments to generate a plurality of partially-complementary, asymmetrical double-stranded adapter-DNA molecules, wherein the adapters comprise barcodes selected from a plurality of distinct barcode sequences;
b) amplifying original strands of at least a portion of the double-stranded adapter-DNA molecules to produce first and second strand copies;
c) sequencing a plurality of first and second strand copies to obtain first and second strand sequence reads for at least a portion of the adapter-DNA molecules; and
d) for at least some of the adapter-DNA molecules comprising barcodes—
confirming the presence of at least one sequence read derived from each of the original first and second strands of the adapter-DNA molecules;
comparing at least one of the confirmed first and second strand sequence reads to a reference sequence; and
analyzing one or more correspondences between at least one of the confirmed first and second strand sequence reads and the reference sequence to identify a sequence variation

本案上訴議題為Guardant主張PTAB在103判斷上有誤-當系爭專利範圍中"擴張"以及在之後的"定序"步驟被單一引證案的單一實施例揭露時,仍要求異議理由要證明結合動機與成功的合理期待

在此判決的一開始,就指出 - 基於35 U.S.C. § 103的無效理由要求要有動機結合(motivation to combine)以及“對於單一引證案的單一實施例揭露系爭專利元件 ”成功的合理期待(reasonable expectation of success),也就是PTAB判決指出沒有動機結合或是沒有成功的合理期待(相關領域技術人員根據引證案對於系爭專利發明有成功的合理期待)。("requiring a motivation to combine and a reasonable expectation of success where the elements of amplification followed by sequencing were disclosed together in a single embodiment in a single reference")

仍需要理解系爭專利發明的背景技術:

原本在IPR異議理由中有4件引證,但在上訴議題中僅保留兩件引證 - Travers ’075、Travers 2010:

其中特別的是,
Guardant主張引證Travers ’075段落0122教示系爭專利中擴張與定序步驟,而PTAB卻錯誤地要求證明結合動機與成功的合理期待。

針對"結合的動機"爭點,CAFC法官同意上訴人的主張,當有單一引證案中單一實施例已經揭露爭議的元件時,就不須要求異議人證明結合的動機



針對"成功的合理期待"爭點,CAFC認為系爭專利權人誤用針對"成功的合理期待"案例,在本案中,即便引證至少有兩件,但是因為單一引證的單一實施例已經教示系爭專利最重要的兩個步驟 - 擴張與定序,有不需要結合引證,也就不用證明對於引證案的結合是否有成功的合理期待


CAFC駁回PTAB的最終決定,發回重審。


Ron

2022年3月21日 星期一

不是揭露就好,而是要足夠 - Biogen Int’l v. Mylan Pharmaceuticals (Fed. Cir. 2022)

瀏覽patently-o網頁(https://patentlyo.com/patent/2022/03/description-requirement-disclosed.html)時,被這個標題「Disclosed but Not Described」吸引,在此筆記。

本案經原告/上訴人向CAFC聯席法官(en banc)提起複審請願(petition for panel rehearing and rehearing en banc),但被駁回,維持CAFC原判,不過法官們彼此仍有不同意見,這裡討論一下。

案件資訊:
原告/上訴人:BIOGEN INTERNATIONAL GMBH, BIOGEN MA, INC.
被告/被上訴人:MYLAN PHARMACEUTICALS INC.
系爭專利:US8,399,514

本案例涉及專利說明書的揭露要求,法條為35 U.S.C. § 112,說明書揭露要求的檢視與原則就是以"相關技術領域的一般技術人員"可以理解發明為何的揭露內容為準

"The test for written description “requires an objective inquiry into the four corners of the specification from the perspective of a person of ordinary skill in the art.” 

“Based on that inquiry”— and not based on other considerations—“the specification must describe an invention understandable to that skilled artisan and show that the inventor actually invented the invention claimed.”"

一般可知的是,所謂「發明/invention」就是以申請專利範圍的描述的發明,因此對應申請專利範圍內容的"揭露內容"(specification)是否符合揭露要求才是重點,其他非關申請專利範圍描述的發明的部分講再多都不是重點。

本案例的爭議是,系爭專利說明書揭露僅"rat insulin-encoding cDNA(大鼠胰島素編碼cDNA,Google翻譯)",而不是專利範圍中界定的「microorganism encompassed human insulin-encoding cDNA(微生物包含人類胰島素編碼cDNA)」,使得地方法院(侵權審判)、CAFC都判定系爭專利說明書缺乏揭露內容(lack of written description)。

----------------------------------------------------

然而,判決文提到不是所有法官都認同本次CAFC決定,引用多件先前案例(生技領域)佐證相關領域如何判定說明書是否滿足揭露規定(明確性),並認為這些判決符合美國最高法院在兩個世紀之前的判斷標準 - Samuel Morse - 即摩斯密碼案例 - Samuel Morse的8件專利因為發明中的程序並未揭露出來,使得判定發明未完成,專利被判無效。反對的Lourie法官認為本案與Samuel Morse案不同,本案請求項中所有限制都明確揭露在說明書中,而本次判決判斷模糊了說明書揭露規定與可專利性之間的邊界。

(可參考:1853年摩斯碼的發明人與專利爭議https://enpan.blogspot.com/2015/08/1853.html,但本篇是討論專利有效性、誰是發明人等議題)

----------------------------------------------------
回到本案議題,緣起侵權被告在地方法院主張系爭專利無效,理由是說明書記載內容無法讓相關領域的一般技術人員能依照揭露內容了解發明為何,地方法院同意被告主張。

系爭專利'514(主張臨時申請案60/888,921優先權)涉及多發性硬化症的治療方法(Treatment for multiple sclerosis),Claim 1如下。(編按,因為本人非此專業,其實是看不懂的,就從判決文中理解其中議題)

1. A method of treating a subject in need of treatment for multiple sclerosis (簡稱MS)comprising orally administering to the subject in need thereof a pharmaceutical composition consisting essentially of (a) a therapeutically effective amount of dimethyl fumarate(簡稱DMF), monomethyl fumarate, or a combination thereof, and (b) one or more pharmaceutically acceptable excipients, wherein the therapeutically effective amount of dimethyl fumarate(DMF), monomethyl fumarate, or a combination thereof is about 480 mg per day.

系爭專利'514關於多發性硬化症(簡稱MS)的治療(Treatment for Multiple Sclerosis),MS是什麼?'514主要議題卻不是MS,對於其它非MS談了更多,因為本案涉及揭露充分與否,因此有不少討論。

本案問題是,系爭專利'514主要請求項是MS的治療,但說明書僅兩個段落的篇幅,說明書主要是提出了5種關於探索神經退行性疾​​病(neurodegenerative)和神經炎症性疾病(neuroinflammatory)中Nrf2通路激活的潛在保護作用的方法。

根據揭露明確性的一半通則,不論說明書篇幅為何,說明書對請求項發明的支持與相關領域一般技術人員(本案訴訟雙方與法院同意是"醫學學位、至少三年的神經病學培訓,以及至少三年治療MS的臨床經驗")是否可以據以實施請求項之發明才是重點。因此法院更細節地探討其中"精隨",上述claim 1提到治療的MS的DMF劑量,但通篇說明書僅一處談到DMF,且不是針對特定疾病的治療。另一方面,上述claim 1中描述DMF的有效量(effective amount of DMF),但系爭專利說明書中關於"effective"是指治療上的有效量,而不是指藥物劑量的有效量,恐怕沒有支持claim 1的特徵。

本案說明書支持請求項發明的篇幅顯然不太夠,特別是涉及了DMF濃度的描述,這是"說明書內部證據"的討論;法院還檢驗了原告在當年治療MS的藥劑濃度研發的"歷史證據"(這裡省略細節),也就是形成系爭案優先權案的背景。

以上的論點致使地方法院判定相關領域一般技術人員並不能從說明書得知DMF480藥量會是有效的藥劑,法院判定原告Biogen意圖從說明書中擷取少數的內容來主張權利,但被否決,被告也成功地證明系爭專利不符35 U.S.C. § 112揭露規定。

CAFC階段:

關於說明書是否滿足揭露規定?即便112有相關規定,基於一些前例可知CAFC要求的不多,就是看說明書是否傳達對於相關領域一般技術人員來看是合理而明確的內容兒證明申請人擁有該發明

就本案來看,可以將議題簡化成「是否2007年臨時申請案內容支持2011年申請專利範圍(發明人傳達的發明("in possession of the invention"))?」

討論過程中參考許多案例,其中一直重複引用的前例是「Nuvo Pharm. (Ireland) Designated Activity Co. v. Dr. Reddy’s Laboratories Inc. (Fed. Cir. 2019)」。根據前例可知,發明人沒有一定要證明申請專利範圍描述的藥物成分真的會達到某種結果,但是,當發明人明確地主張與其結果的權利範圍這個結果就要被足夠充分的揭露內容所支持。(這個觀念超重要!)

因此,根據以上描述系爭專利說明書涉及請求項描述的發明的揭露內容確實不夠充分,使得CAFC同意地院判決。然而,原告與其專家證人仍是極力主張相關領域一般技術人員可以理解DMF對於治療MS的劑量,但是在各種訴訟判決,包括IPR,都有前後不一致的問題,

my two cent:

一個合格的專利說明書,包括申請專利範圍,基本的要求就是說明書要支持申請專利範圍描述的發明,如何支持,就是相關領域一般技術人員是否可以據以實施。雖有需要論證,或是標準不一,但是,"足夠的內容"(不是揭露而已,而是要夠)仍是在撰寫說明書與談案時最重要的心裡話。

(編按,看網路文章,文章"標題"超重要,會下準確的"標題"的人往往是最厲害的人)

CAFC判決(en banc rehearing denied與反對法官意見):https://cafc.uscourts.gov/opinions-orders/20-1933.ORDER.3-16-2022_1922220.pdf(備份:https://app.box.com/s/u7xfeiruaoec7utlmvcgnx60d7995tzd

CAFC於Nov. 30, 2021判決(亦有法官反對):https://cafc.uscourts.gov/opinions-orders/20-1933.OPINION.11-30-2021_1871902.pdf(其中日前退休的Kathleen M. O’Malley法官反對CAFC最終意見

Ron

2021年7月15日 星期四

關於離職員工的發明、認定與侵權判斷 - Bio-Rad Labs, Inc. v. ITC and 10X Genomics (Fed. Cir. 2021)

Bio-Rad Labs, Inc. v. ITC and 10X Genomics (Fed. Cir. 2021)

案件資訊:
上訴人:BIO-RAD LABORATORIES, INC.

被上訴人:INTERNATIONAL TRADE COMMISSION (ITC)
專利權人:10X Genomics Inc.
系爭專利:US9,689,024, US9,695,468, US9,856,530
判決日:April 29, 2021

本案緣起10X genomics Inc.向ITC對Bio-Rad Laboratories, Inc.因為侵權行為而提起禁止進口的訴訟,案件經ITC行政法官(ALJ)審理後,判決Bio-Rad違反ITC法條,即判定侵權成立,並且10X公司也正在實施系爭專利。更者,ITC否決Bio-Rad主張自己與10X公司共有系爭專利,因為其中發明人在受雇於Bio-Rad開發系爭專利,但在離職前發明並未完成。

系爭專利US9,689,024關於用滴的樣本備製方法,算是生技業的機構案,但專利範圍界定樣本備製方法,備製使用一個微孔膠囊陣列裝置,可將樣本分開與混合,分在一個單元(微孔)中的樣本具有分子識別符,相關應用是核酸檢測,基因定量表示、細胞分析等。


列舉'024 Claim 1:

1. A method for sample preparation, comprising:
a) providing a droplet comprising a porous gel bead and a target nucleic acid analyte, wherein said porous gel bead comprises at least 1,000,000 oligonucleotide molecules comprising barcode sequences, wherein said oligonucleotide molecules are releasably attached to said porous gel bead, wherein said barcode sequences are the same sequence for said oligonucleotide molecules;
b) applying a stimulus to said porous gel bead to release said oligonucleotide molecules from said porous gel bead into said droplet, wherein upon release from said porous gel bead, a given oligonucleotide molecule from said oligonucleotide molecules attaches to said target nucleic acid analyte; and
c) subjecting said given oligonucleotide molecule attached to said target nucleic acid analyte to nucleic acid amplification to yield a barcoded target nucleic acid analyte.

'024案與'468案有共同發明人(Benjamin Hindson, Serge Saxonov, Michael Schnall-Levin),針對Bio-Rad的主張,CAFC審理重點就在於Bio-Rad主張其共用系爭專利,涉及inventorship。

審理誰是發明人,查Hindson與Saxonov博士在2010年中任職於QuantaLife公司,Hindson還是創辦人之一,Hindson與Saxonov博士與公司的合約中表明同意將智慧財產權讓與公司。同年,Bio-Rad併購QuantaLife公司,Hindson與Saxonov博士成為員工,僱用合約同樣記載任職期間產生的智慧財產權應讓與公司。

到了2012年,Hindson與Saxonov博士離開Bio-Rad,一起創立10X公司,並開始提出專利申請案,關於本案系爭專利微孔膠囊的技術,但也進一步開發出不同的架構 - 微流體油滴包覆技術 GEM (Gel bead in Emulsion),查詢此技術時,我發現台灣有代理公司 - https://welgene.blogspot.com/2017/02/10x-genomics-chromium.html

之後,10X公司開始販售產品 - GemCode and Chromium products,Bio-Rad也發表自己的系統 - ddSEQ™,也就形成本案侵權的議題,10X向ITC對Bio-Rad提起侵權訴訟。ITC判決侵權成立,且因原告自己也販售相關產品,符合ITC section 337要件,禁止Bio-Rad產品進口美國。

Bio-Rad則提出Hindson與Saxonov博士任職該公司的雇傭合約,主張侵權不成立,但被ITC否決。

案件進入CAFC。

考量ITC階段的審理過程,Bio-Rad先主張侵權不成立,因為其產品中特徵與系爭專利不同,(當中涉及生物科技的討論,細節很多,判決文以不小的篇幅論述技術,但在此忽略),ALJ根據雙方證詞後判定Bio-Rad侵權成立。

在另一訴訟策略是,Bio-Rad主張其共有系爭專利,因為其兩位發明人Hindson與Saxonov博士在任職Bio-Rad公司構想出系爭專利的發明概念,但ALJ否決,因為Bio-Rad並未證明在他們離職前已經構想(conceive)出發明概念(inventive concept)所謂idea定義過廣泛(generic),ITC委員會同意ALJ意見:沒有任何合約僅因為發明人曾經任職該公司而可以支配未來的發明("That was decisive, the ALJ concluded, because “[n]o provision of any of the applicable contracts governs future inventions” merely because the future inventions “are based on or developed from work done during employment.”"),因此無法共有系爭專利。

事實上/技術上是,系爭專利發明人在10X中開發了與在Bio-Rad任職期間的構想為不同的架構。(編按,這樣看來Bio-Rad也非依循當時架構製作產品,否則也不會侵權)

CAFC即接續審理。

(1)侵權是否成立?

其中關於系爭專利的專利範圍解釋,證據表示Bio-Rad產品寡核苷酸分子(oligonucleotide molecules)包括了系爭專利中包含在凝膠珠(微流體油滴)內的條形碼序列,以及連接關係(releasably attached)與功效

(不同系爭專利有不同的專利範圍,有不同的侵權議題)

其中涉及專業的解釋,法院同樣地倚賴專家證詞釐清異同,最終證據都顯示Bio-Rad侵權成立。(篇幅很大,在此忽略細節)

(2)10X公司是否實施系爭專利?

根據10X提出證據,10X有商業實施。

(3)Bio-Rad是否共有系爭專利?

法院同意系爭專利的概念發想日期(conception date)並不早於2013年1月,也就是Hindson與Saxonov博士離開Bio-Rad的日期,事實上Bio-Rad也無法證明其他conception date。

但Bio-Rad仍主張Hindson與Saxonov博士在Bio-Rad任職期間的想法(idea)貢獻之後在10X的發明,基於當時僱用合約使其應與10X共有專利。

所謂「inventorship」為法律與事實的混合問題,這是基於事實的法律問題,因此實質證據很重要,如上所述,Bio-Rad的主張並未說服ITC,也無法說服法院同意兩位發明人在其公司任職時的idea發展出在10X公司的發明,因此其法律主張並無支持,Bio-Rad無法共有系爭專利


編按,本案細節很多,在此僅摘要,有興趣者還請直接參考判決文。

my two cents:
反過來想,本案被告主張不成立的原因就是將來有相關爭議時需要證明的事項 - 發明人在任職期間已經完成發明構想(conceive of idea)。


資料參考:

Ron

2018年10月22日 星期一

美國專利訴訟探索程序筆記

筆記



本篇開門見山,直接說到在美國訴訟的審訊前的「探索程序(discovery)」是十分惡名昭彰的,理由是耗時又耗錢。但是不論是主動或受迫,如果進入探索程序,計畫(planning)與策略(strategy)是本篇文章的重點,在此僅摘錄,有興趣者可以看原文。

在訴訟中,探索是很重要的一環,在探索程序之前,需要全面地進行調查,甚至包括美國境外,使得代理律師能理解訴訟爭議中的事實,讓後續的探索程序更為聚焦與有效率。

(瞭解探索)傳統的探索工具如:文件請求(document request)、質詢(interrogatories)、宣誓作證(de-positions)、傳票(subpoenas)、專家披露(expert  disclosures),同時可包括非正式來源( informal  sources),如:公共圖書館(public  libraries)、網際網路(Internet)與政府資源(government  sources)。

(事前作業)一般在訴訟前的準備也會包括進入探索程序的計畫,包括對專利的整體理解(專利範圍、審查歷史、先前技術、相關證據),並開始「整隊」,包括企業內人員(專利/律師、代理人、工程師、市場/行銷/產品人員),以及外部資源(律師、專家、鑑定機關),並進行蒐證(鑑定、發票、證人、證據與各種證明),以及沙盤推演、法院選擇、考量上述各種探索工具,並評估各種情況下的風險。

可考量「保護令」,區分機密(僅公開給律師)與可公開文件,釐清事件發生的人、事、時、地、物,還有相關利害關係與利益衝突等。

(探索程序)
此篇文章用個流程表示探索程序的一般流程,這裡僅用文字表示:
(1)策略與預備
- 公眾資料庫搜尋、網際網路搜尋、與外部顧問協調,以及內部測試、沙盤推演。

(2)訴訟開始
- 主張「保護令(protective order)」,這是對於探索機密文件的保護,可參考過去報導:在保護令下聘僱律師才能閱覽機密文件 - Huang v. Huawei (Fed. Cir. 2018)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2018/06/huang-v-huawei-fed-cir-2018.html
- 提供初步揭露(initial disclosures)

(3)用於檢閱用的文件或事物製作(production of documents or things)
- 技術文件
- 市場文件
- 財務文件
- 會議記錄(meeting minutes)
- FDA/regulatory
- 國外訴訟
雙方一定會參考對方在他國的訴訟資訊,但是否對法院有約束,或說"影響",就見仁見智了,例如一些案例:
*國外訴訟無法啟動美國訴訟的討論 - Allied Mineral v. OSMI and Stellar Materials (Fed. Cir. 2017)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2017/10/allied-mineral-v-osmi-and-stellar.html
*外國答辯歷史可能會是主張範圍的限制 - Gillette Co. v. Energizer Holdings (Fed. Cir. 2005)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2014/05/gillette-co-v-energizer-holdings-fed.html

- 樣品
(訴訟雙方會要求對方提供樣品與檢驗結果(醫療、生技類需要檢驗結果))

(4)
文字審問(written Interrogations)(寫下質詢對方的問題)
專家證詞(expert testimony)
許可請求(requests for admission)
第三方傳票(subpoenas of third parties)
對於口審或文字證言宣誓(Depositions)(通過面對面的探索取得對方的言論)

(善意提醒)再是要瞭解探索程序各端的權利與義務,不要讓自己的權利睡著了,也不要略應該要做的事,這就需要有經驗的律師,避免法條不熟、程序不懂而輸在起跑點。必要時,若相關爭議與專利審查也有國外案,可以斟酌提供國外的專利訴訟、專利審查歷史、異議程序等。

本篇文章提到,原告可以質詢被告專家意見,反之亦然,也曾有對方專家證詞反對自己有利的案例。

美國訴訟中,專家地位頗高,都是經過宣誓才提證詞,講話有權威,這裡也提到,企業內聘僱專家所講的不是證詞(not testifying),但聘僱專家的報告對訴訟前的預備仍重要。

在美國訴訟中建立的探索相關資訊十分有價值,對國外訴訟也會有幫助,如美國28U.S.C. 1782(a)規定,美國法院可以協助美國居民在國外的訴訟,就包括「探索命令」。

對於醫藥、生技相關資訊,公開資料中,可以看看FDA網站。

(小編用案例的善意提醒)
- 檢驗各種合約,有些合約要小心是否有專利申請前揭露:
申請前商業販售或約定形成的專利權障礙 - Hamilton Beach v. Sunbeam Products (Fed. Cir. 2013)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2017/05/hamilton-beach-v-sunbeam-products-fed.html
- 查驗疑似侵權產品在整體生態的角色:
供應國外生產的多元件侵權產品的單一元件不構成侵害271(f)(1) - Life Technologies Corp. v. Promega Corp. (Supreme Court 2017)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2017/02/271f1-life-technologies-corp-v-promega.html
- 查驗權利耗盡:
專利權對於商品的影響(權利耗盡) - Impression v. Lexmark (Fed. Cir. 2016)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2016/03/impression-v-lexmark-fir-cir-2016.html



其他補充:
本篇著重在醫藥生技類的相關資訊,因此提到「Hatch-Waxman Act」,因為藥品需要FDA許可才能上市而損失專利期限,因此會有特別保障:

"依據美國專利法第155條規定,但此條已經在AIA之後刪除,可參考第156條(Hatch-Waxman Act,1984年通過),食品藥品上市之前應取得美國的負責機關就是FDA(Food and Drug Administration)的許可。如果是應用在1995年6月8日以前獲准的專利上,因為補償檢驗而損失的專利期限可以在保障17年在加上兩年恢復延長時間(restoration extension)。"

編按,35 U.S.C. 155已廢除,"35 U.S.C. 156: EXTENSION OF PATENT TERM"摘錄:

35 U.S.C. 156 EXTENSION OF PATENT TERM.

  • (a) The term of a patent which claims a product, a method of using a product, or a method of manufacturing a product shall be extended in accordance with this section from the original expiration date of the patent, which shall include any patent term adjustment granted under section 154(b) if —
  • (5)
  • (A) except as provided in subparagraph (B) or (C), the permission for the commercial marketing or use of the product after such regulatory review period is the first permitted commercial marketing or use of the product under the provision of law under which such regulatory review period occurred;
  • (B) in the case of a patent which claims a method of manufacturing the product which primarily uses recombinant DNA technology in the manufacture of the product, the permission for the commercial marketing or use of the product after such regulatory review period is the first permitted commercial marketing or use of a product manufactured under the process claimed in the patent; or
  • (C) for purposes of subparagraph (A), in the case of a patent which —
    • (i) claims a new animal drug or a veterinary biological product which (I) is not covered by the claims in any other patent which has been extended, and (II) has received permission for the commercial marketing or use in non-food-producing animals and in food-producing animals, and
    • (ii) was not extended on the basis of the regulatory review period for use in non-food-producing animals,
    the permission for the commercial marketing or use of the drug or product after the regulatory review period for use in food-producing animals is the first permitted commercial marketing or use of the drug or product for administration to a food-producing animal.

28 U.S. Code § 1782 - Assistance to foreign and international tribunals and to litigants before such tribunals(https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/28/1782

(a)
The district court of the district in which a person resides or is found may order him to give his testimony or statement or to produce a document or other thing for use in a proceeding in a foreign or international tribunal, including criminal investigations conducted before formal accusation. The order may be made pursuant to a letter rogatory issued, or request made, by a foreign or international tribunal or upon the application of any interested person and may direct that the testimony or statement be given, or the document or other thing be produced, before a person appointed by the court. By virtue of his appointment, the person appointed has power to administer any necessary oath and take the testimony or statement. The order may prescribe the practice and procedure, which may be in whole or part the practice and procedure of the foreign country or the international tribunal, for taking the testimony or statement or producing the document or other thing. To the extent that the order does not prescribe otherwise, the testimony or statement shall be taken, and the document or other thing produced, in accordance with the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
A person may not be compelled to give his testimony or statement or to produce a document or other thing in violation of any legally applicable privilege.
(b)
This chapter does not preclude a person within the United States from voluntarily giving his testimony or statement, or producing a document or other thing, for use in a proceeding in a foreign or international tribunal before any person and in any manner acceptable to him.

資料參考:
http://euro.ecom.cmu.edu/program/law/08-732/Courts/DiscoveryGuide.pdf

Ron

2018年6月20日 星期三

USPTO根據Vanda案提出專利適格性備忘錄(醫藥類)

USPTO備忘錄:
https://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/documents/memo-vanda-20180607.PDF



此次USPTO針對101議題提出的備忘錄(memorandum)是針對CAFC在4/13/2018作出的判決 - Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc. v. West-Ward Pharmaceuticals, 887 F.3d 1117 (Fed. Cir. 2018),此案例的討論如本文後半段。

Vanda案關於一種施藥(給要、施用)的方法,是用來治療特定疾病,如精神分裂症,其中施藥的依據是根據其中藥品的關係("relationships between iloperidone, CYP2D6 metabolism, and QTc prolongation"),但專利範圍並不僅是這些藥品的關係,而是這個關係的應用("an application of that relationship"),不同於Mayo案。(重要,可用於相關案例答辯)

因此,CAFC認為系爭專利範圍涉及使用某藥品治療某疾病的方法("...are directed to a method of using iloperidone to treat schizophrenia..."),因此在Alice/Mayo兩步驟測試架構下通過其中step 2A的專利適格性判斷,不是涉及法定不可專利的例外

這樣,連step 2B都不用討論。

從備忘錄所提示案例中重點可以得出幾點重要的專利適格性判斷原則(我自己參考後整理的,可能會有些贅言):
  1. 要評估申請專利範圍的整體(as a whole),包括習知的技術(如基因型)與整體步驟(如施藥步驟)。
  2. 專利範圍「涉及("directed to")」甚麼很重要,不能看表面,如本案例是涉及特定施藥手段,而不是藥品成份的關係而已。
  3. 應用自然的關係的治療方法,這卻不是直接涉及這個自然關係。
  4. 有些前例,如Mayo, Myriad等,不能濫用,這些都是關於特定應用,不一定適用,反而是要針對這些前例所衍生的判斷原則,如two-step analysis。
  5. Mayo案與本案的不同是,Mayo案為涉及對病患施藥的方法,僅是根據自然關係的資料收集技術,卻是不同於本案應用這些關係的治療方法。
  6. CAFC並沒有考量是否治療步驟為常規或是習知,僅討論是否「涉及("directed to")」。
    ("the Federal Circuit did not consider whether or not the treatment steps were routine or conventional when making its "directed to" determination.")
  7.  通過step 2A測試,就不用討論step 2B。

USPTO對此回應是:
  1. 應用自然關係(natural relationships)的治療方法(method of treatment)應被視為符合專利適格性標的(step 2A)。
  2. 當考量101議題時,治療方法中沒有必要包括非常規或非習知的步驟。

重要的是,Vanda案適用判斷「治療方法」的可專利性,且從眾多案例中漸漸得出,101議題與102,103等議題脫勾。


(相關Vanda案例來不及消化,USPTO就作出備忘錄,所以這裡補些資料)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Vanda Pharmaceuticals案資料:
原告/被上訴人:VANDA PHARMACEUTICALS INC., AVENTISUB LLC
被告/上訴人:WEST-WARD PHARMACEUTICALS INTERNATIONAL LIMITED, WEST-WARD PHARMACEUTICALS CORP.
系爭專利:US8,586,610 / RE39,198
判決日:April 13, 2018

本案緣起地方法院在侵權訴訟以及專利適格性的爭議中判定系爭專利有效,且侵權成立,被告上訴CAFC,其中主要議題在系爭專利範圍(claims 1–9, 11–13, and 16)是否符合專利適格性(patent eligibility)。

US8,586,610的專利名稱("Methods for the administration of iloperidone")會導引錯誤結果,其實該案是使用伊潘立酮的"治療方法"("method for treating a patient with ..."),iloperidone是一種治療精神分裂症(schizophrenia)的藥品,Vanda藥品名稱:Fanapt®,而給藥的基礎是病人的基因型(genotype)。

'610案Claim 1涉及對精神分裂症患者施用iloperidone的治療方法,步驟包括先判斷患者是否是CYP2D6貧代謝者,如果患者「不具有CYP2D6貧代謝者基因型」,則施以高於12 mg/day,至多達24 mg/day 的伊潘立酮藥量,之後補充如果是「具有CYP2D6貧代謝者基因型」的患者的風險。

1. A method for treating a patient with iloperidone, wherein the patient is suffering from schizophrenia, the method comprising the steps of:
determining whether the patient is a CYP2D6 poor metabolizer by:
obtaining or having obtained a biological sample from the patient;
and
performing or having performed a genotyping assay on the biological sample to determine if the patient has a CYP2D6 poor metabolizer genotype; and
if the patient has a CYP2D6 poor metabolizer genotype, then internally administering iloperidone to the patient in an amount of 12 mg/day or less, and
if the patient does not have a CYP2D6 poor metabolizer genotype, then internally administering iloperidone to the patient in an amount that is greater than 12 mg/day, up to 24 mg/day,
wherein a risk of QTc prolongation for a patient having a CYP2D6 poor metabolizer genotype is lower following the internal administration of 12 mg/day or less than it would be if the iloperidone were administered in an amount of greater than 12 mg/day, up to 24 mg/day.

在侵權訴訟中,被告提出系爭專利不具專利適格性的請願,被告的理由是系爭專利範圍"涉及自然法則",因為其中成份的關係相對於自然律與現象來說並沒有增加創新的成份("nothing inventive to those natural laws and phenomena"),不符專利適格性,引用案例為有關基因的前例Myriad,以及有關自然律可專利性的案例Mayo

相關部落格報導:

縱然地院判定專利有效,但對於判斷是否符合101規定的步驟中,專利權人Vanda卻主張系爭專利範圍同時符合101的two step analysis中的step 2A與2B,並不認同地院認為系爭專利範圍為"law of nature",而只是符合step 2B而已。(編按,就專利權人的立場是,如果符合step 2A等非抽象或自然律的發明,就不需要爭辯step 2B中發明是否具備足以實質超越法定例外的inventive concept/進步概念的議題)updated on Feb. 29, 2024.

討論到101議題,不厭其煩地貼出最高法院所衍生的two step analysis:


CAFC的態度是,特別是不能過度忽略step 1判斷系爭專利範圍是否"directed to"(涉及)不可專利的概念,如果系爭專利範圍並沒有涉及step one"不可專利"的概念,就不用討論step two,本案就是這個議題。(編按,這裡講的step one為step 2A,step two為step 2Β)

"If the claims are not directed to a patent ineligible concept at step one, we need not address step two of the inquiry. See Enfish, 822 F.3d at 1339. That is the case here."



TWO-STEP分析可參考以下流程:

CAFC在這些判斷原則下,同意Vanda的主張,系爭專利範圍並非「涉及("directed to")」不可專利標的,而被告West-Ward反駁認為系爭專利範圍僅是優化用藥的劑量,仍應該是引用自然律而沒有包括任何可以超越自然律的額外元件或特徵,如同Mayo案一般。

然而,如CAFC上述的態度,本案發明之於step 2A,CAFC判定系爭專利範圍涉及(directed to)以特定成份的特定藥劑治療特定病患的特定方法,而達到特定的結果(編按,這句話要記住),並不同於Mayo案,已經包括超越其中藥品之間的自然關係與風險,符合專利適格性。

"...the claims here are directed to a specific method of treatment for specific patients using a specific compound at specific doses to achieve a specific outcome."



這個有關生技的案例:Vanda Pharmaceuticals Inc. v. West-Ward Pharmaceuticals, 887 F.3d 1117 (Fed. Circ. 2018)http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/16-2707.Opinion.4-12-2018.1_0.pdf)(備份:https://app.box.com/s/e1f5kotqsw17hzvb074xozvzrjhw19vv

my two cents:
每當USPTO對某些案例作出回應,都是相當實務而重要的,而且其中隱藏許多答辯相關議題的教導,有助於用來克服相關核駁理由。

例如...要答辯專利不是不可專利議題時,可以主張「以特定元件在特定手段中執行特定方法以達到特定目的...」,還可主張「本案不僅是描述特定元件關係而已,而是這些關係的應用」...。

還有,當專利標的面對101核駁時,能夠守住「step 2A」最好,就不用多費唇舌討論「step 2B」的相關答辯,有關step 2B有更多討論,如曾經報導:USPTO回應Berkheimer案提出step 2B審查備忘錄(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2018/04/usptoberkheimerstep-2b.html


資料來源(這些前輩部落格文章值得參考,很精華,只是內容不見得滿足,仍需要細節去看):
https://patentlyo.com/patent/2018/04/eligibility-preamble-federal.html
http://www.ipwatchdog.com/2018/06/18/uspto-issues-guidance-patent-eligibility-method-of-treatment-claims-vanda-pharmaceuticals/id=98502/

Ron

2018年2月12日 星期一

申請專利範圍的寫作概念 - WIPO資料(3)

[WIPO "Patent Claim Drafting"筆記(申請專利範圍的寫作概念)]

重點:

  1. 所謂「發明(invention)」,常常是發明人腦海所構思的事物,沒有物質實體(no physical substance)。
  2. 所謂「實施例(embodiment)」,則是發明的實體(physical form)。
  3. 所謂「申請專利範圍(claim)」,用以保護至少一個實施例,但是,最好的申請專利範圍則是保護一個發明。
  4. 這個圖初步表示了發明、實施例與申請專利範圍的關係:
  5. WIPO提出一個例子:
    發明:具有把手的杯子。
    實施例:具有把手的紅色杯子。
    申請專利範圍:一個具有把手的杯子,涵蓋不僅是紅色杯子的實施例。

  6. 然而,申請專利範圍的有效性(validity)與保護商業實施的專利範圍(patent scope)之間需要一個平衡點。
  7. 專利說明書需要支持申請專利範圍。
  8. 申請專利範圍撰寫技巧可參考另一篇WIPO講義(報導):http://enpan.blogspot.tw/2018/02/wipo2.html
  9. 申請專利範圍的前言、連接語以及內容:
    特別提示:有些專利實務(某些司法判決)認為前言並不影響專利範圍,也沒有必要去描述專利用途,中庸的看法是,看前言的描述是否產生對專利範圍的影響,如果有,則將讀入專利範圍。
    對於連接詞,如何定義連接詞,除了一些公認的寫法外,說明書的內容也會左右解釋。


  10. 申請專利範圍是否加入元件編號是上一篇WIPO筆記的討論之一,這裡說明申請專利範圍可以加入圖式元件的編號(reference numbers),但不用於限縮專利範圍,僅用於瞭解專利範圍。並可在說明書中加入與這段相當的聲明(我認為可以不用):"Not typically treated as limiting the claims, but rather to make the claims easier to understand."。
  11. 提到幾個申請專利範圍的形式:
    (1) Jepson type(兩段式)
    (2) means plus function
    (3) Markush claim(常用於生技、化學類專利範圍)
    (其他可參考:http://enpan.blogspot.tw/2018/02/wipo1.htmlhttp://enpan.blogspot.tw/2018/02/wipo2.html
  12. (some quick quizzes)
文件:
http://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/aspac/en/wipo_ip_kul_17/wipo_ip_kul_17_5.pdf
(備份:https://app.box.com/s/x4cy7sojbeoqq1bt55swdt8vsndi2pbd

Ron

2018年2月8日 星期四

申請專利範圍的格式與形式 - WIPO資料(1)

筆記

[WIPO "Patent Claim Format And Types Of Claims"筆記]

重點:
  1. 各請求項應以一個單句("single sentence")完成,除了句尾用句點結束,其他用逗點、分號等標點。
  2. 請求項識別符,如Claim 1。
  3. 請求項撰寫於專利說明書尾段(WIPO)。
  4. 請求項的內容:前言連接語內容
  5. 前言:請求項標的:apparatus, device, article, composition, method, process...。
  6. 前言:請求項標的應與發明名稱一致。
  7. 前言:可引述發明的目的,如:an apparatus for cooking...。
  8. 連接語:開放式:comprising, including, containing, characterized by...。
  9. 連接語:封閉式:consisting of...。(補充:如果以封閉式撰寫請求項,其中有百分比成份的描述,應最後相加為100%,否則為不明確)
  10. 請求項內容:要解釋不同元件之間的關係。
  11. 兩段式請求項("improvement claims", "Jepson type"):前言描述習知技術;連接語:"wherein the improvement comprises", "characterized in that", "characterized by";內容:描述新穎特徵。
  12. 功能手段用語(means-plus-function):請求項描述以結構特徵執行的功能,但其解釋則是被司法判決所左右,請求項中的手段功能用語必須充分地描述由結構特徵執行。
  13. 善用"a", "an" "the", "said"來建立前述基礎("antecedent basis")。
  14. 請求項元件可以括號標示圖式編號。
  15. 請求項可以"wherein", "whereby", "such that"以進一步定義特徵、功能關係。
  16. 「多元件(multiple elements)」請求項,也就是申請專利範圍不會僅有一個元件(附屬項為依附前述請求項,無此疑慮)。
  17. 請求項形式:(1)裝置;(2)方法;(3)用途("use claim");(4)成份("composition claim");(5)方法界定產品("product by process");(6)生技("biotechnology claim");(7)軟體("software claim");(8)綜合式("omnibus claim");(9)設計。
  18. 用途請求項(Swiss type):
  19. "The use of substance X as an insecticide ..."
    "The use of a transistor in an amplifying circuit ..."
    (醫藥類)"The use of compound XYZ in the manufacture of a treatment for malaria ..."
  20. 方法界定產品("product by process"):有些國家判定為產品專利,有些則是判定為方法專利。因此撰寫時需要判斷是否一定要用這個寫法。
    "A metalic salt obtained by a process comprising the steps of ..."
  21. 軟體("software claim")請求項的形式:
    (1) "A computer-readable storage medium storing instructions that when executed by a computer cause the computer to perform a method for using a computer system to [function], the method comprising: ..."
    (2) "A memory for storing data for access by an application program being executed on a data processing system, comprising ...
    a data structure stored in the memory, the data structure including information resident in a database used by the application program and including: [steps]."
  22. 綜合式("omnibus claim")請求項:引用說明說或圖示說明,但不是所有專利局都接受這樣的寫法,建議同一件專利中還是要搭配其他形式的請求項範圍。
    (1) "an apparatus for harvesting corn as described in the description."
    (2) "a juice machine as shown in figure 4."
文件:http://www.wipo.int/edocs/mdocs/aspac/en/wipo_ip_phl_16/wipo_ip_phl_16_t5.pdf
(備份:https://app.box.com/s/1fu1ax8lat8mlid5ws9g42w8akcx2o52


[補充] 「method」申請專利範圍一般認知是要以多個「Ving」為首的步驟元件撰寫,這沒錯,也是通用方式,但這個寫法完全是因為要符合「文法」,因為整個請求項(claims)就一個動詞:「We/I Claim(s):」因此,後面描述都不能有「原型動詞」,不過,這仍視「preamble」如何撰寫而定,如果有了「to」在前,後面自然就接了「原型動詞」。

列舉幾例「用原型動詞」寫步驟的專利,但說實在的,這不是主流的寫法。

US 9609017
1. A method for mitigating distributed denial of service attacks executable by a system comprising one or more traffic manager computing devices, client devices and server devices across one or more networks, the method comprising steps to:
obtain by a first processor network information relating to a received request from a requesting device, the obtained network information comprising a plurality of network parameters associated with the requesting device, wherein the obtaining further comprises determining when additional network information is required to assign a rating;
determine by a second processor a rating for the network parameters based on an associated weight value when the additional network information is determined not to be required to assign the rating, wherein the network parameters are separately assigned with associated weight values;
determine by a third processor an action to take with respect to the request based on a comparison of a determined rating and a threshold rating, wherein the determining further comprises assigning one or more classification policies to a section of a range in the threshold rating; and
execute by a fourth processor a determined action comprising adjusting one or more quality of service parameters to a connection associated with the requesting device, wherein the quality of service parameters comprise one or more of an error rate, a bit rate, or a transmission delay.

如果標的不是「method」,而是system或是computer readable medium...,也有這樣的寫法:

US 7606149
13. A computer readable medium encoded with computer software, executed by a processor to perform steps to:
monitor at an interface, a plurality of active communication sessions, each active communication session between at least two endpoints; 

detect at an interface, at least one quality-impacted communication session out of the plurality of active communication sessions; 

generate by the processor, a first alert for each detected quality-impacted communication session out of the plurality of active communication sessions until a first throttling number of quality-impacted communication sessions is detected out of the plurality of active communication sessions; and 
upon detecting the first throttling number of quality-impacted communication sessions, generate by the processor, a second alert for each group of additional second number of quality-impacted communication sessions detected out of the plurality of active communication sessions.

Ron

2018年1月25日 星期四

重複專利與121避風港的討論 - In re Janssen and NYU (Fed. Cir. 2018)

本篇案例In re Janssen and NYU (Johnson & Johnson) (Fed. Cir. 2018)討論

案件資訊:
上訴人:IN RE: JANSSEN BIOTECH, INC., NEW YORK UNIVERSITY
系爭專利:US6,284,471(PTAB no. 90/012,851

本案緣起USPTO、PTAB都在ex parte re-examination程序中作出因為重複專利(doctrine of obviousness-type double patenting)使得系爭專利無效(Claims 1-7)的決定。

系爭專利US6,284,471提出一種抗TNFA抗體(Anti-TNFalpha)以及相關測試(ANTI-TNFα ANTIBODIES AND ASSAYS EMPLOYING ANTI-TNFα ANTIBODIES),這是關於組織中腫瘤壞死因子"tumor necrosis factor"的抗體。

1. A chimeric antibody comprising at least part of a human immunoglobulin constant region and at least part of a non-human immunoglobulin variable region, said antibody capable of binding an epitope specific for human tumor necrosis factor TNFα, wherein the non-human immunoglobulin variable region comprises an amino acid sequence selected from the group consisting of SEQ ID NO: 3 and SEQ ID NO: 5.

PTAB no. 90/012,851:
本次系爭專利的"母案"與PTAB結論:



法院先說明"doctrine of obviousness-type double patenting":這個不予專利理由是要禁止核准與"第一件"專利沒有專利性區隔(patentably distinct)的"第二件"專利,避免不當延長專利權。

The doctrine of obviousness-type double patenting is intended to prevent the extension of the term of a patent by prohibiting the issuance of the claims of a second patent that are not patentably distinct from the claims of the first patent.

一些歷史:
本案爭議在專利權人Janssen主張系爭專利在35 U.S.C. § 121 的保護範圍內(避風港safe-harbor)。實務上,即便是121規範下的延續專利,仍會面對落入重複專利的問題(MPEP 804),而本次系爭專利是一路CIP下來的案子,這樣的案子是否仍在避風港內?甚至比CA/DIV案更有風險。


系爭專利面對自己的母案(No. 08/013,413)的阻礙,系爭專利屬於一個龐大專利家族的一員,常見於生技公司的專利佈局,其中不免會自己踩到自己,法院就將這些系爭關係畫個簡圖:


法院也同時理出相關專利的審查過程,包括在許多相近技術之間曾經處理的限制選擇、重複專利核駁、修正...等,細節過多不在此討論,有興趣者可看判決書。

2013年,系爭專利被提起再審程序(reexamination),USPTO即作出重複專利核駁,專利權人為了要直接取得更早母案'413的優先權而刪除了不被'413涵蓋的揭露內容與專利範圍,另一目的也想將系爭專利從CIP變成DIV案。

但是USPTO並不認同,即便Janssen作出了一些舉措,仍認為系爭專利有重複專利的問題。到了PTAB,委員會意見是,當過去專利權人主動/深思熟慮地提出CIP案(使用了母案內容以及母案以外的內容),此時,並不允許(或說認同)專利權人在再審程序中通過修正排除過去處心積慮佈局得到的專利,來獲得「避風港」的好處。

"The Board “found no reason to permit Janssen now, by amendment, to acquire the benefit of the safe harbor when Janssen voluntarily and deliberately filed a continuation-in-part application with claims directed to subject matter absent from the ’413 application and outside the scope of its restriction."

PTAB似乎是不認同專利權人在面對重複專利問題時的"心態"。
"The Board then applied the one-way test for double patenting because it found that there were at least four instances where Janssen’s actions “constituted deliberate and unnecessary actions that lengthened the prosecution time of the ’093 application.”"

專利權人上訴CAFC:
進入CAFC的主要議題是,是否系爭專利'471可以在專利法121條的避風港內而排除基於自己母案'272與'195的核駁意見?

反過來講,若專利處於「避風港」內(延續案形成的家族內),則可以排除重複專利的核駁意見(應該是指obviousness-type double patenting)。

法院的態度是:根據案例Pfizer, Inc. v. Teva Pharm. USA, Inc., 518 F.3d 1353, 1360 (Fed. Cir. 2008)的啟示,DIV申請案與專利才在121法條規範的避風港內

"Our precedent is clear: aside from the original application and the original patent, the protection afforded by § 121 is limited to divisional applications and patents issued on divisional applications."

此案例還有個特別的議題是:如本次系爭專利專利權人的行為,當多年後,CIP專利在再審程序中面對重複專利駁回時,可否通過修正將CIP改成DIV案而重新落於121條避風港內?

答案:Searle案已給答案:不行。此案表示,專利權人不能簡單在"reissue程序"中把CIP案改成DIV案而重回避風港。

"In Searle we answered this question in the reissue context, holding that the patent owner could not take advantage of the safe-harbor provision simply by designating the CIP as a divisional application in a reissue application years after the fact. 790 F.3d at 1354–55."


這似乎是「動機與心態」的考驗,當專利已經獲准多年,也可能享受了一段時間的好處,專利權人不能通過(很明顯的動機)修正又"回溯"到當初的樣貌,甚至是要刻意排除當初專利申請的企圖,這個動機並不容於法。

"We are persuaded by the reasoning in Searle that a patent owner cannot retroactively bring its challenged patent within the scope of the safe-harbor provision by amendment in a reexamination proceeding.4 In Searle, the court assumed the reissue patent was properly grant-ed and still concluded the safe harbor did not apply."

因此,即便專利權人"多年後"通過修正讓專利從CIP轉變到DIV的狀態,這可能OK,卻不能"重回"避風港

本案結論:程序上,不能將核准時為CIP案日後轉變成DIV案(其目的是重回避風港,更是司馬昭之心),系爭專利不適用避風港,使得專利落於顯而易見性重複專利中,專利無效。

"The ’471 patent cannot retroactively become, for the purposes of § 121, a “patent issued on” a divisional application after it already issued on a CIP application; not even if that CIP application is effectively redesignated as a divisional application during reexamination."

"Thus, here too, even assuming Janssen’s amendments made during reexamination were to become effective by way of a reexamination certificate, we conclude that the ’471 patent is not entitled to safe-harbor protection."

"Because the safe-harbor provision of 35 U.S.C. § 121 does not apply to the ’471 patent to protect it from invali-dation based on the ’272 and ’195 reference patents, and because Janssen is not entitled to the two-way test for obviousness-type double patenting, we affirm the Board’s rejection of claims 1–7 of the ’471 patent as unpatentable under the doctrine of obviousness-type double patenting."

my two cents:
本案例釐清「基於121法條的safe harbor」:
嚴格來說,僅DIV處於121避風港內;CIP案並不在避風港內。

本部落格曾有不少有關double patenting的報導,但並未涵蓋所有MPEP 804的情況,應該還有機會繼續補充,例如:
http://enpan.blogspot.tw/2011/02/double-patenting-i.html
http://enpan.blogspot.tw/2011/02/double-patenting-ii.html
http://enpan.blogspot.tw/2013/03/double-patenting-iii.html
http://enpan.blogspot.tw/2015/11/double-patenting-iv.html

涉及法條:35 U.S.C. § 121 Divisional Applications
If two or more independent and distinct inventions are claimed in one application, the Director may require the application to be restricted to one of the inventions. If the other invention is made the subject of a divisional application which complies with the requirements of section 120 it shall be entitled to the benefit of the filing date of the original application. A patent issuing on an application with respect to which a requirement for restriction under this section has been made, or on an application filed as a result of such a requirement, shall not be used as a reference either in the Patent and Trademark Office or in the courts against a divisional application or against the original application or any patent issued on either of them, if the divisional application is filed before the issuance of the patent on the other application. The validity of a patent shall not be questioned for failure of the Director to require the application to be restricted to one invention.

判決書:http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/opinions-orders/17-1257.Opinion.1-19-2018.1.PDF(備份:https://app.box.com/s/gtlxnb68vnze4jo0d03329sje7f965p0

參考資料:
https://patentlyo.com/patent/2018/01/patent-blockbuster-remicade.html
https://www.bitlaw.com/source/mpep/804.html

Ron