2021年前往火星探索的毅力號(Perseverance)從其機身內飛出一架火星直升機 - 機智號(Ingenuity),除了毅力號本體持續探索火星外,機智號令人驚奇地在3年內執行72次飛行探索火星表面,當時就想說這架飛機有沒有"專利",現在冒出來了,但是是一件侵權訴訟案。
機智號可參考https://science.nasa.gov/mission/mars-2020-perseverance/ingenuity-mars-helicopter/,

案件資訊:
原告/上訴人:PAUL E. ARLTON, DAVID J. ARLTON
被告/交叉上訴人:AEROVIRONMENT, INC.
系爭專利:US8,042,763
判決日期:February 4, 2026
本案源起地方法院在簡易判決中判定Aero Vironment, Inc.侵權不成立。
系爭專利'763關於一種旋翼飛行器(ROTARY WING VEHICLE),以下兩張圖可以對比出系爭發明的內容,Claim 1並不花俏,就是描述旋翼飛行器的主要結構特徵:第一轉子系統與第二轉子系統,文字上為在同一個軸上有兩個旋轉轉子系統的飛行器大概都可能落入專利範圍。


1. A rotary wing aircraft comprising
a non-rotating structural backbone,
a first rotor system coupled to the non-rotating structural backbone including first variable pitch rotor blades supported by a first rotor shaft for rotation about an axis of rotation in a first rotor plane and controlled by a first blade pitch controller which includes cyclic pitch control,
a second rotor system coupled to the non-rotating structural backbone including second variable pitch rotor blades supported by a second rotor shaft for rotation about the axis of rotation in a second rotor plane and controlled by a second blade pitch controller which includes cyclic pitch control, the second rotor plane being positioned to lie in axially spaced apart relation to the first rotor plane along the axis of rotation,
wherein the first blade pitch controller is coupled to the non-rotating structural backbone so that neither the first rotor shaft nor the second rotor shaft extends through the first blade pitch controller.
專利權人Arltons將系爭專利授權給生產無人飛行器的公司 - Lite Machines Corporation,也使得Lite Machines公司取得政府機關的創新研究計畫(SBIR、STTR,2005年),參與這些政府計畫也表示政府將來可以運用這些計畫的成果,包括海軍、空軍與特種作戰司令部(Special Operations Command)。
特別應提的是,政府創新研究計畫分為三個階段:phase I - 確定具有商業潛力的科學與技術特徵;phase II - 制定符合特定需求的計畫;phase III - 通過SBIR資助的研發或其產品或服務,後續再經非SBIR資助後,應用於聯邦政府。

Lite Machines在phases I, II取得多個研發與產品合約,用於開發系爭專利US8,042,763(提醒:專利權人是Arltons)中的技術。然而,在2016年,美國空軍通知Arltons不會與Lite Machines合作phase III的開發計畫,使得Arltons停止與Lite Machines的合作關係。
這時,本案被告AeroVironment上場,AeroVironment是著名的NASA長期合作的噴射推進實驗室(JPL)的合作廠商,英文指為分包商(subcontract),應該就是依照JPL的訂單生產器具的廠商。JPL要求AeroVironment生產探索火星的無人直升機(UAV helicopter),最終就是機智號(Ingenuity)。
根據NASA網頁記載,Ingenuity自July 30, 2020發射前往火星,於Feb. 18, 2021抵達火星,總共執行72次飛行任務,到了Jan. 25, 2024旋翼損壞,功成身退。而本案原告Arltons則是在機智號發射幾天後(2020年8月)在加州中央地方法院對AeroVironment提出侵權告訴。
AeroVironment於2021年2月提出基於28 U.S.C. § 1498免責的簡易判決請願,主張原告Arltons不能在地方法院對自己提告,而僅能在美國聯邦索賠法院(CFC)對美國政府提出告訴。
原告Arltons主張被告AeroVironment不能將侵權行為轉嫁至政府,政府也不能(違法)同意被告的侵權行為,因為基於15 U.S. Code § 638 - Research and development,應仍與Lite Machines合作phase III的開發計畫(ps. 也就是認為應該由Lite Machines"順順地"執行Ingenuity的製造生產的訂單)。
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28 U.S.C. § 1498(這是一種強制授權的免責條款,可以保護承包政府計劃的包商免於侵權賠償,使得專利權/著作權人僅能在美國聯邦索賠法院(United States Court of Federal Claims, CFC)對美國政府提出損害賠償)
(a)Whenever an invention described in and covered by a patent of the United States is used or manufactured by or for the United States without license of the owner thereof or lawful right to use or manufacture the same, the owner’s remedy shall be by action against the United States in the United States Court of Federal Claims for the recovery of his reasonable and entire compensation for such use and manufacture. Reasonable and entire compensation shall include the owner’s reasonable costs, including reasonable fees for expert witnesses and attorneys, in pursuing the action if the owner is an independent inventor, a nonprofit organization, or an entity that had no more than 500 employees at any time during the 5-year period preceding the use or manufacture of the patented invention by or for the United States.
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結果原本受理的加州中央地方法院同意AeroVironment的簡易判決請願,否決Arltons基於§ 638認為免責不能延及承包商的主張。期間,Arltons又提出營業秘密的主張,但也被地院否決。
到了2021年5月,根據AeroVironment接受媒體訪談的內容 - 提到地面版本Ingenuity - "Terry"的特性,Arltons要求撤銷AeroVironment提出的簡易判決請願,針對"Terry",重新提出侵權訴訟中的探索程序(discovery),這回地院同意Arltons針對媒體公開內容執行探索程序。不過,結果仍是判定同意AeroVironment基於§ 1498的免責主張,但另一方面否決AeroVironment提出返還律師費用的請求(35 U.S.C. § 285,因為原告Arltons的主張並非無理由)。