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2021年3月5日 星期五

跟美軍談生意不能期待僅有善意 - Authentic Apparel v. US (Fed. Cir. 2021)

本篇名為「跟美軍談生意不能期待善意 - Authentic Apparel v. US (Fed. Cir. 2021)」,主要是因為民間廠商想要藉由美軍(此案指陸軍)的授權販售相關商品,但卻簽署了對自己不利的合約,沒有想到之後可能帶來的困擾。

案件資訊:
原告/上訴人:AUTHENTIC APPAREL GROUP, LLC, RON REUBEN
被告/被上訴人:UNITED STATES

本篇緣起CFC上訴案件,涉及商標使用。

Authentic Apparel Clothing Co.(https://authenticapparelclothing.com/)是一間服裝公司,獲得美國軍隊非專屬授權(non-exclusive license)製造美軍品牌用品,但是銷售之前需要獲得美軍批准。本次爭議的是"the Rock"品牌軍裝,這回美軍拒絕Authentic擴大"the Rock"產品,也阻礙其他產品,還宣稱延遲其他項目(編按,從判決內容得知是因為Authentic沒有及時繳交授權費,甚至是拒絕繳費),這樣,因為對方是美國政府單位,Authentic於CFC(聯邦索賠法院)對美軍(陸軍)提起訴訟。

Authentic Apparel Clothing Co. v. US Army的爭議為基於其合約中的商標使用:當Authentic要生產產品、包裝、邊飾、材料、展示與廣告時,需要美軍(陸軍)的同意,美軍具有唯一而絕對的裁量權。其他的規定就是當美軍不同亦,Authentic無權主張損害賠償。

"Prior to any sale or distribution, [Authentic], at its expense, shall submit to [the Army] all items including, but not limited to, products, packaging, labeling, point of sale materials, trade show displays, sales materials and advertising (subject to Section 14.3) bearing the PROPERTY and/or CREATIONS . . . for [the Army]’s advance written approval, in [the Army]’s sole and absolute discretion, at all stages listed below."

Authentic於CFC對美軍提告的主要指控是美軍否認剝奪Authentic使用美軍商標的善意拒絕Authentic廣告延遲鞋品合約,甚至拒絕同意巨石強森(Dwayne Johnson)的廣告(編按,不曉得這是不是主因?)。

在CFC階段,法官同意美軍提起的簡易判決(summary judgment),根據授權合約,Authentic敗訴,確認美軍具有唯一而絕對的裁量權(sole and absolute discretion),且不能針對美軍不批准的決定要求損害賠償(編按,與美軍做生意不容易呀!)

CAFC階段:

(跳過有關Reuben不符訴訟立場的爭議("Reuben did not have third-party beneficiary status under the 2010 license agreement, and the court properly dismissed Reuben for lack of standing."),但此議題同樣是此次訴訟的主要爭點)

在關於Authentic與美軍合約的爭議中,合約中明確規定美軍有唯一與絕對的裁量權(sole and absolute discretion),且Authentic也不能對基於此規定損害提起損害賠償。就法律而言,合約記載已經指出誰贏誰輸,但就常理而言,是否美軍的拒絕導致廠商損害是錯誤的,就法院的立場,根據合約,顯然Authentic為了作美軍的生意,或是藉由美軍的同意去做生意,而同意簽署對自己不利的合約(美軍有否決權),也就表示Authentic願意承擔風險,之後雖感受到美軍不是那樣善意,但這不會影響判決的因素。

Authentic也主張即便美均有裁量權,但也不能違反商標用途,甚至還主張商標無效,然而,這部份非本次訴訟可以解決。

法院說明,商標的用途是讓消費者識別商品的來源,在Authentic的產品來說,消費者看到的是Authentic,而美軍對Authentic的合約包括商標授權,也就表示商標權人可控制被授權人的產品品質("The quality theory permits a trademark owner to license the mark and allow licensees to buy supplies from anyone, provided the licensor maintains quality control over products reaching consumers under the mark."),商標授權應該是結合合約,而不是獨立行使。法院判定本案合約行使並沒有違背商標法。

法院理解雙方的合約要求Authentic繳付最低的授權費用,但並沒有明確要求美軍要同意任何所有產品銷售,其中是有點不平衡,但是即便美軍的作法有些隨便或惡意,但仍符合合約規定,美軍至少批准了90%以上的Authentic的提議。而Authentic並沒有證明其中有不合理的地方。

最後,法院同意政府與民間合作應該是基於善意與公平的義務,但是本案Authentic並沒有證明政府(美軍)的裁決不是基於善意或公平。因此同意CFC判決,Authentic敗訴。


會與美國政府、美軍訴訟的事情大概美國最多吧!本部落格有關CFC案例:
- 美國聯邦索賠法院 - Court of Federal Claims(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2015/08/court-of-federal-claims.html
- 與美國政府爭誰發明了隱形科技 - Zoltek Corp. v. US (Fed. Cir. 2016)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2016/03/zoltek-corp-v-us-fed-cir-2016.html
- 告美國政府 - 法院意見可能太過分,但專利仍無效 - American Innotek v. U.S.A. (Fed. Cir. 2017)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2018/01/american-innotek-v-usa-fed-cir-2017.html
- CFC案例:美國政府認為自己使用的戰機頭盔技術專利無效!(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2015/08/cfc.html



Ron

2020年9月2日 星期三

專利權被撤銷不構成損害賠償理由 - Christy, Inc. v. US (Fed. Cir. 2020)

Christy, Inc. v. US (Fed. Cir. 2020)

案件資訊:

原告/上訴人/專利權人:CHRISTY, INC., ON BEHALF OF ITSELF AND ALL OTHERS SIMILARLY SITUATED
被告/被上訴人:UNITED STATES 系爭專利:US7,082,640(IPR2015-00468、IPR2015-00472
判決日:August 24, 2020

本案緣起系爭專利'640在IPR異議程序被判無效,專利權人Christy接著在聯邦索賠法院(Court of Federal Claim)向美國政府索取因為PTAB判決專利無效的賠償(集體訴訟class-action suit),但被駁回,因此Christy上訴CAFC。

系爭專利US7,082,640關於一種可以反抽而清理「吸塵器」濾網的技術,於2006年獲准專利,這個實用的發明的發明人是David McCutchen。時間點在美國專利改革法案AIA實施之前,時間與專利維持費用都是爭點:系爭專利於2003年申請、2006年領證,領證費1000美元,維持專利的費用:$490(3.5years)+$1800(7.5years)+$3,700(11.5years),到了2014年,Christy專利的被授權人CDC向兩個競爭對手Black & Decker提出侵權告訴。被告即向PTAB提出IPR異議請願,PTAB最終決定是claims 1-18無效,剩下claims 19-20。




對PTAB的決定,專利權人Christy向CFC提起集體訴訟(class-action suit),主要訴求是要求美國政府賠償專利無效前的花費,包括維持專利的費用,相關事業投資、期待的授權費用與花費,以及訴訟與異議程序中的律師費用等,但此訴求被CFC因為沒有管轄權與錯誤索賠等理由撤銷(編按,主因是專利權被撤銷並不構成損害賠償的理由)。



法院的主要態度是,專利權人在專利有效期間的付出並非是因為"錯誤"導致,因為政府沒有錯誤,且政府也沒有要求專利權人Christy付出所主張的賠償,這些不是「非法強制」的費用。

"Because “the government did not require Christy to pay” any of the other alleged damages “to a third party on the government’s behalf, or even to be paid at all,” the court found Christy’s theory that these damages were illegally exacted “devoid of merit.”"

CAFC階段:

Christy反對CFC的幾項決定:(1)Christy錯誤聲明被撤銷專利權為可賠償;(2)法院(CFC)缺少非法強徵索賠的專利標的的管轄權;(3)Christy錯誤聲明合理的非法強徵索賠。

"(1) finding that Christy failed to state a compensable takings claim based on the cancellation of claims 1–18 of the ’640 patent; (2) finding that the court lacked subject matter jurisdiction over Christy’s illegal ex-action claim; and (3) finding that Christy failed to state a plausible illegal exaction claim."

此案審理中,CAFC平行做出類似案例判決:Golden v. United States, 955 F.3d 981 (Fed. Cir. 2020)。

根據Golden案意旨,CAFC確認CFC其對Christy的索賠主張的管轄權;Christy錯誤聲明合理的非法強徵索賠,也就是針對過去維持專利權、專利權被撤銷以相關訴訟的索賠是錯誤的;Christy在維持專利權的費用並非基於USPTO的錯誤或是不當行為,而是根據法律的決定,沒有任何非法強制的錯誤,因此駁回Christy索賠的上訴。



my two cents:
獲准專利權,專利權的穩定性仍是受到挑戰與質疑,這讓專利系統充滿了不確定性,還要付出不少成本,但是這個遊戲規則還是因為顧及各方利益,包括專利權人、競爭對手、大眾等,對發明人而言,除了還是要捍衛權益外,多樣性布局仍是重要的積極態度,降低身家財產重押在少數"強度不高"專利上的風險。
判決文:
http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/opinions-orders/19-1738.OPINION.8-24-2020_1641413.pdf(備份:https://app.box.com/s/7odaf6fw1pjo03xhw105aigh8fe1ge6o


資料參考:

https://patentlyo.com/patent/2020/08/taking-illegal-exaction.html

其他參考:
美國聯邦索賠法院 - Court of Federal Claims(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2015/08/court-of-federal-claims.html

Ron

2018年1月2日 星期二

告美國政府 - 法院意見可能太過分,但專利仍無效 - American Innotek v. U.S.A. (Fed. Cir. 2017)

本篇雖名為"告美國政府 - 法院意見可能太過分,但專利仍無效",但是其中比較積極的學習是「The Objective Indicia of Non-Obviousness(非顯而易知的客觀指標)」,這個客觀指標對政府來說是要避免左手被告、右手說無效的瓜田李下嫌疑,因此格外嚴肅。

案件資訊:
原告/上訴人:American Innotek, Inc., A California Corporation
被告/被上訴人:United States
系爭專利:US5,116,139
判決日期:December 19, 2017

本案緣起美國創新(American Innotek, Inc)在美國聯邦索賠法院Court of Federal Claims)對美國政府(United States)提出侵權告訴,但訴訟中,系爭專利被認為因為不具非顯而易知性(35 U.S.C. § 103)無效,原告上訴CAFC。

補充,與美國政府的訴訟爭議要再「美國聯邦索賠法院(CFC)」解決,參考資料:http://enpan.blogspot.tw/2015/08/court-of-federal-claims.html

系爭專利'139關於一種液體密封袋,如一種尿袋,可以將液體導入隔絕的容器中,袋中有親水性材料,可以迅速凝膠化,之後密封。袋內親水性材料有一些成份,如酶、除臭劑、香料,人體異常指示劑,甚至可驗孕。


Claim 1:
1. A containment bag for a fluid comprising water or water-based liquid such as bodily fluids which comprises:
a bag having a hollow interior defined by two sides meeting at opposite edges, a bottom and a top, with said edges and bottom sealed and said top at least partially open to receiving said;
a gellable hydrophilic material within said bag, said material becoming fully gelled within thirty seconds of said contact with said fluid when said is deposited in said bag, said gellation serving to essentially completely sequester said and prevent said fluid from thereafter being expelled from said bag;
funnel means within said interior and having an open top, said funnel means being secured to said bag at said top of said bag, and extending downwardly within said interior to a narrower open bottom for conduction of fluid entering said open top through said funnel means and into said bag, with the open bottom of said funnel being disposed intermediate between said top and bottom of said bag, said open bottom being free from attachment to said sides of said bag such that flow of any unsequestered fluid within said bag back toward said funnel means acts to close said funnel means to prevent escape of said unsequestered fluid from said bag; and
closure means for closing the top of said bag after introduction of said fluid into said bag.

CFC判決(1頁)從Finnegan網站搜尋得到:https://www.finnegan.com/images/content/1/4/v2/145831/2016.09.08-11cv223-AmericanInnotek-v-US-Order-DI179.pdf

CAFC意見:

「goes too far」,太過分了。

CAFC審理系爭專利的專利性時,認為CFC作出「無論是多麼地"非顯而易見",仍無法克服先前技術元件有合理成功期待組合的動機(motivation to combine prior art elements with a reasonable expectation of success)的顯而易知證據」的意見,認為CFC太過分了。

CAFC引用案例,指出顯而易知性的客觀指標(objective indicia):要求每一件案件都要考量「objective indicia」,也就是要更周詳地證明顯而易知性。

Objective indicia of nonobviousness must be considered in every case where present,” Apple Inc. v. Samsung Elecs. Co., Ltd., 839 F.3d 1034, 1048 (Fed. Cir. 2016) (en banc).

---------------------
引用案例:蘋果專利有效且侵權勝訴 - 有關證據能力的討論 - Apple v. Samsung (Fed. Cir. 2016)http://enpan.blogspot.tw/2016/10/apple-v-samsung-fed-cir-2016.html)。

此案例的教示 - The Objective Indicia of Non-Obviousness(非顯而易知的客觀指標)
為了避免後見之明,以及故意解讀先前技術的教示產生的不客觀意見,證明發明為非顯而易知的幾個輔助性因素(secondary considerations)或是客觀指標顯得重要。這些輔助性因素是如何連結到被告產品(或其成功)上,需要實質證據來支持這些事實。特別的是,在此案例中,聯席法官要排除所述額外證據「extra-record evidence」。

客觀指標:
- Industry Praise(產業讚賞)
- Copying(仿冒)
- Commercial Success(商業成功)
- Long-Felt Need(長期以來的需求/long-felt but unresolved need)
---------------------

需要客觀的事實證據,最高法院在KSR案例中曾經警告,不要在評估顯而易知時"轉化有用見解"為剛性而強制性的公式("Supreme Court has warned against transforming “helpful insights” about assessing obviousness into “rigid and mandatory formulas,” KSR Int’l Co. v. Teleflex Inc., 550 U.S. 398, 419 (2007). ")。

所謂「客觀指標」,根據先前技術產生的證據的事實發現、先前技術結合或修改的動機,以及基於事實發現的成功的期待。這些原則用以評估各個具體案例,即便認為CFC的意見過份,但是基於整個證據,權衡客觀指標與事實,仍認為系爭專利無效。

結語:
CAFC在簡短的意見中強調「顯而易知性」無效意見需要基於強烈的事實發現,避免用自己的見解來強加在顯而易知性判斷中。

雖不同意部分CFC見解,但是仍同意最終系爭專利無效的決定。

CAFC判決文:http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/opinions-orders/17-1178.Opinion.12-15-2017.1.PDF

Ron

2016年3月4日 星期五

與美國政府爭誰發明了隱形科技 - Zoltek Corp. v. US (Fed. Cir. 2016)

(放上這張似乎可以讓本篇更有看頭...,照片來源:wikipedia)

此案例關於美國國防最尖端武力中採用「匿蹤」的戰機塗裝材料侵權爭議,Court of Federal Claims (CFC)為處理美國政府與民間的爭議的法院,上訴法院CAFC案的爭議起源係因Court of Federal Claims判決中撤銷系爭專利權。

Court of Federal Claims可參考:http://enpan.blogspot.tw/2015/08/court-of-federal-claims.html

案件資訊:
專利權人/原告/上訴人:ZOLTEK CORPORATION
侵權被告/被上訴人:UNITED STATES
系爭專利:Re 34,162

緣起,Re 34,162專利權人Zoltek於1996年對美國政府提出侵權告訴,Court of Federal Claims (CFC)受理訴訟,認為美國政府的B-2轟炸機與F-22戰鬥機的「匿蹤」科技使用的碳纖維機身侵犯Zoltek專利。

CFC訴訟按判決共有三波(編按:怎麼告美國政府,這是很好的案例,但也很慘烈),最後CFC認定專利無效,理由是違反美國專利法第103, 112條
Zoltek Corporation v. United States, 442 F.3d 1345, 1353 (Fed. Cir. 2006) (Plager, J., dissenting)
(Zoltek I)
Zoltek Corporation v. United States, 672 F.3d 1309, 1311 (Fed. Cir. 2012) (en banc) (Zoltek II)
Zoltek Corporation v. United States, No. 96-166C, 2014 WL 1279152 (Fed. Cl. Mar. 31, 2014)
(2014案:https://ecf.cofc.uscourts.gov/cgi-bin/show_public_doc?1996cv0166-526-0;備份:https://app.box.com/s/19ws9afg1jogf42nlugshpf1utpyxcrw

CFC審理時因為國防機密而拒絕對於F-22戰鬥機的探索程序(discovery),並且此再領證案(re-issue)在母案公告專利上又擴增專利範圍,但被CFC認為修正後專利範圍超出原揭露內容而無效(112),更根據多件先前技術認為系爭專利為顯而易知的技術(103)。

CFC特別提到何謂合格的先前技術:(1)應為相同技術領域的前案;(2)與發明解決問題相關的前案。
a reference must qualify as ‘analogous art,’ i.e., it must satisfy one of the following conditions: (1) the reference must be from the same field of endeavor; or (2) the reference must be reasonably pertinent to the problem with which the inventor is involved.

系爭專利:
http://zoltek.com/


Re 34,162


單碳纖維的溫度與電阻率特性涉及整片碳纖維的表面電阻率,這是發明重要特徵:


被告侵權物:
B-2轟炸機:
"B-2的低可視度,即俗稱的匿蹤能力使它能安全的穿過嚴密的防空系統進行攻擊。B-2的匿蹤必非僅侷限於雷達偵測層面,也包括降低紅外線、可見光與噪音等不同訊號,使被偵測與鎖定的可能降到最低。B-2的機體大多都是由複合材料所製造,以達成高強度與低重量的要求,同時複合材料也可以吸收大部分的雷達訊號,使其雷達截面積降低至極低的程度。一般認為,B-2轟炸機的雷達截面積僅為0.1 m2"
照片與資料來源:Wikipedia(https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/B-2幽灵战略轰炸机

F-22戰鬥機:
"F-22採用雙垂尾雙發單座布局。垂尾向外傾斜27度,恰好處於一般隱身設計的邊緣。其兩側進氣口裝在前緣延伸面(邊條翼)下方,與噴嘴一樣,都作了抑制紅外輻射的匿蹤設計,主翼和水平安定面採用相同的後掠角和後緣前掠角,都是小展弦比的梯形平面形,水泡型座艙蓋凸出於前機身上部,全部武器都隱蔽地掛在4個內部彈艙之中。"
照片與資料來源:Wikipedia(https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/F-22猛禽戰鬥機

CAFC階段:
議題一:
CAFC延續CFC所產生的專利性爭議,包括再領證案修正已經超出原申請時說明書範圍;又主張侵權行為應該發生在製造此材料的一方,並非針對自特定對象購買材料的一方(指美國政府)。




對此議題,CAFC否決CFC判決,判定系爭專利並無違反112規定

議題二:
對於美國政府聘請的專家證人提出的先前技術,包括系爭專利審查時的前案,經交互詰問之後,CAFC法官認為先前技術並未教示或建議系爭專利中的技術特徵,證據無法支持顯而易知的說法,這裡對於103專利性討論提到以下原則,經此原則來看,專家證人自己根據先前技術無法作出如系爭專利所稱碳纖維的特性。

"Patentability under the statute, § 103, is a decision made on the basis of a hypothesis: Would the invention have been obvious ‘to a person having ordinary skill in the art to which the subject matter pertains’ in the light of all knowledge conveyed by ‘prior art’ as defined by statute and case law."



CAFC因此否決CFC認為系爭專利無效的理由。與美國政府爭誰發明了隱形科技的侵權議題尚未定論,發回重審

判決文:
http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/opinions-orders/14-5082.Opinion.2-17-2016.1.PDF
(備份:https://app.box.com/s/4dm6ai7r1ed0k4hqko0h7mx1h4t94q81

資料參考:
http://patentlyo.com/patent/2016/02/invented-stealth-technology.html

Ron

2015年10月12日 星期一

美國政府說自己不會是美國專利的侵權者

(本案例並非討論技術實體)

政府會不會侵犯自己核准的專利?答案是,會;但美國政府說,不會!理由之一是,這類案件應該交給CFC(Court of Federal Claims)審理,而這類法院沒有陪審團,所以...不會有民間的意見,只會討論合理的賠償爭議。其實主要論點是,美國政府不會是「侵權者」,而是站在是否同意支付賠償或授權費用的官方立場

涉及法條28 U.S.C. § 1498(a):
(a) Whenever an invention described in and covered by a patent of the United States is used or manufactured by or for the United States without license of the owner thereof or lawful right to use or manufacture the same, the owner's remedy shall be by action against the United States in the United States Court of Federal Claims for the recovery of his reasonable and entire compensation for such use and manufacture. Reasonable and entire compensation shall include the owner's reasonable costs, including reasonable fees for expert witnesses and attorneys, in pursuing the action if the owner is an independent inventor, a nonprofit organization, or an entity that had no more than 500 employees at any time during the 5-year period preceding the use or manufacture of the patented invention by or for the United States. Nothwithstanding the preceding sentences, unless the action has been pending for more than 10 years from the time of filing to the time that the owner applies for such costs and fees, reasonable and entire compensation shall not include such costs and fees if the court finds that the position of the United States was substantially justified or that special circumstances make an award unjust.

其中規定與美國政府的侵權官司應該在CFC進行審理,審理的內容包括使用與製造專利保護的發明所涉及的賠償與訴訟費用,如果專利權人為獨立發明人、非營利組織,或是小實體企業,可在美國政府使用與製造相關專利發明的5年期間提出訴訟。

案例討論:Astornet Technologies Inc. v. BAE Systems, Inc. (Fed. Cir. 2015)

專利權人:Haddad Michael A
專屬被授權人:Astornet Technologies, Inc.
侵權被告:NCR Government Systems, LLC; MorphoTrust USA, LLC; and BAE Systems, Inc.
系爭專利:US7,639,844

US7,639,844關於一種機場車輛閘門進出系統(Airport vehicular gate entry access system),這是關於機場人員來往進出的安全措施,算是"反恐"的措施之一吧?其中實施方式主要是提供一個手持的安全確認裝置,配合軟體的工作,確認授權資訊、員工狀態,甚至包括簽發臨時出入證等功能。


Claim 1:
1. An automated access control system for securing airport vehicular gates and airport sterile areas comprising:
a standardized credential reader means for reading a credential encoded with personal identification to be used at entry point into the airport sterile areas and automatically collects data to build individual real time records;
a software application for recovering information from the standardized credential reader, wherein one or more of the following processing is performed:
real time records are checked searching for a credential collected information match; individual suspicious status is checked against a security list stored in a system database; employee records are checked to determine if the individual is an employee; the type of entry, visitor, employee, contractor, supplier, or vendor, is determined; and admission is processed as entry or re-entry of the individuals,
an ID authenticator, wherein a credential to be authenticated is presented, a credential physical aspect and embedded security features are analyzed to determine the possibility of any tempering or forgery and provide an authenticity risk rating, said ID authenticator comprises means to read non-encoded credentials, whereas said ID authenticator generates an authentication data record comprising presented credential information and authentication rating,
a central processing unit for receiving information from the standardized credential reader and the ID authenticator;
wherein, upon a credential reading, the automated access control system automatically determines the source of the credential data record, and automatically extracts personal information to be checked against a security list, TSA NO-FLY list, SELECTEE list, other alternative credentials; whereas upon the credential authentication, the automated access control system automatically extracts authentication information from the authentication data record, and subsequently displays a warning window, as a result of the individual credentials match and ID forgery risks rating contained in the authentication data record.

請求項1界定一種用於機場車輛閘門的自動進出控制系統,其中具有憑證讀取器以及相關處理憑證管理與認證的軟體,使用者可以使用身份認證裝置進行認證,進而執行自動進出機場的動作。主架構與一般自動停車場無異,特色大概就在於因為"機場本身特殊性"產生的技術特點,比如可疑名單、安全名單、禁飛名單("security list, TSA NO-FLY list, SELECTEE list, other alternative credentials")、進出入人員身份頗為繁複("the type of entry, visitor, employee, contractor, supplier, or vendor")。註:美國運輸安全管理局(TSA:Transportation Security Administration)

對於侵權告訴本身,美國政府採用不同公司建構整個機場安全系統,對於一件專利侵權來說,被告為國運輸安全管理局(TSA),但分為三個「非直接侵權」訴訟議題,對NCR Government Systems, LLC; MorphoTrust USA, LLC; and BAE Systems, Inc.三間公司提出誘使侵權(induced infringement)告訴。直覺地,這些被告公司都認知本身技術僅應用了系爭專利的某部分,並無侵權事實,對於原告來說,需要舉證引誘侵權被告有鼓勵買方(美國政府)構成侵權的確實行為的證據

"To prove inducement of infringement, the patentee must ‘show that the accused inducer took an affirmative act to encourage infringement with the knowledge that the induced acts constitute patent infringement.’ ” Info-Hold, Inc. v. Muzak LLC, 783 F.3d 1365, 1372 (Fed. Cir. 2015)"

訴訟撤銷可參考以下法規,也是地方法院所依據撤銷告訴的理由:

Rule 41(a) Voluntary Dismissal.
(1) By the Plaintiff.
(A) Without a Court Order. Subject to Rules 23(e), 23.1(c), 23.2, and 66 and any applicable federal
statute, the plaintiff may dismiss an action without a court order by filing:
(i) a notice of dismissal before the opposing party serves either an answer or a motion for summary judgment; or
(ii) a stipulation of dismissal signed by all parties who have appeared.
(B) Effect. Unless the notice or stipulation states otherwise, the dismissal is without prejudice.
But if the plaintiff previously dismissed any federal- or state-court action based on or including the same claim, a notice of dismissal operates as an adjudication on the merits.

程序上,地方法院撤銷此訴訟,理由是侵權告訴其實是針對美國政府,應由CFC(Court of Federal Claims)審理,結果CAFC同意,於是本訴訟被撤銷。

"In that motion the government explained that “the simplest solution is for plaintiff to voluntarily dismiss both this action and the district court action, and then refile his section 1498 action in the Court of Federal Claims.”"

不過,在相同結果下,CAFC論述並不同意地方法院根據Rule 41作出的結論,認為被告NCR、MorphoTrust論點並不滿足Rule 41的適用。

判決文:
https://app.box.com/s/2wke0kk84y2nxj5ke0u4dkjya2zadooq

資料補充:
CFC(Court of Federal Claims)處理美國政府訴訟案例的管轄法院,一些介紹可參考:
美國聯邦索賠法院 - Court of Federal Claims(http://enpan.blogspot.tw/2015/08/court-of-federal-claims.html

跟美國政府有關的侵權訴訟的案例:
http://enpan.blogspot.tw/2015/08/cfc.html

資訊參考:
http://patentlyo.com/patent/2015/09/government-infringe-impossible.html

Ron