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2026年10月2日 星期五
犀牛盾 v. 惡魔殼「違反公平交易法」判決歷程筆記
相關法條:
2026年9月1日 星期二
普通觀察者是否被欺瞞的設計侵權判斷原則 - Egyptian Goddess, Inc. v. Swisa, Inc. (Fed. Cir. 2008)
在地院階段,兩個議題:系爭設計無效爭議與侵權爭議。地院判決被告Swisa並未證明系爭設計拋光工具的外觀是由其實用目的所支配(dictated by its utilitarian purpose),因此地院判決系爭專利有效。而對於被告提起侵權不成立簡易判決(summary judgment of non-infringement)請願,地院引用前例要求原告需證明:(1)以“普通觀察者”(ordinary observer test)眼光,認知被告侵權產品與系爭設計實質相似;(2)被告侵權產品“實質相同”系爭設計能區隔先前技術的“新穎特徵”(point of novelty)。
在此新穎特徵的攻防中,原告EGI列出幾項特徵的組合(如:開放與中空主體、正方形截面、隆起的長方形磨具、暴露出的角落等),法院進一步與先前技術(Nailco)比對從中得出新穎特徵 - 長方形主體(編按這裡判決文好像有錯,寫成三角形),而又認為陪審團不會認同說這個新穎特徵相對先前設計是重大的進步(non-trivial advance)。
然而,本案進入en banc(原告提CAFC複審請願被否決),但en banc同意審理,參考CAFC提出反對意見的法官DYK,見解如下:DYK不同意採用"non-trivial advance"測試作為設計基於新穎特徵的侵權判斷方法,認為這個測試與前例不一致,也沒有支持的前例,且混淆了侵權標準與設計顯而易見性的判斷,DYK認為"non-trivial advance"測試僅針對有多個元素組合的設計,在本案不是拿來評估"設計整體"的顯而易見性,而是不當地用於評估"每個新穎特徵"的顯而易見性。
據此,法院受理rehearing en banc(全院聯席重審),各方提出幾個議題:
本議題後面一段也頗為精彩,談到可能訴訟雙方都會尋求對自己有利的判斷法則,就討論到舉證責任,不翻譯了,呈現精彩原文:
3. 如何進行新穎特徵測試?特別是當設計的複數個特徵不同於先前設計時。4. 是否地方法院在審理設計專利案時應執行正式的專利範圍解釋?(一起理解)
一個熟悉先前設計的消費者(買者)沒有因為設計專利與被告設計的相似度而被欺瞞/誤認以為買了某一來源(原本想買)的產品,因此判定侵權不成立。
CAFC 2008年en banc判決:https://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/opinions-orders/06-1562.pdf(備份:https://app.box.com/s/5b6oez8uwt5aiivm9hn7a817pb68uypv)
2026年8月27日 星期四
1984年確立「新穎特徵基準」案例-Litton Systems, Inc. v. Whirlpool Corp. (Fed. Cir. 1984)
- Determining the scope and contents of the prior art.(確認前案的範疇)
- Ascertaining the differences between the prior art and the claims at issue.(查明權利範圍與前案的差異)
- Resolving the level of ordinary skill in the pertinent art.(分辨發明相關領域的一般技術水平)
- Considering objective evidence present in the application indicating obviousness or nonobviousness.(考慮申請案中顯而易見或非顯而易見的的客觀證據)
這部份也就是日後稱為Graham factors -- secondary considerations:商業上成功、解決長期未解決的需求、克服別人的失敗
2026年8月13日 星期四
關於全球SEP授權與FRAND原則的重要案例 - Unwired Planet v Huawei [2020] UKSC 37, United Kingdom
原告/被上訴人:Unwired Planet International Ltd
被告/上訴人:(1) Huawei Technologies Co. Ltd、(2) Huawei Technologies (UK) Co. Ltd
系爭專利:
EP (UK) 2 229 744 (SEP)
判決前言就說明本篇判決全球電信業來說很重要,上訴議題包括:
以上意見都是源自下級法院的意見,最高法院同意,並駁回上訴。
資料參考:
2026年8月10日 星期一
英國最高法院判定通過平台實施SEP授權的FRAND義務 - Tesla, Inc. v. InterDigital Patent Holdings, Inc., [2026] UKSC 27 (27 July 2026)
2026年4月22日 星期三
最高法院不受理Dr. Thaler "AI著作登記申請案"上訴案 - Thaler v. Perlmutter (Case No. 25-449)
避免本篇僅是一個補新聞的報導,還是摘錄一些內容。
即便著作權法並未定義"作者",但強調法律設計都是為了人類,所謂"作者"僅能是人類。
人類生命是有限制的,並可主張權利,權利可以移轉、繼承、簽名...,機器只是工具。
- 著作權法規範“著作權人/ownership”前提是著作人擁有財產的的法律能力。
- 著作權法限制作者擁有著作權的期限 – 終生+延長期限(美國是個人/共同創作作者生前+70年;台灣是作者終生+50年)。
- 著作權法規範繼承權 – 作者死後,可由繼承人行使著作權。
- 著作權轉換需要“簽名”以轉換權利(簽署轉讓文書)。
- 未發表創作的作者仍被著作權保護,不論其國籍或是住所。
- 作者有意圖...。
- 根據著作權法上下文,機器是工具,不會是作者。
2026年4月13日 星期一
專利適格性在促進AI創新的角色 - 筆記3
The Supreme Court has identified a number of considerations as relevant to the evaluation of whether the claimed additional elements amount to an inventive concept. The list of considerations here is not intended to be exclusive or limiting. Additional elements can often be analyzed based on more than one type of consideration and the type of consideration is of no import to the eligibility analysis. Additional discussion of these considerations, and how they were applied in particular judicial decisions, is provided in in MPEP § 2106.05(a) through (h).
Limitations that the courts have found to qualify as “significantly more” when recited in a claim with a judicial exception include:
重要!(申請專利範圍中為法定例外不予專利時,其中可以具備"實質超越/significantly more"的元件:(i)電腦功能的改善,如DDR案;(ii)技術領域中的技術改良,如Diamond案;(iii)使用在特定機器;(iv)轉換特定物品到另一個狀態;(v)加入已知、常規或習知活動以外的特定限制,使發明有具體應用;(vi)發明具備超過連接法定例外到特定技術環境的有意義的限制。)
- i. Improvements to the functioning of a computer, e.g., a modification of conventional Internet hyperlink protocol to dynamically produce a dual-source hybrid webpage, as discussed in DDR Holdings, LLC v. Hotels.com, L.P., 773 F.3d 1245, 1258-59, 113 USPQ2d 1097, 1106-07 (Fed. Cir. 2014) (see MPEP § 2106.05(a));
- ii. Improvements to any other technology or technical field, e.g., a modification of conventional rubber-molding processes to utilize a thermocouple inside the mold to constantly monitor the temperature and thus reduce under- and over-curing problems common in the art, as discussed in Diamond v. Diehr, 450 U.S. 175, 191-92, 209 USPQ 1, 10 (1981) (see MPEP § 2106.05(a));
- iii. Applying the judicial exception with, or by use of, a particular machine, e.g., a Fourdrinier machine (which is understood in the art to have a specific structure comprising a headbox, a paper-making wire, and a series of rolls) that is arranged in a particular way to optimize the speed of the machine while maintaining quality of the formed paper web, as discussed in Eibel Process Co. v. Minn. & Ont. Paper Co., 261 U.S. 45, 64-65 (1923) (see MPEP § 2106.05(b));
- iv. Effecting a transformation or reduction of a particular article to a different state or thing, e.g., a process that transforms raw, uncured synthetic rubber into precision-molded synthetic rubber products, as discussed in Diehr, 450 U.S. at 184, 209 USPQ at 21 (see MPEP § 2106.05(c));
- v. Adding a specific limitation other than what is well-understood, routine, conventional activity in the field, or adding unconventional steps that confine the claim to a particular useful application, e.g., a non-conventional and non-generic arrangement of various computer components for filtering Internet content, as discussed in BASCOM Global Internet v. AT&T Mobility LLC, 827 F.3d 1341, 1350-51, 119 USPQ2d 1236, 1243 (Fed. Cir. 2016) (see MPEP § 2106.05(d)); or
- vi. Other meaningful limitations beyond generally linking the use of the judicial exception to a particular technological environment, e.g., an immunization step that integrates an abstract idea of data comparison into a specific process of immunizing that lowers the risk that immunized patients will later develop chronic immune-mediated diseases, as discussed in Classen Immunotherapies Inc. v. Biogen IDEC, 659 F.3d 1057, 1066-68, 100 USPQ2d 1492, 1499-1502 (Fed. Cir. 2011) (see MPEP § 2106.05(e)).
Limitations that the courts have found not to be enough to qualify as “significantly more” when recited in a claim with a judicial exception include:
(申請專利範圍中為法定例外不予專利時,其中"不夠"實質超越/significantly more"的元件:(i)在電腦上應用法定例外(如抽象概念);(ii)加入已知、常規與習知活動(高度普遍性);(iii)在法定例外(如抽象概念)加入不重要的額外解決方案(extra-solution activity);(iv)僅一般地連結法定例外到特定技術環境。)
- i. Adding the words “apply it” (or an equivalent) with the judicial exception, or mere instructions to implement an abstract idea on a computer, e.g., a limitation indicating that a particular function such as creating and maintaining electronic records is performed by a computer, as discussed in Alice Corp., 573 U.S. at 225-26, 110 USPQ2d at 1984 (see MPEP § 2106.05(f));
- ii. Simply appending well-understood, routine, conventional activities previously known to the industry, specified at a high level of generality, to the judicial exception, e.g., a claim to an abstract idea requiring no more than a generic computer to perform generic computer functions that are well-understood, routine and conventional activities previously known to the industry, as discussed in Alice Corp., 573 U.S. at 225, 110 USPQ2d at 1984 (see MPEP § 2106.05(d));
- iii. Adding insignificant extra-solution activity to the judicial exception, e.g., mere data gathering in conjunction with a law of nature or abstract idea such as a step of obtaining information about credit card transactions so that the information can be analyzed by an abstract mental process, as discussed in CyberSource v. Retail Decisions, Inc., 654 F.3d 1366, 1375, 99 USPQ2d 1690, 1694 (Fed. Cir. 2011) (see MPEP § 2106.05(g)); or
- iv. Generally linking the use of the judicial exception to a particular technological environment or field of use, e.g., a claim describing how the abstract idea of hedging could be used in the commodities and energy markets, as discussed in Bilski v. Kappos, 561 U.S. 593, 595, 95 USPQ2d 1001, 1010 (2010) or a claim limiting the use of a mathematical formula to the petrochemical and oil-refining fields, as discussed in Parker v. Flook, 437 U.S. 584, 588-90, 198 USPQ 193, 197-98 (1978) (MPEP § 2106.05(h)).








