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2026年6月16日 星期二

用途發明中用語“EFFECTIVE AMOUNT”的明確性議題 - Ex parte Skuballa (BPAI 1989)

前言:
MPEP 2173
2173.05(c) Numerical Ranges and Amounts Limitations
...

III. “EFFECTIVE AMOUNT”

The common phrase “an effective amount” may or may not be indefinite. The proper test is whether or not one skilled in the art could determine specific values for the amount based on the disclosure. See In reMattison, 509 F.2d 563, 184 USPQ 484 (CCPA 1975). The phrase “an effective amount . . . for growth stimulation” was held to be definite where the amount was not critical and those skilled in the art would be able to determine from the written disclosure, including the examples, what an effective amount is. In reHalleck, 422 F.2d 911, 164 USPQ 647 (CCPA 1970). The phrase “an effective amount” has been held to be indefinite when the claim fails to state the function which is to be achieved and more than one effect can be implied from the specification or the relevant art. In reFredericksen, 213 F.2d 547, 102 USPQ 35 (CCPA 1954). The more recent cases have tended to accept a limitation such as “an effective amount” as being definite when read in light of the supporting disclosure and in the absence of any prior art which would give rise to uncertainty about the scope of the claim. In Ex parteSkuballa, 12 USPQ2d 1570 (Bd. Pat. App. & Inter. 1989), the Board held that a pharmaceutical composition claim which recited an “effective amount of a compound of claim 1” without stating the function to be achieved was definite, particularly when read in light of the supporting disclosure which provided guidelines as to the intended utilities and how the uses could be effected.

----------------------------------------------
"effective amount"用語常見化學、醫藥類、製程配方等發明中,例如:

US8598227

US7816383

US7772209


Ex parte Skuballa (Bd. Pat. App. & Inter. 1989)
專利申請號:06/623869(June 25, 1984, Serial No. 623,869
訴願號:Appeal No. 86-1591
訴願決定:June 2, 1989
系爭專利:US4894391

案件源起系爭專利申請案經USPTO審查後,除了本次提起訴願的claims 18-21以外,其他Claims 1-17為核准專利範圍。

Claims 18-21被駁回理由就是不符35 U.S.C. 112(a)(b)規定,因為其中用語造成相關領域技術人員無法理解而據以實施,或是專利範圍並未明確指出發明標的。總而言之,就是其中用語

系爭專利'391關於「新型前列環素衍生物、其製備方法及其作為藥物的用途(Novel prostacyclin derivatives, process for the preparation thereof, and use thereof as medicinal agents)」,Claim 1如下,描述的是「5-cyanoprostacyclin」化學式,屬於前列環素(Prostacyclin)的結構類似物,爭議在Claim 18界定的藥品成分、Claim 20界定「抑制胃酸分泌」施藥有效劑量,以及Claim 21界定達成用藥效果的方法,都是依附Claim 1的專利範圍,用語"effective amount of a compound of claim 1"導致不明確問題。

Claims 18-21:

Claim 1:

可實施性:
USPTO審查意見駁回claims 18-21的理由是當中並未明確記載藥品用途,但是BPAI認為因為這幾項都是依附核准專利範圍Claim 1的附屬項,專利範圍應涵蓋Claim 1範圍,並且認為"成分"專利範圍並不需要列出預期用途("the recitation of an intended use is not required in the present composition claims"),特別地解讀專利範圍應參考說明書內容。因此,BPAI判定系爭專利的說明書足以指引本領域技術人員如何根據已獲准的Claim 1記載的化合物成分等內容實現claims 18-21發明

明確性:
USPTO審查委員還認為claims 18, 20, 21中用語「"an effective amount"」不明確,因為並未說明如何使用所述成分的"量/amount"達成功能(function which is to be achieved by the amount of active ingredient present)。

此意見同樣被BPAI駁回,認為如claims 20, 21等「用途發明」通過施藥"5-cyanoprostacyclin"給病患達成功效,專利範圍看來都是醫藥目的的發明,也都是醫藥用途,並非不明確。

針對其中用語"an effective amount(有效劑量)",經參照專利說明書揭露內容,判定符合明確性,也就是說明書提供足夠的指引讓相關領域技術人員可以知道其用途以及如何使用。(這裡補充有些實驗有時是必要的)

最後,BPAI同意專利申請人訴願意見,雖Claim 21列舉多種用途,可能有不明確問題,但認為相關領域技術人員仍是可以針對所列舉的用途提出有效劑量和給藥方案。

因此,認為以上爭議專利範圍為明確。

BPAI判決:系爭專利涉及醫藥成分的申請專利範圍記載的"effective amount"(有效劑量)為明確,雖沒有記載相關功能,但基於說明書記載其用途的指引,可以知悉其效果。

my two cents:
我想,本案BPAI給予系爭專利申請人極大的favor,也就是提供如MPEP 2173對於明確性的要求更為寬容的底線。

當申請專利範圍使用了可能會導致"不明確"的用語,或是解讀上沒有得出"邊界"的用語,應參照說明書給的線索,才能確定專利範圍是否明確。如此,當申請專利範圍想要寫可能產生疑慮的用語,要確保說明書有足夠的支持。


Ron

2026年6月4日 星期四

程度用語不明確議題以及宣告 - Enzo Biochem, Inc., v. Applera Corp. (Fed. Cir. 2010)

查「Enzo Biochem, 599 F.3d at 1335, 94 USPQ2d at 1328」案例,因為兩造有兩件訴訟,有不同議題,本次討論為2010年 - Enzo Biochem, Inc., v. Applera Corp. (Fed. Cir. 2010)在MPEP 2173.05(b)是作為「解決不明確的"宣告"(declaration」說明的引用案例。

"During prosecution, an applicant may also overcome an indefiniteness rejection by providing evidence that the meaning of the term of degree can be ascertained by one of ordinary skill in the art when reading the disclosure. For example, in Enzo Biochem, the applicant submitted a declaration under 37 CFR 1.132 showing examples that met the claim limitation and examples that did not. Enzo Biochem, 599 F.3d at 1335, 94 USPQ2d at 1328 (noting that applicant overcame an indefiniteness rejection over “not interfering substantially” claim language by submitting a declaration under 37 CFR 1.132 listing eight specific linkage groups that applicant declared did not substantially interfere with hybridization or detection)."(在專利審查過程中,為了要克服不明確(程度用語)核駁意見,可以提出證據證明相關領域一般技術人員可以通過閱讀說明書而查明該用語。在Enzo Biochem案例中,申請人提交「符合專利範圍限制的範例和不符合專利範圍限制的範例」宣告,在不影響專利範圍解釋的情況下克服不明確核駁意見。

37 CFR 1.132 (提交證據以反駁核駁/rejections或基於缺陷的反對/objection意見的宣告)
Affidavits or declarations traversing rejections or objections.
When any claim of an application or a patent under reexamination is rejected or objected to, any evidence submitted to traverse the rejection or objection on a basis not otherwise provided for must be by way of an oath or declaration under this section.

雙方另一爭議是:2017年均等論的議題 - Enzo Biochem v. Applera (Fed. Cir. 2017)均等論,永遠是個議題 - Enzo Biochem v. Applera (Fed. Cir. 2017)https://enpan.blogspot.com/2017/08/enzo-biochem-v-applera-fed-cir-2017.html)。


本篇討論2010年案:
原告/上訴人/專利權人:ENZO BIOCHEM, INC., ENZO LIFE SCIENCES, INC., and YALE UNIVERSITY
被告/被上訴人:APPLERA CORP. and TROPIX, INC.
系爭專利:US5,328,824、US5,449,767、US5,476,928、US5,082,830
判決日期:March 26, 2010

背景技術:
系爭專利關於標記與檢測核酸(如DNA和RNA)的技術,判決文前幾頁向我們說明相關背景技術,對於理解案例頗為受用。DNA與RNA的基本單元稱「核苷酸(nucleotide)」,每一個nucleotide由nitrogenous base、pentose sugar與phosphate group組成。DNA或RNA的兩股(strands)相互結合,或稱為「hybridize(雜交)」,形成雙股混合體(hybrid),此混合體通過互補鹼基之間的氫鍵連接在一起。

以上hybridize機制以DNA為例,一股上的adenine與另一股上的thymine相互結合;在RNA中,其中adenine結合到uracil;對於DNA與RNA,則是以cytosine結合guanine。所形成的雙股混合體稱「雜交/hybridization」,相反的程序則是將兩股分離,稱「denaturation」。

因為hybridization發生在可預測的互補股之間,因此可以用於檢測樣本中是否存在目標核酸(nucleic acid)。在此舉例,用"label/標記"結合到已知序列的核酸股,形成「檢測器」,使之雜交至互補序列,形成目標,一旦檢測器雜交於目標上,即產生可偵測的訊號,也就可以成為檢測核酸的依據

核酸的標記可以通過多種「化學物質」實現,如一種「放射性標記(radioactive labels)」,可以使用放射性檢測器檢測核酸,但是這有"可能有害、昂貴與不穩定"等缺點,系爭專利針對此放射性標記提出解決方案-使用一種化合物取代放射性標記,如:


根據判決文的解釋,在此化合物中,含氮鹼基「B」透過共價鍵直接或通過「linkage group」(圖中虛線)連接到化學物「A」。這個linkage group於系爭專利獨立請求項中是以"不實質干擾(not substantially interfere with)"功能性地寫在專利範圍中。所述化學物「A」就是系爭專利中用來檢測核酸的「label」。



地方法院階段:
專利權人Enzo於2004在地院對Applera提出侵權告訴,原本是提出6件專利,上訴後為4件專利。

在地方法院解釋專利範圍時,針對上述「linkage group」解釋,認為"不實質干擾"意思是不實質干擾化合物雜交於核酸的能力,也不實質干擾A可被檢測的能力

(...跳過一些技術討論...)

地院判決對'830侵權不成立。

針對'824、'767與'928,被告Applera提出系爭專利缺乏揭露內容(written description)、缺乏可據以實施(enablement)要件,以及不明確(indefinite)等不符35U.S.C.112專利無效的主張,另提出專利不具新穎性的主張,地院否決以上「缺乏揭露內容與無法據以實施」主張;但同意「不明確」以及「缺乏新穎性」的主張

(在此僅討論不明確議題)
地方法院認為系爭專利不明確的理由就是所述「不實質干擾(not interfering substantially)」用語不明確,因為說明書並未提出如何量測或是提出判斷門檻,因此判決以上三件系爭專利無效(不明確或是缺乏新穎性)。

學習一:針對相對用語,說明書應提出解釋:如量測方法、判斷門檻。

CAFC階段:
法院先建立法律基礎,包括針對112議題(針對'824、'767與'928)的立場,以及專利有效推定原則,如果要在法院證明專利無效,需要清楚而有說服力的證據(優勢證據)。

學習二法院說明缺乏新穎性與不明確兩個議題不能同時存在,理由是如果不明確就無法解釋專利範圍,也就不能判斷是否具有新穎性。

原告/專利權人Enzo主張專利說明書已經明確揭露所述「not substantially interfere with」- linkage group不實質干擾hybridization與detection,也就是說明書已經揭露量測的依據...。

CAFC法官同意Enzo的主張,認為是否「不明確」是基於相關領域技術人員是否可以理解來判斷的("Indefiniteness requires a determination whether those skilled in the art would understand what is claimed.")。解釋專利範圍應參考專利範圍用語、說明書與審查歷史,如果專利範圍涉及"純功能用語",相關判斷將強烈倚賴說明書與相關領域一般技術人員的知識。


學習三:是否明確不是單純以字面上(如本案例not substantially ...)來判斷,而是由相關領域技術人員是否可以理解來決定。

「不實質干擾」用語是用來描述「hybridization」與「detection」,法院對此提出見解。

CAFC修改地方法院針對三件系爭專利範圍的解釋,認為各案為獨立,專利範圍有差異,不應採用統一的解釋。雖同意地院對'824與'767中「hybridization」的解釋,但卻認為其中用語"substantially"模糊,並定義"substantially":可指近似或是描述程度(approximation或magnitude)。


在系爭專利中,所述"substantially"應指程度(language of magnitude),因為是用來描述干擾hybridization過程的程度。

於是法院鉅細靡遺地從說明書與審查歷史解釋所謂不實質干擾hybridization,特別地提到在專利審查過程中,Enzo針對不明確的核駁意見提出「宣告/declaration」,當時引用專家簽署的文件證明所述linkage group不實質干擾hybridization或是detection。


學習四:面對不明確質疑,可以提出專家證詞的宣告(declaration)。

法院又依據一些前例,認為即便申請專利範圍中沒有相關程度的判斷依據,但仍認為系爭專利範圍中涉及hybridization以及關聯的detection等描述為明確。

(在此忽略關於新穎性判斷的內容)

CAFC判決文:https://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/opinions-orders/09-1281.pdf

Ron

2026年3月13日 星期五

執行功能的裝置或系統的明確或不明確議題 - Mastermine Software, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp. (CAFC 2017)

本篇也可以標註為本部落格早期"about claims"類別的文章。

即便法院如前一篇「產品與流程在一起的專利範圍明確性 - IPXL Holdings v. Amazon.com, Inc. (Fed. Cir. 2005)https://enpan.blogspot.com/2026/03/product-and-process-in-same-claim.html」表示同時包括方法與裝置/系統的專利範圍為不明確(主要依據是:是否可以判斷侵權),但仍有情況是具有明確性的,原因是專利範圍不會因為這樣寫而無法判斷侵權(一般情況是,系統/裝置為習知)。

Mastermine Software, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp. (CAFC 2017)案例資訊:
原告/上訴人:MASTERMINE SOFTWARE, INC.
被告/被上訴人:MICROSOFT CORPORATION
系爭專利:US7,945,850、US8,429,518
判決日期:October 30, 2017

案件源起MasterMine對Microsoft提出侵權告訴,系爭專利涉及讓使用者可以輕易地挖掘與報告通過CRM(客戶關係管理)應用程式維護的資料,其中涉及運用試算表的技術。

其中'850案Claim 1:
1. A method comprising:
executing a customer relationship management (CRM) software application on a computer, wherein the CRM software application includes customized settings and local field names, and further wherein the CRM software application includes a CRM database that stores CRM data;
receiving a report generation request within the CRM software application;
in response to the request, examining, with a reporting module installed within the CRM software application, a schema and data structures of the CRM database and customized settings including local field names within the CRM application, wherein the reporting module installed within the CRM software application includes one or more report toolkits;
displaying a list of report templates with the reporting module installed within the CRM software application that are pre-defined by the one or more report toolkits of the reporting module installed within the CRM software application;
receiving a selection of one of the report templates with the reporting module installed within the CRM software application;
presenting a set of user-selectable database fields with the reporting module installed within the CRM software application as a function of the selected report template;
receiving, from the user with the reporting module installed within the CRM software application, a selection of one or more of the user-selectable database fields;
generating, with the reporting module installed within the CRM software application, a database query as a function of the user-selectable database fields that were selected by the user;
invoking a spreadsheet application from the reporting module installed within the CRM software application using an application programming interface (API) of the spreadsheet application to automatically generate an electronic worksheet viewable by the spreadsheet software application, wherein the automatically generating the electronic worksheet comprises directing the spreadsheet application with the reporting module installed within the CRM software application to create a new workbook having the electronic worksheet;
further invoking the spreadsheet application from the reporting module installed within the CRM software application using the API to automatically generate a pivot table within the electronic worksheet according to the database query, wherein the pivot table contains the CRM data from the CRM database, and wherein invoking the spreadsheet application includes communicating report parameters from the reporting module installed within the CRM software application to the spreadsheet software application based on the schema and data structures of the CRM database and the customized settings including the local field names within the CRM software application;
presenting the pivot table to a user with the spreadsheet application in accordance with the report parameters received from the reporting module installed within the CRM software application;
receiving within the spreadsheet application a selection from the user of the selected CRM data contained within the pivot table; and
in response to the selection, automatically creating a second worksheet that displays the CRM data as a number of rows in columnar format according to fields within the CRM database,
wherein each row represents a single CRM record stored within the CRM database.

在解釋專利範圍時,地方法院解釋"pivot table"為在可旋轉的行與列顯示的互動資料,並可經過濾而以不同方式總結或查看資料

Microsoft的主張是系爭專利('850的claims 8, 10、'518的claims 1, 2, 3)因為不明確而無效。地方法院同意Microsoft主張,因為專利範圍不當涵蓋兩個不同類別的標的,判定無效。

MasterMine提起上訴,提起地方法院錯誤解釋專利範圍(議題一)以及判定系爭專利不明確(議題二)的兩個上訴議題。

CAFC階段
議題一:
在解釋專利範圍上,採用前例Phillips v. AWH Corp.(Fed. Cir. 2005)形成的原則-以內部證據(Intrinsic Evidence)為首要;外部證據(Extrinsic Evidence)為輔助;以相關領域具有通常知識者根據說明書與審查歷史最廣而合理地解釋專利範圍,並應避免將說明書實施例限制專利範圍。

MasterMine對於"pivot table"的解釋是:一個電腦軟體物件,定義一個可以從列表或資料庫列出資料的互動表

關於"pivot table",CAFC同意地方法院的解釋,因為系爭專利說明書支持地方法院的解釋,並且審查歷史中申請人未了區別先前技術,強調了運用試算表在填滿資料建立pivot table的特徵。其中說明使用者手段選擇欄位並填寫資料等的互動行為。


如此可知,系爭專利包括了人為介入的動作,解釋專利範圍時有以下結論:


議題二:
相關35U.S.C.112明確性的判斷原則如下,參照說明書與審查歷史,判斷是否支持申請專利範圍?


這時,前篇主角上場,根據案例「IPXL Holdings, L.L.C. v. Amazon.com, Inc.
」,如果單項專利範圍包含裝置與使用該裝置的方法,為不明確。

但在本案中,更新上述原則,即便單項專利範圍同時涵蓋方法與裝置為不明確,但如果裝置使用/執行功能性語言,裝置範圍不一定不明確。在此原則下,本案系爭專利並非如地方法院所指將方法元件帶入系統專利範圍CAFC認為系爭專利僅是包括功能語言的裝置範圍,並非不明確(法院這樣說:"In our view, these claims are simply apparatus claims with proper functional language.")

(編按,本案法官認為本案系爭專利範圍不像是前篇提到IPXL案中系爭專利claim 25的範圍,我的判斷是,claim 25是系統專利範圍的附屬項,前項已經定義系統,後項描述使用者使用輸入手段改變其中交易資訊...,這樣的範圍應該就是被認定是方法與系統混合的專利範圍,依照IPXL案,因為這類專利範圍不清楚是否能夠判斷侵權,判定是不明確範圍。)


經查系爭專利'850的claim 8(部分),界定一個系統,包括資料庫、可程式處理器與報告模組,接著就是多個"wherein"子句,其中描述各系統元件的動作,不像是步驟流程,而是描述每個元件的功能,這樣就如法官所述僅是簡單具有功能語言的裝置

再查系爭專利'518的Claim 1,如下(部分),界定一個計算裝置,包括資料庫、可程式處理器與報告模組,其餘內容就是以"wherein"子句描述報告模組的"功能",最後由試算表產生所述"pivot table"。


根據以上理解,本案系爭專利範圍為明確的理由是,運用"wherein"寫法界定元件功能,這樣的專利範圍能判斷侵權行為與是否侵權;因此,要避免"hybrid claims(單項範圍同時涵蓋系統/裝置+方法)"被認定不明確(同時涵蓋兩種類別的專利標的),不錯的方式之一是將本來要描述的方法都寫成"wherein"子句

然而,本篇判決值得一讀的理由是,除了作出系爭專利沒有不明確問題的決定外,除了運用"wherein"讓"product/system+method"專利範圍明確,CAFC法官還列舉多種可能產生爭議的專利範圍寫作方式。

(重要)
(1)上述IPXL不明確的hybrid claims(system/method寫在一起)寫法。

(2)本案系爭專利為明確的"apparatus claims with proper functional language"的寫法。

(3)法院引用前例-In re Katz Interactive Call Processing Patent Litigation,此案例專利範圍界定"a system with an interface means for providing ..., wherein ...",法院說明此案專利範圍並非表示方法步驟,而是定義功能,認證這是明確的專利範圍。
(可參考:支持以112(f)解釋專利範圍的說明書內容 - MPEP 2181, section II(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2018/08/112f-mpep-2181-section-ii.html))

(4)引用案例-Rembrandt Data Techs., LP v. AOL, LLC,以下列舉claim 3並沒有使用者的行為,但卻因為專利範圍同時包括了裝置與方法步驟而被判定不明確。claim 3界定資料傳送裝置,其中前三個元件是裝置元件,但最後冒出一個動作:"transmitting the trellis encoded frames",因此此單項專利範圍不當混合了裝置與方法。

(5)引用案例-
HTC Corp. v. IPCom GmbH & Co., KG,法院在此案例判定專利範圍為明確,原因是,雖然這是個裝置範圍(行動基地台),但其中描述的內容為行動基地台所使用的功能
(編按,初看這樣的專利範圍,依照之前判定hybrid claim是否明確的原則,應該會很猶豫,因為這個裝置範圍(mobile station)描述內容都是方法步驟:storing, holding, maintaining, causing, deleting, freeing...,而最後一個元件又像是描述一個非步驟元件("an arrangement for..."),但法官卻認為這是功能語言(functional language))

(我私心地認為本案法官十分睿智地表達了"我常用且認知明確"的專利範圍撰寫方式,這樣的撰寫方式主要是因為其主體(如本案例的行動基地台)本身是現有技術,並沒有結構或電路上的更新,而專利創新是在方法流程上,因此除了方法項以外,還會有這樣的專利範圍)(標註為重要案例

此案法官其實認為這個專利範圍為非傳統的格式,而且認為,此項專利範圍並非描述一個行動基地台後又描述它執行了六個功能,而"僅是描述在行動基地台運作的網路環境下建立的功能"且這樣的專利範圍可以清楚地判斷侵權與否
(此案例還可參考:BRI受制於112(f)的解釋原則 - IPCom v. HTC (Fed. Cir. 2017)https://enpan.blogspot.com/2017/07/bri112f-ipcom-v-htc-fed-cir-2017.html

(6)在案例Microprocessor Enhancement Corp. v. Tex. Instruments Inc. (MEC) (Fed.
Cir. 2008)中,本篇判決列舉此案例中claim 7,其中界定的處理器包括條件執行決策邏輯管線階段(直翻),但主體是描述這個元件執行的步驟,法院認為此項為描述一個可以執行功能的結構,並非不明確。


(7)又引用案例-UltimatePointer,其中系爭專利為手持裝置,包括影像感測器,其中描述這個影像感測器產生數據的技術,法院認為此專利描述的是結構的能力,而非使用者的活動,因為專利範圍並非同時界定裝置與方法,而是裝置可以執行的功能,因此認為這樣的專利範圍為明確。
(可參考相關案例:貶抑先前技術也會限制專利範圍 - UltimatePointer v. Nintendo (Fed. Cir. 2016)https://enpan.blogspot.com/2016/04/ultimatepointer-v-nintendo-fed-cir-2016.html

CAFC判決:基於上述多件前例,本案例系爭專利範圍並非可以對照IPXL,是明確的。

my two cents:
本篇寫很久,看很久,收穫不少,但會有點迷路,寫到最後忘記原本的案子。


Ron

2026年3月12日 星期四

產品與流程在一起的專利範圍明確性 - IPXL Holdings v. Amazon.com, Inc. (Fed. Cir. 2005)

今天與客戶討論一種"system claim with method steps"的寫法,這類專利範圍主要是因為system本身結構都是習知,但其中運行的方法才有新穎與進步特徵,簡化的寫法大概就是"a system performing a method comprising:",但這類"hybrid claims"寫法的風險可能會落於不明確,這是可以從"IPXL Holdings v. Amazon.com, Inc. (Fed. Cir. 2005)"判例得出,參考以下列舉MPEP 2173.05(p)提到"product by process / product and process"的專利範圍解釋問題。

I. "product-by-process"是以流程定義/製造產品的專利範圍,也就是專利標的是裝置、產品或是材料成分(可能沒有專利特徵),但要引用其中運行的流程或是製造產品的流程。但這類專利範圍能夠清楚指向(directed to)裝置或產品,就沒有不明確問題。

II. 單一項專利範圍涵蓋裝置與方法步驟,這種專利範圍寫法並不陌生,但常有不明確(35U.S.C.112(b))的疑慮,但如以上(I)的說法,如果系統/裝置專利範圍中涵蓋流程步驟,若這些步驟並非指向系統,就會被判定是不明確

引用案例-IPXL Holdings v. Amazon.com, Inc. (Fed. Cir. 2005),其中系統專利範圍(system claim)引述了"input means",但其中要求使用者使用"input means"被判定是不明確,主要理由是:如果不清楚當有人製造"讓人使用input means的系統"是否為侵權?或是,當有人真正使用Input means是否侵權?這樣的專利範圍就為不明確

MPEP 2173.05(p) Claim Directed to Product-By- Process or Product and Process

I. PRODUCT-BY-PROCESS

A product-by-process claim, which is a product claim that defines the claimed product in terms of the process by which it is made, is proper.Purdue Pharma v. Epic Pharma, 811 F.3d 1345, 1354, 117 USPQ2d 1733, 1739 (Fed. Cir. 2016); In re Luck, 476 F.2d 650, 177 USPQ 523 (CCPA 1973); In re Pilkington, 411 F.2d 1345, 162 USPQ 145 (CCPA 1969); and In re Steppan, 394 F.2d 1013, 156 USPQ 143 (CCPA 1967). A claim to a device, apparatus, manufacture, or composition of matter may contain a reference to the process in which it is intended to be used without being objectionable under 35 U.S.C. 112(b) or pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 112, second paragraph, so long as it is clear that the claim is directed to the product and not the process.

An applicant may present claims of varying scope even if it is necessary to describe the claimed product in product-by-process terms. Ex parte Pantzer, 176 USPQ 141 (Bd. App. 1972).

II. PRODUCT AND PROCESS IN THE SAME CLAIM

A single claim which claims both an apparatus and the method steps of using the apparatus is indefinite under 35 U.S.C. 112(b) or pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 112, second paragraph. See In re Katz Interactive Call Processing Patent Litigation, 639 F.3d 1303, 1318, 97 USPQ2d 1737, 1748-49 (Fed. Cir. 2011). In Katz, a claim directed to “[a] system with an interface means for providing automated voice messages…to certain of said individual callers, wherein said certain of said individual callers digitally enter data” was determined to be indefinite because the italicized claim limitation is not directed to the system, but rather to actions of the individual callers, which creates confusion as to when direct infringement occurs. Katz, 639 F.3d at 1318, 97 USPQ2d at 1749 (citing IPXL Holdings v. Amazon.com, Inc., 430 F.3d 1377, 1384, 77 USPQ2d 1140, 1145 (Fed. Cir. 2005), in which a system claim that recited “an input means” and required a user to use the input means was found to be indefinite because it was unclear “whether infringement … occurs when one creates a system that allows the user [to use the input means], or whether infringement occurs when the user actually uses the input means.”); Ex parteLyell, 17 USPQ2d 1548 (Bd. Pat. App. & Inter. 1990) (claim directed to an automatic transmission workstand and the method of using it held ambiguous and properly rejected under 35 U.S.C. 112, second paragraph).

------------------------------------------------------------
IPXL Holdings v. Amazon.com, Inc. (Fed. Cir. 2005)案例資訊:
原告/上訴人/專利權人:IPXL HOLDINGS, L.L.C.
被告/被上訴人:AMAZON.COM, INC.
系爭專利:US6,149,055
判決日期:November 21, 2005

案件源起IPXL對Amazon提出侵權告訴,主張Amazon的"1-click"系統侵害系爭專利claims 1, 2, 9, 15, 25專利權,但地方法院在簡易判決中判定侵權不成立、所有主張侵權的專利範圍無效,並且判決原告應返還律師費用給Amazon,IPXL在所有議題都輸。

系爭專利範圍的爭議是,Claim涉及一個電子金融交易系統,其中描述系統讓使用者執行金融交易,Claim 1中有描述"input mechanism enables a user to use the transaction information to execute a financial transaction or to enter selections to specify one or more transaction parameters",其提供使用者"人為介入"輸入交易資訊執行金融交易,輸入選擇以指定交易參數,被判定是不明確。


被告Amazon的"1-click"system的運作是讓使用者事先提供交易資訊,如信用卡、地址,之後只要一鍵就完成交易,而不需要輸入這些資訊。以下就摘錄判決文中描述的"1-click"系統的運作,發現,其實完成交易後還會等90分鐘讓消費者修改訂單,之後才執行結帳、交貨、請款。


地院判定是被告"1-click"系統被系爭專利範圍所讀入,更認為系爭專利並不具備新穎性(US
5,389,773),還認為專利範圍claim 25不明確。

25. The system of claim 2 wherein the predicted transaction information comprises both a transaction type and transaction parameters associated with that transaction type, and the user uses the input means to either change the predicted transaction information or accept the displayed transaction type and transaction parameters.

(判決文還揭露了Amazon律師費用 - $1,674,645.82,但此案,地院判定要返還,但CAFC判定不用返還

(本篇僅討論不明確問題)

關於本案系爭專利無效(指主張侵權的幾項),其中claims 1, 2, 9, 15是不具備新穎性;claim 25則不具備明確性。

Indefiniteness of Claim 25
地院判決claim 25不明確是認為其中同時包括了系統與使用該系統的方法,因為違反35U.S.C. 112(b)所規定"claims of a patent particularly point out and distinctly claim the subject matter which the applicant regards as his invention"。

但是否一項專利範圍同時描述系統與方法就為不明確?這裡引用BPAI意見,主要理由還是從是否可以執行侵權判斷來看,表示這樣的範圍並不容易讓人確認專利範圍,以及其行為是否侵權?


無法交代競爭者其範圍為何?

不明確理由:

CAFC判決侵權不成立、系爭專利(主張侵權的範圍)無效,但因為Amazon沒有及時判定原告不必返還律師費用給被告。

my two cents:
這類專利範圍,小心寫就是,或是風險太大就不要這樣寫(主要判斷依據是判斷是否使用者執行相關流程/步驟時會引發侵權?即"whether infringement occurs when the user actually performs steps (uses the input means to change transaction information or uses the input means to accept a displayed transaction)"),但判定上仍有不同意見,往後會有其他案例分享。

舉例來說,在案例Mastermine Software, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp. (CAFC 2017)中,法官判定是,雖如案例IPXL判決是同時包括方法與裝置的範圍不明確,但並非所有使用"功能"的裝置都是不明確


------------------------------------------------------------
另案會討論的是案例(其中引用IPXL案例)-Mastermine Software, Inc. v. Microsoft Corp. (CAFC 2017)

Ron

2026年1月27日 星期二

"about"影響兩件專利的衝突(interference)爭議 - General Hospital Corp. v. Sienna Biopharmaceuticals (CAFC 2018)

本案例涉及的議題是,在化學、醫藥相關專利範圍因為"about"的化學成分(顆粒濃度)解釋範圍產生衝突(interference)的爭議。

"General Hospital Corp. v. Sienna Biopharmaceuticals (CAFC 2018)"案件資訊:
上訴人:THE GENERAL HOSPITAL CORPORATION (GHC)
被上訴人:SIENNA BIOPHARMACEUTICALS, INC.
系爭專利:系爭專利申請案No. 13/789,575(PTAB No. 106,037)、US8,821,941
判決日期:May 4, 2018

本案上訴人GHC是系爭申請案No. 13/789,575的申請人,本案被上訴人Sienna擁有美國專利US8,821,941。在2015/10/8,PTAB(根據GHC的建議)宣告兩件案子有衝突(interference),PTAB認為'575的claims 65-67與'941的claims 1-20相衝突,其中'575的claim 65(可參考以下列舉claim 1)界定奈米顆粒的濃度,再通過PTAB的解釋,認為Sienna的範圍涵蓋到系爭申請案'575的範圍這部分涉及專利範圍與說明書中"about"在相關領域可以涵蓋的比例是多少?

PTAB階段:

Sienna則反過來認為系爭專利(申請案)'575並不符合說明書揭露的要求,主張'575為無效,主要理由是「系爭申請案揭露光密度,但不是用每毫升顆粒數(密度)描述配方,是否能將光密度轉換為顆粒濃度的消光係數(extinction coefficient)存在爭議」,PTAB接受的消光係數是來自專家證詞,而不是基於說明書的記載,結果是,PTAB接受Sienna的主張,判定系爭申請案claims 65-67缺乏說明書支持,因此不符35U.S.C.112規定。GHC上訴CAFC。

系爭申請案:
CAFC判決書中提到系爭申請案關於一種「使用奈米顆粒破壞毛囊以移除毛髮的方法」,但是實際看公開說明書專利名稱指的是一種用於卵泡輸送的能量吸收化合物,如果看Claim 1(US2013/0315999)是一種治療或緩解毛囊性皮膚病的方法,方法包括:a) 將包括有吸收光化合物的次毫米顆粒的藥劑塗布在皮膚上;b) 通過機械攪拌、聲波振動、超音波、交替吸力和壓力或微射流,將所述藥劑送至皮膚的毛囊、皮脂腺、皮脂腺導管或漏斗部;以及 c) 使此毫米顆粒暴露於(光)能量激活,藉此治療毛囊性皮膚病。

(僅列舉用於理解發明內容,但非爭議的範圍)
1. A method of treating or ameliorating a follicular skin disease of a subject, the method comprising
a) topically applying a formulation comprising a sub-micron particle comprising a light absorbing compound to a subject's skin;
b) facilitating delivery of said compound to a hair follicle, sebaceous gland, sebaceous gland duct, or infundibulum of the skin by mechanical agitation, acoustic vibration, ultrasound, alternating suction and pressure, or microjets; and
c) exposing said sub-micron particle to energy activation, thereby treating the follicular skin disease.

US8,821,941的claim 1描述一種以熱局部破壞毛囊的方法,不認真翻譯的話,其中講的是塗抹具有奈米顆粒的化合物在皮膚上,再以紅外光照射(暴露)方式損壞毛囊,以除毛或減少頭髮生長。

(僅列舉用於理解發明內容,但非爭議的範圍)
1. A method of localizing thermal damage to a hair follicle, comprising:
applying a composition to a skin surface,
wherein said composition comprises a plurality of unassembled plasmonic nanoparticles,
wherein the unassembled plasmonic nanoparticles comprise a conductive metal portion,
wherein the conductive metal portion comprises at least one of gold or silver,
wherein the unassembled plasmonic nanoparticles have a size in a range of 10 nm to 300 nm,
wherein the unassembled plasmonic nanoparticles comprise a coating that coats the conductive metal portion, wherein said coating facilitates selective removal from the skin surface;
wherein the coating comprises at least one of silica or polyethylene glycol (PEG),
wherein the unassembled plasmonic nanoparticles have a concentration of 10to 1023 particles per ml of the composition, wherein said concentration is sufficient to, after exposure to irradiation, induce thermal damage in the hair follicle;
distributing the composition from the skin surface to the hair follicle to target the hair follicle;
selectively removing the composition from the skin surface, while leaving the composition localized within the hair follicle; and
irradiating the composition with an infrared light source thereby inducing a plurality of surface plasmons in said unassembled plasmonic nanoparticles,
wherein the induction of the surface plasmons generates thermal damage to the hair follicle for at least one of hair removal or hair growth reduction.

CAFC階段:
判斷說明書記載是否符合112規定,考量的是「是否申請案揭露書可以合理地傳達申請日發明人擁有要保護的專利標的給相關領域技術人員」,相關案例是:Ariad Pharm., Inc. v. Eli Lilly & Co., 598 F.3d 1336, 1351 (Fed. Cir. 2010) (en banc)

"whether the disclosure of the application relied upon reasonably conveys to those skilled in the art that the inventor had possession of the claimed subject matter as of the filing date."

可參考:說明書揭露的經典案例:說明書揭露的程度 - Ariad v. Eli Lilly (Fed. Cir. 2010)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2015/06/ariad-v-eli-lilly-fed-cir-2010.html)。

法院關於"about"解釋的立論:

Sienna的'941沒有定義"about",但PTAB考慮專家證詞大約是"10%"的解釋,然而GHC卻沒有任何內外證據的支持包括「正負
20% variation」,因此,就GHC而言,只能反對Sienna解釋"about"在最廣而合理的解釋下為「within 10%」的解釋,卻沒有其他足以支持自己解釋的證據,系爭申請案專利範圍claims 65-67面臨不符合35U.S.C.112說明書支持的問題,因此也就無法證明兩件專利案有衝突(interference)。

判決:CAFC確認PTAB作出系爭申請案claims 65-67因為缺乏說明書支持而無效,但撤回PTAB拒絕GHC提出新增專利範圍請求的決定,因此部分發回重審。

my two cents:
本案有趣值得警惕的是,原來主張專利範圍之間有衝突的GHC,卻因為說明書沒有揭露以證明所主張的範圍,因此衝突不存在,連帶相關專利範圍也無效。


Ron

2026年1月9日 星期五

不同類別專利範圍相互依附的明確性議題

本篇討論「相互引用不同類別專利範圍的明確性議題」,本案副標題可為「系統引用方法項的引用式請求項」是否明確?

對於軟體發明,確實會用"a system performing the method according to claim 1"這類寫法,有時會被認同,依實情而定,核駁理由自然是因為不明確(112(b)),就"system"而言,總要界定出該有的結構。依照以下列舉範例,也常常被用到,但建議仍要界定出系統的結構或其周邊特徵。

以下範例可以得出一些寫法,主流的寫法是描述系統執行前項方法(方法特徵應為該發明主要特徵),但仍描述系統的結構。

範例一:US12227070

7. A system for displaying a warning message to warn of insufficient available drive power for use in an electric vehicle, the system performing the method according to claim 1, the system comprising:

a detector to detect measurement values for determining a latest output of an energy storage device of the electric vehicle;

a processor to determine a latest peak output and/or continuous output of the energy storage device based on the detected measurement values and for comparison of the latest peak output and/or continuous output with a threshold value of the peak output and/or continuous output; and

a display to display a warning message when the peak output and/or continuous output falls below the threshold value.

範例二:US11798026

11. A system for evaluating advertising effects of video content, the system performing the method according to claim 1 and comprising:

a display configured to display the video content comprising the character to the viewer;

a camera configured to capture a face of the viewer;

an image capturing unit configured to capture the video content;

an image analysis unit configured to extract the face areas of the character and the viewer from the images from the camera and the image capturing unit;

a micro-movement analysis unit configured to extract respective pieces of the facial micro-movement data (MMD) from the face areas of the character and the viewer, and analyze the similarity of the pieces of MMD of the character and the viewer; and

an advertising evaluation unit configured to evaluate advertising effects on the basis of the similarity.

範例三:US12417849

15. A system performing the method according to claim 1.

16. A non-transitory computer program stored in a computer-readable recording medium for executing the method according to claim 1.

範例四:US9208576

24. A robot or land, air, sea or space vehicle equipped with a system, including a depth estimation, motion estimation, object detection and/or object tracking system, performing the method according to claim 3, the system comprising at least one camera configured for depth estimation and a computing unit.

26. A vehicle with a driver assistance system performing the method according to claim 3 in order to compute a depth estimation value for at least one object in the input field of a stereo camera of the vehicle.

27. A computer program product embodied on a non-transitory computer-readable medium, said computer program product comprising software code portions being configured, when run on a processor, to perform the method according to claim 3.

範例五:US11566991

12. A device performing the method according to claim 1, wherein the device comprises at least two devices for sampling airborne particles and measurement of optical absorbance at any wavelength from 370 nm to 950 nm, and a computer for calculation of mineral dust concentration in any time point or sequence of time points.

經查範例五(16/999,874)的審查歷史,於申請時claims 11, 12如下:

Claim 11算大膽地使用"a device performing the method according to claim 1."結果審查意見認為這樣的範圍沒有邊界,裝置專利範圍沒有結構特徵,不清楚其中功能是否需要一些結構,或是僅是裝置運作的結果?

申請人很直覺反應地將Claim 12的結構描述併入Claim 11,    



my two cents:
我想,這件範例的審查委員與申請人都很直覺地反應這樣的專利範圍,一個認為缺乏結構特徵,一個就修正將結構特徵併入範圍。

但如上述範例三,審查委員又對這樣的專利範圍"無動於衷",審查意見中完全沒有提出不明確的意見。

MPEP 2173.05(d)

MPEP 2173.05(d)    Exemplary Claim Language ("for example," "such as")

Description of examples or preferences is properly set forth in the specification rather than the claims. If stated in the claims, examples and preferences may lead to confusion over the intended scope of a claim. In those instances where it is not clear whether the claimed narrower range is a limitation, a rejection under 35 U.S.C. 112(b) or pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 112, second paragraph should be made. The examiner should analyze whether the metes and bounds of the claim are clearly set forth. Note that the mere use of the phrase "such as" or "for example" in a claim does not by itself render the claim indefinite.

(上述規定字面上很寬容,專利範圍使用"such as"或是"for example"本身並非造成專利範圍不明確,以下範例顯示MPEP用反證證明規定的寬容~ 實務上是不太會刻意挑戰審委底線。)

Examples of claim language which have been held to be indefinite because the intended scope of the claim was unclear are:

  • (A) "R is halogen, for example, chlorine";
  • (B) "material such as rock wool or asbestos" Ex parte Hall, 83 USPQ 38 (Bd. App. 1949);
  • (C) "lighter hydrocarbons, such, for example, as the vapors or gas produced" Ex parte Hasche, 86 USPQ 481 (Bd. App. 1949);
  • (D) "normal operating conditions such as while in the container of a proportioner" Ex parte Steigerwald, 131 USPQ 74 (Bd. App. 1961); and
  • (E) "coke, brick, or like material". Ex parte Caldwell, 1906 C.D. 58 (Comm’r Pat. 1906).

The above examples of claim language which have been held to be indefinite are fact specific and should not be applied as per se rules. See MPEP § 2173.02 for guidance regarding when it is appropriate to make a rejection under 35 U.S.C. 112(b) or pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 112, second paragraph.

Ron