此案例造成一個電腦程式不可專利的判斷條件:
Claims define non-statutory processes if they:
• Consist solely of mathematical operations without some claimed practical application;
• Simply manipulate abstract ideas without some claimed practical application e.g. the court held that a method of conducting a real estate bidding process was a mere manipulation of an abstract idea In re Schrader, 22 F.3d 290, 293-94, 30 USPQ2d 1455, 1458-59 (Fed. Cir. 1994). The Court also held that a method for controlling the motion of objects and machines is simply a manipulation of abstract ideas; and the steps of "locating" a medial axis and "creating" a bubble hierarchy describes nothing more than the manipulation of basic mathematical constructs. In re Warmerdam, 33 F.3d 1354, 1361-62, 31 USPQ2d 1754, 1760 (Fed. Cir.).
在不少電腦軟體相關的案例中引用1994年Warmerdam在聯邦巡迴上訴法院的判決(In re Warmerdam, 33 F.3d 1354, 1361-62 (Fed. Cir. 1994)),此案例同樣出現在MPEP2106.01所揭示電腦相關非法定可專利的標的(computer-related nonstatutory subject matter)。
Warmerdam案例涉及在電腦記憶體內儲存具有特定資料結構(data structure)是否為可專利標的:其中,如果儲存於記憶體內的電腦程式為一種法定由程序描述的產品(product-by-process),則為可專利標的;反之,如果僅反映一種概念,則非可專利的程序。(claim to computer having a specific data structure stored in memory held statutory product-by-process claim but claim to a data structure that referred to ideas reflected in nonstatutory process rather than referring to a physical arrangement of the contents of a memory held nonstatutory)
Warmerdam案例簡述:涉及的專利為:07/430,749,在此案審查階段,曾對1993年BPAI作出的決定(Appeal No. 92-3680)提出上訴,因為BPAI作出如專利局認為該案不符101、112的規定。
07/430,749專利涉及控制物件移動的方法、裝置與機器,也就是一種可以防止撞到東西的機器人!
在所載的技術中,會判斷物件邊緣的形狀、位置,進而能夠迴避,而前案則是透過假設物件較大與一般如圓形的形狀,並假設出各種可能碰撞的動作,因此749案則是改善此前案,利用一種氣泡系統(bubble system)的先前技術,判斷碰撞的可能後,將如前案假設的形狀改為多個較小尺寸的區域(氣泡)。
是有點難懂,技術如此案最後獲准的範圍Claim 1,利用資料結構以位置與氣泡階層的方式表示具體物件的形狀,步驟包括訂出物件的中軸位置與建立中軸上的氣泡階層。
所謂氣泡階層可參考圖式,也就是透過氣泡所佔的範圍計算可能碰撞的區域,進而避免碰撞。
重點在於是利用計算機程式產生氣泡階層以及得到氣泡的位置,說明書也記載了多頁的程式內容,甚至權利範圍也包括了以數學方程式所界定的氣泡產生方法。
(原上訴範圍)
1. A method for generating a data structure which represents the shape of [sic] physical object in a position and/or motion control machine as a hierarchy of bubbles, comprising the steps of:
first locating the medial axis of the object and
then creating a hierarchy of bubbles on the medial axis.
101 Rejections在智慧局審查階段,審查委員認為其中專利範圍不符美國專利法第101條,甚至到訴願委員會(BPAI)都認為權利範圍僅涉及抽象概念與數學演算法等的資料結構。
其中,Warmerdam認為權利範圍已經隱含(imply)計算物件邊界的具體方案,並引用In re Grams, 888 F.2d 835, 12 USPQ2d 1824 (Fed.Cir.1989)判決認為此類具有實體意義的技術應具有可專利性;並且認為即便權利範圍表達為以數學型式表達,如果非僅概念的操作,且其中程序描述不同於前案,而為法定可專利的標的時,仍不能排除可專利的可能。
於是Warmerdam繼續上訴,但是,CAFC如訴願委員所決定,認定Warmerdam專利所界定的範圍為基於數學方法的步驟,且不滿足過去曾經判斷即便為數學方法但是有解決具體問題仍可專利的條件。
CONCLUSIONCAFC確認部份範圍為不可專利的標的,如Claims 1-4, 6,而Claim 5可被專利!
The decision of the Board, sustaining the rejection of claims 1-4, and 6 for lack of statutory subject matter, is affirmed, and the decision of the Board, sustaining the rejection of claim 5 for indefiniteness, is reversed.
註:
但此案最後仍經過修正獲准專利,與上述原範圍比對,可以看出法院可核准範圍已經補入"having a memory"
(之後經過答辯修正後可核准的專利範圍)1. A machine having a memory which contains a data structure which represents the shape of a physical object in a position and/or motion control machine as a hierarchy of bubbles generated by a method comprising the steps of:
- first locating the medial axis of the object and
- then creating a hierarchy of bubbles on the medial axis.
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