破產受託人(bankruptcy trustee)可以否決過去的合約 - Mission Product Holdings Inc. v. Tempnology, LLC (Supreme Court 2019)
本案爭議並未從頭理解,就直接看最高法院意見。
商標的價值常常會比專利還大、還久,甚至價值還更明確,但是不幸進入破產清算時,商標權就變得不明確,然而,最高法院的意見是,破產人不能簡單地撤銷之前的商標授權,已經完成的授權不能簡單被撤銷,而是視為轉移權利到破產受託人,而進行中的合約會被破產受託人(bankruptcy trustee)否決。
這裡提到的權利、合約適用「商標權」(編按,應該也適用專利權!?!)
本案緣起,商標權人Tempnology(被告)授權Mission Product Holdings(請願人)使用其有關服飾與配件的商標。Tempnology申請破產,其中請求撤銷與Mission的合約。
有關破產法,其中讓債務人(debtor,此案為Tempnology)否決「未生效」合約。
11 U. S. C. §365:https://codes.findlaw.com/us/title-11-bankruptcy/11-usc-sect-365.html
此案中,破產法院同意Tempnology否決未生效合約,也讓Tempnology終止Mission Product Holdings使用其商標的合約。不過,破產上訴委員會(Bankruptcy Appellate Panel)否決(應該是Mission提的上訴),但是這個決定又被美國聯邦第一巡迴上訴法院駁回,回復破產法院的決定("United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit includes the Districts of Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Puerto Rico and Rhode Island.")
於是,案件進入美國最高法院。
案件爭議之一是,Tempnology申請破產影響了Mission Product Holdings的權益,Mission要求損害賠償,而Tempnology認為Mission無權要求賠償,其中的問題是,破產申請是否凌駕了原本合約的權益?本次法院並未對此提出答覆。
爭議之二是,破產程序中的債務人可否決未生效的合約(破產法),這個效果將適用破產申請以外的合約,但仍不能隨意撤銷已經簽署的授權合約。
理由是,破產本身表示原本「授權人(licensor)」違反相關的規定,這個違法事實不能導致撤銷進行中的權利合約。("Outside bankruptcy, a licensor’s breach cannot revoke continuing rights given to a counterparty under a contract (assuming no special contract term or state law).")
爭議之三是,Tempnology主張法規(11 U. S. C. §365)指出一般的情況是可以否決過去的授權合約,但法院認為法條規定的並不是這樣。因為破產程序中的債務人(本案為Tempnology)就是想要解決債務問題,包括重組公司,因此爭議會涉及之前已經完成授權的權利,如此案Mission繼續使用Tempnology商標的商業利益,要在監督被授權人使用商標販售商品的行為或是撤銷商標權帶來的風險之間抉擇,但法院認為Tempnology要求重組的意願不能超越商標授權的權利義務。
[法條]
11 U.S.C. § 365 - U.S. Code - Unannotated Title 11. Bankruptcy § 365. Executory contracts and unexpired leases
(a) Except as provided in sections 765 and 766 of this title and in subsections (b), (c), and (d) of this section, the trustee, subject to the court's approval, may assume or reject any executory contract or unexpired lease of the debtor.
...
(g) Except as provided in subsections (h)(2) and (i)(2) of this section, the rejection of an executory contract or unexpired lease of the debtor constitutes a breach of such contract or lease--
(1) if such contract or lease has not been assumed under this section or under a plan confirmed under chapter 9, 11, 12, or 13 of this title, immediately before the date of the filing of the petition; or
(2) if such contract or lease has been assumed under this section or under a plan confirmed under chapter 9, 11, 12, or 13 of this title--
(A) if before such rejection the case has not been converted under section 1112 , 1208 , or 1307 of this title, at the time of such rejection; or
(B) if before such rejection the case has been converted under section 1112 , 1208 , or 1307 of this title--
(i) immediately before the date of such conversion, if such contract or lease was assumed before such conversion; or
(ii) at the time of such rejection, if such contract or lease was assumed after such conversion.
最高法院決定:
https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/18pdf/17-1657_4f15.pdf(備份:https://app.box.com/s/p1rftf3u1k8c729ixqcltb6bcm8vpogv)
資料參考:
https://patentlyo.com/patent/2019/05/trademark-rescinded-bankruptcy.html
Ron
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