2019年6月11日 星期二

均等論不是任何侵權案都適用 - Amgen Inc. v. Sandoz Inc. (Fed. Cir. 2019)

本篇討論有關均等論之適用,本案的教示是,如果way不同,就不適用,其中的眉角在於說明書、審查歷史產生的限制。

原告/上訴人/專利權人:AMGEN INC., AMGEN MANUFACTURING, LIMITED
被告/被上訴人:SANDOZ INC., SANDOZ INTERNATIONAL GMBH, SANDOZ GMBH
系爭專利:US6,162,427、US8,940,878
判決日:May 8, 2019

本案前情:本案中,原告Amgen製造了兩個生物製品"filgrastim",分別以品牌"Neupogen®"與"Neulasta®"銷售,用於治療在癌症治療過程中白血球細胞不足(neutropenia)的問題。

本次被告Sandoz在2014年向FDA提出了"Neupogen®"的生物仿製藥應用(aBLA,具有與先前獲得許可的藥物相似的活性)申請,但卻不提供原告Amgen其相關製作方法。

之後,2014年,Amgen對Sandoz提出侵權告訴,認為Sandoz的aBLA侵害Amgen的'427專利;2015年,Sandoz取得FDA許可,可以Zarxio®販售aBLA藥品,Amgen修改轉以'878案提起侵權訴訟。,特別的是,這個訴訟依據為「生物製品價格競爭與創新法案(Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act (“BPCIA”))」,BPCIA規範FDA許可的生物仿製藥應用(aBLA)專利侵權訴訟,

系爭專利有關嗜中性白血球減少症(neutropenia)的藥,如'427專利關於用於幹細胞調動的G-CSF(粒細胞集落刺激因子)與化學治劑組合,Claim 1界定在病患身上移植週邊幹細胞的治病方法,這個治療方法包括給患者施用「造血幹細胞調動」有效的G-CSF,再給患者施用至少一種化學治劑。

1. A method of treating a disease requiring peripheral stem cell transplantation in a patient in need of such treatment, comprising administering to the patient a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizing-effective amount of G-CSF; and thereafter administering to the patient a disease treating-effective amount of at least one chemotherapeutic agent.

'878專利關於萃取在非哺乳動物系統中蛋白質的純化方法,其Claim 1即關於這個純化方法,步驟大致是裂解非哺乳動物細胞、使細胞裂解物與分離基質(separation matrix)接觸、清洗分離基質,以及從分離基質中洗脫蛋白質。

1. A method of purifying a protein expressed in a non-native soluble form in a non-mammalian expression system comprising:
(a) lysing a non-mammalian cell in which the protein is expressed in a non-native soluble form to generate a cell lysate;
(b) contacting the cell lysate with a separation matrix under conditions suitable for the protein to associate with the separation matrix;
(c) washing the separation matrix; and
(d) eluting the protein from the separation matrix, wherein the separation matrix is an affinity resin selected from the group consisting of Protein A, Protein G and a synthetic mimetic affinity resin.

Claim 7則是界定純化蛋白質的方法,步驟大致是,取出非哺乳動物細胞中蛋白質、裂解、溶解在特定溶液中、在特定溶液中增溶蛋白質、形成再折疊溶液,在適合蛋白質與基質結合的條件下,將再折疊溶液施於分離基質、清洗分離基質,以及洗脫蛋白質等。

7. A method of purifying a protein expressed in a non-native limited solubility form in a non-mammalian expression system comprising:
(a) expressing a protein in a non-native limited solubility form in a non-mammalian cell;
(b) lysing a non-mammalian cell;
(c) solubilizing the expressed protein in a solubilization solution comprising one or more of the following:
(i) a denaturant;
(ii) a reductant; and
(iii) a surfactant;
(d) forming a refold solution comprising the solubilization solution and a refold buffer, the refold buffer comprising one or more of the following:
(i) a denaturant;
(ii) an aggregation suppressor;
(iii) a protein stabilizer; and
(iv) a redox component;
(e) directly applying the refold solution to a separation matrix under conditions suitable for the protein to associate with the matrix;
(f) washing the separation matrix; and

(g) eluting the protein from the separation matrix, wherein the separation matrix is a non-affinity resin selected from the group consisting of ion exchange, mixed mode, and a hydrophobic interaction resin.

解釋專利範圍:
解釋專利範圍為專利侵權訴訟的基礎,可以導致訴訟是否有效、專利是否有效、侵權成立與否的決定。

地方法院解釋系爭專利範圍時,'427案中的用語「treating-effective amount of at least one chemotherapeutic agent」解釋為「足以治病的至少一種化學治劑的量("an amount sufficient to treat  a  disease  for  which  at  least  one  chemotherapeutic  agent is prescribed")」,以此否決專利權人Amgen對「量」的解釋「足以增強幹細胞調度的量("sufficient  to  enhance  the  mobilization of stem cells")」,而無關於是否可以治病。

針對'878專利,Claim 7的步驟中,"washing"與"eluting"為分開的兩個步驟,並有前後關係,但被告Sandoz的製程僅包括一個步驟,而不是兩個分開的步驟,因此判決侵權不成立。

對此決定,原告上訴CAFC。

CAFC階段:
(本篇著重在'878案均等論的適用)

關於'878專利流程中的步驟是否為分開的兩個步驟,專利權人Amgen主張,這些流程,如washing與eluting是"功能"描述,而不是實際的步驟。這個論點被法院否決,因為專利範圍寫著(a)~(g)等步驟,這是描述一個處理順序,其中爭議的步驟也明確地表達在說明書中,說明washing與eluting是分開的兩個步驟當被告Sandoz明確地僅以一個步驟完成,不符「文義讀取(literal infringement)」的判斷

這時,原告轉向主張被地院駁回的適用「均等論」(Doctrine of Equivalents,DoE)的主張,主張被告Sandoz的"一個步驟"與系爭專利範圍中的包括washing與eluting等的幾個步驟沒有實質差異,理由是都以實質相同的方法(way)實現了相同的功能(function),並達成相同的結果(result)

"Amgen argues that Sandoz’s one-step, one-solution process is insubstantially different from the claimed three-step, three-solution pro-cess because it “achieves the same functions (washing and eluting), in substantially the same way (binding protein preferentially compared to contaminants, and then raising salt concentration to reverse protein binding) to achieve the same result (protein purification).”"

但CAFC法官卻認為,Sandoz實現的方法與系爭專利並非是相同的方法(the same way),不適用均等論("because its one-step, one-solution purification process works in a substantially different way from the claimed three-step, three-solution process"),反倒提及均等論如何適用的原則!





「均等論」僅適用於一些"特殊情況",並非簡單地適用在所有訴訟中的"second prong",也就不是簡單地為文義侵害不成立的候補方案,均等論仍不能超越原請求項應有的範圍,不是用來延伸申請專利範圍。如此,CAFC同意地方法院正確地判決,被告Sandoz沒有侵害系爭專利範圍權利!

對於'427專利,主要爭點是系爭專利範圍所涉及的「治病的有效劑量」,是具有化學治劑而足以治病的量(整體),還是如專利權人Amgen所主張專利範圍僅限制化學治劑量施用於幹細胞調動,非針對治病?

CAFC法官認為,如被告所言,系爭專利的範圍為治療疾病,其中使用了化學治劑(chemotherapeutic agent),也如'427案Claim 1前言所述,沒有支持原告的主張,確認侵權不成立。

my two cents:
有關均等論,一些摘要內容:

均等論並非用來延伸專利範圍。
"The doctrine of equivalents applies only in exceptional cases and is not “simply the second prong of every infringement charge, regularly available to extend protection beyond the scope of the claims.”"

均等論不能偏離公眾從專利範圍文字得到的理解。
"The doctrine of equivalents cannot be used to effectively read out a claim limitation . . . because the public has a right to rely on the language of patent claims."

[法條]
35 U.S.C. § 271(e)(2)(C)
https://mpep.uspto.gov/RDMS/MPEP/E9_R-11.2013#/E9_R-11.2013/d0e305527.html

其他「均等論」參考:
- 混淆陪審團的抗辯技巧 - 實踐先前技術 - 01 Communique Lab. v. Citrix Systems (Fed. Cir. 2018)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2018/10/01-communique-lab-v-citrix-systems-fed.html
- 說明書"等效"支持專利範圍的討論 - Sprint Communications v. Time Warner (Fed. Cir. 2019)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2019/03/sprint-communications-v-time-warner-fed.html
- 歷史禁反言與解決問題的陳述限制了專利範圍 - Ottah v. Fiat (Fed. Cir. 2018)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2018/09/ottah-v-fiat-fed-cir-2018.html
- 均等論,永遠是個議題 - Enzo Biochem v. Applera (Fed. Cir. 2017)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2017/08/enzo-biochem-v-applera-fed-cir-2017.html

判決文:
http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/opinions-orders/18-1551.Opinion.5-8-2019.pdf(備份:https://app.box.com/s/q22ce8g2pptoy71gb4kfabf1j7si9gya

參考資料:
https://patentlyo.com/patent/2019/05/doctrine-equivalents-exceptional.html

Ron

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