2024年6月25日 星期二

如何評估澳洲"電腦實現發明"的專利適格性? - Commissioner of Patents v RPL Central Pty Ltd [2015] FCAFC 177

本篇討論澳洲專利適格性澳洲聯邦法院(FEDERAL COURT OF AUSTRALIA)案例之一 - Commissioner of Patents v RPL Central Pty Ltd [2015] FCAFC 177


澳洲專利局的講義(Manner of Manufacture Information and Computer Technology Patent Office Practice):


在RPL案中,申請專利範圍涉及資訊收集方法與系統,收集的資訊是關於評估個人工作能力的資訊,專利範圍包括以電腦從網路取得評估工作能力的標準、處理這些標準以自動產生評估用的問題、通過網路呈現問題給評估工作能力的對象,再從這些人接受回答問題的答案。


以上描述的系爭發明僅是由電腦執行,也就是簡單地將所述方法(business method)由一般電腦執行是不具備專利適格性,除非:此發明是以特定的方式讓電腦實現所述方法。這裡給了答案,就是發明應超越電腦做了甚麼("what"),而應描述電腦如何運作以改善電腦技術("how")。反觀系爭專利,並非主張關於電腦程式或運作的發明或是創新,其中創新是方法步驟本身,也就是一種方案或是商業方法(scheme or business method)。


如此,引述前例Myriad指出要判斷方法本質,仍應參考先前技術,判斷發明是否具備專利適格性,應整體地參照專利說明書相關先前技術來評估專利適格性。


在審查專利時,專利審查委員應先考量發明本質,通過以下步驟來看:(1)發明如何運作?(2)發明所解決的問題是?(3)執行發明的結果為何?(4)在其優先權日當下的技術水平?(5)發明相對先前技術增加了什麼?(6)發明優點為何?

接著,專利審查委員可通過以下步驟判斷發明是否是可專利標的?
(1)發明的技術貢獻為何?(2)發明是否以電腦解決技術問題?或不是以電腦執行?(3)發明是否能改善電腦功能,而非僅是資料處理而已?(4)是否發明僅是以一般目的電腦執行?(5)是否點僅是實現方法的中間過程,而沒有對發明有任何實質助益?

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案件資訊:
上訴人/專利權人:RPL CENTRAL PTY LTD
被上訴人:COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS
判決日期:11 December 2015

從上訴人與被上訴人資訊可知,這是一個行政上訴案,系爭專利在澳洲專利局審定不予專利,理由是發明不符專利適格性,專利權人提起訴願維持原審查意見,而專利權人不服上訴澳洲聯邦法院(Federal court of Australia)(判決:https://jade.io/article/351118 / "Research Affiliates LLC v Commissioner of Patents [2014] FCAFC"),維持系爭案發明不符專利適格性的決定,案件繼續上訴澳洲聯邦法院第二審(判決:https://jade.io/article/421354)。


系爭案為澳洲創新專利申請案No. 2009100601,名稱為自動收集技能與知識證據的方法與系統(Method and System for Automated Collection of Evidence of Skills and Knowledge),相關法條為:18(1A)(a) of the Patents Act 1990(如本文後段)。



系爭案的內容關於評估每個人的已知技能、知識與經驗,以確認是否適合參加特定訓練課程,或是判斷是否滿足取得特定課程資格的要求。(編按,就專利權人RPL CENTRAL PTY LTD而言,系爭案發明就是該公司提供評估客戶就業類別的服務,如果以"美國專利"眼光來看是個十分"資訊收集、處理與表示"的"抽象"的發明。)

本案在專利審查階段,審查委員表示系爭發明不屬於專利法規定的可專利標的,發明並未形成任何有用的產品:"It appears that the active substances of the invention are known. Claims 1 to 3 are not therefore directed to any manner of manufacture in that they are claims to the mere use of known substances - which use also does not result in any vendible product."

法院從系爭案說明書理解發明內容,發明包括呈現出自動產生的問題,接收使用者回答的內容,之後藉由電腦網頁介面評估使用者的技能、知識與經驗。如下圖,系統包括評估伺服器,用以收集評估個人能力的資訊,伺服器有處理器、記憶體,其中儲存程式指令,經執行可收集資料,產生網頁介面,並提供遠端存取。其中還有一個儲存裝置,能夠長時間儲存涉及資格標準判斷的資料。最後是可藉由網頁介面提供使用者通過自動產生的問題而自動評估自己的能力。


系爭案發明流程可參考下圖:


列舉Claim 1如下:

claim 1: A method of gathering evidence relevant to an assessment of an individual's competency relative to a recognised qualification standard, including the steps of:

a computer retrieving via the Internet from a remotely-located server a plurality of assessable criteria associated with the recognised qualification standard, said criteria including one or more elements of competency, each of which is associated with one or more performance criteria;

the computer processing the plurality of assessable criteria to generate automatically a corresponding plurality of questions relating to the competency of an individual to satisfy each of the elements of competency and performance criteria associated with the recognised qualification standard;

an assessment server presenting the automatically-generated questions via the Internet to a computer of an individual requiring assessment; and

receiving from the individual via said individual's computer a series of responses to the automatically-generated questions, the responses including evidence of the individual's skills, knowledge and/or experience in relation to each of the elements of competency and performance criteria,

wherein at least one said response includes the individual specifying one or more files stored on the individual's computer, which are transferred to the assessment server.

Claim 1描述的發明包括使用電腦通過網際網路取得資料、處理資料產生評估使用者能力的問題、呈現問題給使用者,並取得使用者回答的內容。

Claim 5則界定收集關於評估個人能力證據的系統,系統包括至少一個伺服器電腦、記憶體或儲存裝置,記憶體或儲存裝置包括通過伺服器電腦中微處理器執行的指令,用於:呈現問題、接收個人回應問題的答案,以及儲存答案。

經參照系爭案說明書與各主要專利範圍內容與解釋,主審法官(primary Judge)評估本案特徵如下:
  1. 發明具有可利用性,產生有用的結果;
  2. 發明克服了判斷適當課程給使用者的困難;
  3. 發明符合「可販售商品」的測試(vendible product test)(也就是澳洲專利法/判例要求可專利的條件之一是發明應關於可販售的商品);
  4. 根據發明提供的方案是能將收集到的資料轉換為問題與答案格式,並引導使用者通過這些資訊提供訓練課程,法院判斷這個發明如人為的工作
  5. 發明包括了電腦,與發明本身關係複雜,在網路環境中執行通訊的工作;
  6. 發明的評估伺服器包括取得資訊、處理、產生問題等電腦實現的功能。

THE DECISION OF THE DELEGATE
根據上述參照說明書、申請專利範圍與先前技術的考量,法院認為,系爭案發明確實不屬於專利法規定的"manner of manufacture",但法院仍知悉,物理上/具體的可觀察的結果並不需要是具體產品,而可以是在具體裝置上運行的方法與應用,並且,僅是存在具體的效果也不足以具備可專利性!!!

該代表承認,物理上可觀察到的最終結果不必是有形產品的意義上的,而可以是在物理設備中方法的應用和操作。 然而,他也觀察到,僅僅存在物理效應並不足以賦予專利性。

"The Delegate acknowledged that a physically observable end result need not be in the sense of a tangible product but may be in the application and operation of a method in a physical device.  However, he also observed that the mere presence of a physical effect is not sufficient to confer patentability."

即便是專利審查委員,仍是認同系爭案發明在電腦上提出了新的用途(new use),也明確地連結特定機器,而且沒有電腦也無法執行所描述的方法,也就是電腦整合在整個發明中。而發明是自動執行在一評估伺服器中,但說明書並未描述相關程式/流程,因此並未證明發明的獨創性(ingenuity),若伺服器中運行的步驟是一個自動程序,判定僅是"簡單地輸入文字和問題與一些標準的文字工作"。

當發明僅是將人的工作成為電腦中運行的自動程序,就會判定是以一般已知機器實現的抽象概念,就不足以超越抽象概念而判定符合"manner of manufacture"的要求。

法院結論是:發明屬於一種方案或是商業方法,不屬於可專利標的。
"We conclude that the claimed invention is to a scheme or a business method that is not properly the subject of letters patent."

my two cents:
其中很重要地引用下列前例針對可專利性判斷中"manner of manufacture"的解釋。

引用前例:("Patents—Application—Eradication of weeds from crop areas by application of chemicals—Known substances—New properties discovered—New process—Vendible product—Manner of manufacture—Statute of Monopolies 1628 (21 Jac. I, c. 3), s. 6—Patents Act 1952-1955 (Cth), s. 6.")(https://jade.io/article/65416

法院考量了專利局審查意見,也就是判定系爭案發明並非符合可專利性中"manner of manufacture"的定義,因此,法院就重新來探討何謂"manner of manufacture"?是否有更廣義的定義?

這裡有段我認為頗有意義的討論,法院討論的議題相對宏觀,認為專利法中"manufacture"並非是要簡化可專利性(patentability)問題,而是指涉所有可賦予專利壟斷權的類別,因此不能僅問"is this a manner of manufacture"就解決可專利性問題。法院認為(甚至搬出牛津英語字典的解釋),如果以此問題中"manufacture"解釋為限制任何人的發明應為以手或機器製作具體商品的話,就錯了!

"The word "manufacture" finds a place in the present Act, not as a word intended to reduce a question of patentability to a question of verbal interpretation, but simply as the general title found in the Statute of Monopolies for the whole category under which all grants of patents which may be made in accordance with the developed principles of patent law are to be subsumed. It is therefore a mistake, and a mistake likely to lead to an incorrect conclusion, to treat the question whether a given process or product is within the definition as if that question could be restated in the form: "Is this a manner (or kind) of manufacture?" It is a mistake which tends to limit one's thinking by reference to the idea of making tangible goods by hand or by machine, because "manufacture" as a word of everyday speech generally conveys that idea. The right question is: "Is this a proper subject of letters patent according to the principles which have been developed for the application of s. 6 of the Statute of Monopolies?" (at p269)"

補充資料:


--- 澳洲專利法可專利發明規定 ---
PATENTS ACT 1990 - SECT 18 Patentable inventions

Patentable inventions for the purposes of an innovation patent

 (1A)  Subject to subsections (2) and (3), an invention is a patentable invention for the purposes of an innovation patent if the invention, so far as claimed in any claim:

 (a)  is a manner of manufacture within the meaning of section 6 of the Statute of Monopolies; and

 (b)  when compared with the prior art base as it existed before the priority date of that claim:

 (i)  is novel; and

 (ii)  involves an innovative step; and

 (c)  is useful; and

 (d)  was not secretly used in the patent area before the priority date of that claim by, or on behalf of, or with the authority of, the patentee or nominated person or the patentee's or nominated person's predecessor in title to the invention.

可取得專利的條件:製作方法、新穎性、進步性、可利用性,在優先權日以前未秘密實施。

 (2)  Human beings, and the biological processes for their generation, are not patentable inventions.人類與其生物方法不得取得專利。

Certain inventions not patentable inventions for the purposes of an innovation patent

 (3)  For the purposes of an innovation patent, plants and animals, and the biological processes for the generation of plants and animals, are not patentable inventions.產生動植物生物方法不可專利。

 (4)  Subsection (3) does not apply if the invention is a microbiological process or a product of such a process.

微生物方法或其產品例外。

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參考資料:

Ron

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