2025年11月14日 星期五

"substantially"案例討論 - In re Nehrenberg (CCPA 1960)

"substantially" - In re Nehrenberg (CCPA 1960)

USPTO將此案列為引用案例:

MPEP2173.05(b)
III. Approximations

專利說明書或是專利範圍內使用"substantially"(實質上)通常是用來描述特定特徵,例如“實質上垂直於...”、“實質上相同於...”與“實質上增加”等,目的應該就是希望可以比較"不受限又不過份地"所要描述的技術用語的意思,而能較廣地解釋專利範圍。但是挑戰就是Claim中使用substantially是否明確?

D.“Substantially”

The term “substantially” is often used in conjunction with another term to describe a particular characteristic of the claimed invention. It is a broad termIn re Nehrenberg, 280 F.2d 161, 126 USPQ 383 (CCPA 1960). The court held that the limitation “to substantially increase the efficiency of the compound as a copper extractant” was definite in view of the general guidelines contained in the specification. In re Mattison, 509 F.2d 563, 184 USPQ 484 (CCPA 1975). The court held that the limitation “which produces substantially equal E and H plane illumination patterns” was definite because one of ordinary skill in the art would know what was meant by “substantially equal.” Andrew Corp.v.Gabriel Electronics, 847 F.2d 819, 6 USPQ2d 2010 (Fed. Cir. 1988).

以上段落在兩個案件中判定substantially用語為明確,其一是參考一般指引,另一是基於相關領域一般技術人員的理解(substantially”等相對用語是否明確取決於相關領域一般技術人員能否合理地確定其意義,如果一般技術人員根據用語在說明書中的上下文中可以合理地確定,則為明確,反之就不明確)。

案例:
In re Nehrenberg (CCPA 1960)(CCAP: United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals
上訴案號:No. 6568
系爭專利申請號:No.416,295
判決日期:July 6, 1960

案件源起美國專利局訴願委員會“確認/affirm”USPTO駁回系爭專利申請案的決定,Claim 1如下:

Claim 1: A stainless and heat resistant steel of substantially homogeneous (實質上同質) and ferritic structure (鐵素體結構consisting essentially of: 19 to 30% chromium, 0.2 to 1% each of silicon and manganese, 0.1 to 1% aluminum, up to 1% each of molybdenum and copper, 0.05 to 0.1% carbon, up to 0.5% nickel, up to 0.2% nitrogen, and the balance iron, in which the elements aforesaid are so proportioned that the combined content of chromium, silicon and molybdenum plus ten times the aluminum content minus the nickel content and thirty times the combined content of carbon and nitrogen, is at least 21%."

面對先前技術,本案上訴人在答辯時說明:發明提出一種具有同質結構的全鐵素體不銹鋼("This invention pertains to ferritic stainless steels, and provides a wholly ferritic stainless steel of homogeneous structure, ...."),但是,系爭專利說明書中並沒有定義“homogeneous,法院假定(自為解釋)這在鋼鐵技術的意義是“鋼材具有均勻的晶格結構”("it is used in the technical sense that the steel has a uniform crystal lattice throughout")。

在此一提的是,Ferritic steels(鐵素體鋼)具有磁性與耐腐蝕的特性,並且無需熱處理即可硬化,相應地,系爭專利說明書記載:Ferritic steels可以通過“鉻、矽、鉬和鋁的含量與碳、氮和鎳的含量”之間適當的比例生產,並且以公式表示這些成分的比例,得出較廣範圍的比例與較佳範圍的比例,專利範圍界定出符合這個公式但有不同用量的成分

但是USPTO審查意見引用的主要前案No. 2,624,668(核駁理由主要參考依據)已經揭露這些鋼材元素與差不多的成分比例,也有前案揭示了適當成分比例、含量與其結構之間的平衡。

訴願委員會針對系爭專利申請案Claims 1, 2, 3與主要前案之間的各種成分比例的比較表:

比較後可知成分比例雖有差異,但都算“實質地重疊”,上訴人/專利申請人主張這些成分比例都是依照知識計算得出,並不能說是被前案所涵蓋,但是即便考慮了專利申請人提出的公式,但審查意見仍指出系爭申請案專利範圍已經落入先前技術揭示內容中,法院同樣判定無法准予專利權

在此有個議題是,系爭案申請人聲稱系爭發明(實質上同質/結構均勻的全鐵素體不銹鋼wholly ferritic stainless steel of homogeneous structure)是先前技術等“擁擠與極具競爭”技術中的變體(variant),但法院認為系爭申請案說明書並未有相關指引讓技術人員可以得出"substantially"的程度(degree),且主要先前技術已經揭露「實質為鐵素體」的不銹鋼(“substantially ferritic” stainless steel),使得系爭專利範圍並不能與主要前案區隔,也就是以上變體並不足以克服顯而易見的核駁意見。

"We are not aided by the specification herein in determining what degrees are included within the broad term “substantially.”"

其中substantially引起明確性(35 U.S.C. § 112)議題,系爭專利範圍Claim使用了“substantially homogeneous”用語可能導致不明確,如此,法院認為,如果說明書提供了一些指引 (guidelines),則可以作為答辯“substantially等相對性用語”不明確核駁意見的依據,但是本案並無法知道substantially的程度,因此使專利範圍為不明確的狀態。


參考資料:
Ron

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