2023年11月3日 星期五

解釋專利範圍 - USPTO的BRI講義筆記(about claims)

USPTO於March 2019發布的申請專利範圍解釋講義:https://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/documents/claim_interpretation_2019.pptx

其中主題為,針對前言(preamble)、wherein, whereby, thereby與功能用語,以及112(f)下電腦實現發明最廣而合理的解釋(broadest reasonable interpretation,BRI)。

關於最廣而合理的解釋可參考MPEP2111,相關案例報導:合理解釋專利範圍的案例 - Phillips v. AWH Corp. (Fed. Cir. 2005)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2015/05/phillips-v-awh-corp-fed-cir-2005.html)。

前言:
BRI規範於【MPEP 2111】中,其中規範智慧局審查專利範圍時應對照說明書內容給予最廣且合理的解釋。 
MPEP 2111    CLAIM INTERPRETATION; BROADEST REASONABLE INTERPRETATION CLAIMS MUST BE GIVEN THEIR BROADEST REASONABLE INTERPRETATION IN LIGHT OF THE SPECIFICATION 
During patent examination, the pending claims must be “given their broadest reasonable interpretation consistent with the specification.” The Federal Circuit’s en banc decision in Phillips v. AWH Corp., 415 F.3d 1303, 1316, 75 USPQ2d 1321, 1329 (Fed. Cir. 2005) expressly recognized that the USPTO employs the “broadest reasonable interpretation” standard:

解釋專利範圍的一般性原則規範於【MPEP2111.01】,相關案例報導:1994年解釋專利範圍中功能手段用語的一般原則 - In re Donaldson (Fed. Cir. 1994, en banc)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2017/07/1994-in-re-donaldson-fed-cir-1994-en.html)。

MPEP2111.01  Plain Meaning
I.    THE WORDS OF A CLAIM MUST BE GIVEN THEIR "PLAIN MEANING" UNLESS SUCH MEANING IS INCONSISTENT WITH THE SPECIFICATION
II.    IT IS IMPROPER TO IMPORT CLAIM LIMITATIONS FROM THE SPECIFICATION
III.    "PLAIN MEANING" REFERS TO THE ORDINARY AND CUSTOMARY MEANING GIVEN TO THE TERM BY THOSE OF ORDINARY SKILL IN THE ART
IV.    APPLICANT MAY BE OWN LEXICOGRAPHER AND/OR MAY DISAVOW CLAIM SCOPE
V.    SUMMARY OF DETERMINING THE MEANING OF A CLAIM TERM THAT DOES NOT INVOKE 35 U.S.C. 112(F)

如何判斷非訴諸35U.S.C.112(f)功能性用語的專利範圍用語的意思?
步驟1:這個流程判斷專利範圍用語(claim term)是否有說明書的支持?
步驟2:判斷專利範圍用語對一般技術人員而言有一般而慣常的意思?
若否,步驟3:是否說明書有提供解釋?
    若是,步驟4:就使用說明書的解釋;
    若否,步驟5:採用專利範圍用語最廣而合理的解釋(以最佳的理解,排除不明確)。
若是,步驟6:判斷說明書對該用語是否有提供特殊的定義?
    若是,步驟7:就使用說明書的定義解釋該用語;
    若否,步驟8:使用一般與慣常的解釋。

摘錄一些講義中有興趣的部分(整個講義十分有意思,可以通篇查閱):
  1. 根據MPEP 2111, 2111.01,解釋專利範圍需要參考一些周遭資訊的限制,包括說明書中申請人自己的解釋、一般慣常的意思等    得出"最廣而合理(BRI)"的解釋
  2. 使用BRI,需要先理解發明是什麼?評估claims專利性時須採用BRI("establishing the BRI should be done after you understand what the applicant invented and before any statutes are applied. The same BRI must be used when evaluating the claim for compliance with the patentability statutes (§101, §112, §102, §103) and non-statutory double patenting.")。
  3. 前言(preamble)是否會限制專利範圍?如果前言描述正向地加入限制,就會成為限制;如果前言僅表達,則對專利範圍沒有影響。(編按,前言是否成為限制要看前言寫了什麼,如果實質給予專利範圍意義,會變成限制。)
  4. 關於專利範圍中wherein, whereby, thereby與功能性用語,可參考MPEP 2111.04,可參考過去報導:連接副詞的效力 - MPEP 2111.04(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2017/05/mpep-211104.html

  5. 關於"processor"是否是個功能性用語?專利範圍用語、說明書與申請當時技術將決定如何解釋"processor",如果是相關領域可理解的結構,或被認知是電腦處理器,就不會是非結構性的通用佔位用語(non-structural generic placeholders),不會是描述功能的通用佔位符
  6. 在過去報導曾經討論過,processor被判定是功能性用語,且可能因為沒有交代結構特徵而判定不明確,同一件判決中的功能用語的雙標 - WSOU Investments LLC v. Google LLC (Fed. Cir. Oct. 19, 2023)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2023/10/wsou-investments-llc-v-google-llc-fed.html)。

    範例:
    1. An electronic device to be worn by a user comprising:
    a display;
    a module for receiving a biometric input from a user;
    a memory having a database stored thereon, the database including at least one authorized biometric value and a corresponding user ID;
    a processor configured to match the biometric input from the module with the at least one authorized biometric value stored in the memory to determine the corresponding user ID, wherein a match notification is generated and output to the display; and
    a transmitter in communication with the processor for sending the corresponding user ID to a controller in a vehicle,
    whereby the controller is configured to start the vehicle and set at least one operational parameter of the vehicle based on the user ID.

    2. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein said electronic device is capable of being secured to the user’s wrist.

    3. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the module comprises a retinal camera for capturing an image of the user’s eye or a camera for capturing an image of the user’s face.

    4. The electronic device of claim 1, wherein the processor is programmed to notify the user when the user is within a predetermined distance of the vehicle.
  7. 在此討論幾個功能性用語,如「"configured to"」,過去曾報導:你常用"configured to"嗎?(about Claims)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2014/01/configured-toabout-claims.html)。
  8. 在此範例中,"configured to"表示處理器有能力(capable of)執行一些程序,因此"processor"在此的解釋是有執行程序的結構,或是執行特定功能的軟硬組合。
  9. 此範例中"wherein"是對processor有限制效果的。
  10. claim 2中使用"is capable of"限制electronic device的作用,是要綁在使用者腕部的電子裝置,與claim 1不同,claim 2限制了裝置的大小。
  11. claim 1有個元件是"module",使該項訴諸112(f)解釋,但是claim 3將module限制在retinal camera,就脫離了112(f)解釋。
  12. claim 4中使用"programmed to"用以限制processor經編程後執行相關功能。
Ron

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