這件案例(United States v. Arthrex (supreme court 2021))"存"很久了,這時拿出來看是因為USPTO將根據本案最高法院意見修正PTAB案的審查程序。
「UNITED STATES v. ARTHREX, INC. ET AL.」案件資訊:
判決日期:June 21, 2021
因為自AIA施行以來,利害關係人可以對美國核准專利提出異議程序(IPR),由PTAB的行政法官(APJ)審理(共有超過200人,每件任命3位審理IPR/PGR/CBM),且有頗高的機會會撤銷專利權,因此開始有質疑PTAB的APJ權力的言論。
2021年議題:APJ代表行政部門的職權是否符合憲法任命的規定?("The question in these cases is whether the authority of Administrative Patent Judges (APJs) to issue decisions on behalf of the Executive Branch is consistent with the Appointments Clause of the Constitution. APJs conduct adversarial proceedings for challenging the validity of an existing patent before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board (PTAB).")
PTAB的APJ的任命:35 U. S. C. §§6(a),(c)
35 U.S. Code § 6 - Patent Trial and Appeal Board
(a)In General.—
There shall be in the Office a Patent Trial and Appeal Board. The Director, the Deputy Director, the Commissioner for Patents, the Commissioner for Trademarks, and the administrative patent judges shall constitute the Patent Trial and Appeal Board. The administrative patent judges shall be persons of competent legal knowledge and scientific ability who are appointed by the Secretary, in consultation with the Director. Any reference in any Federal law, Executive order, rule, regulation, or delegation of authority, or any document of or pertaining to the Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences is deemed to refer to the Patent Trial and Appeal Board.
(c)3-Member Panels.—
Each appeal, derivation proceeding, post-grant review, and inter partes review shall be heard by at least 3 members of the Patent Trial and Appeal Board, who shall be designated by the Director. Only the Patent Trial and Appeal Board may grant rehearings.
本案緣起Arthrex專利權被PTAB/IPR程序撤銷,即上訴聯邦巡迴法院/CAFC主張PTAB違反總統任命行政官員的條款(Appointments Clause)。
Arthrex認為,APJ屬於"上級官員/principal officer"(聯邦官員分為「上級官員/principal officer」與「下級官員/inferior officer」),應為國會同意由總統任命,但是現行APJ則是由美國商務部長(Secretary of Commerce)任命,因此主張違憲。
CAFC判決APJ屬於上級官員,因此其任命違憲,但"僅"判決APJ的任期保護無效,而可以由美國商務部長隨時撤掉APJ。但是,CAFC仍判決Arthrex敗訴,同意PTAB判決專利無效的決定。(也就是說,CAFC同意APJ任命有問題,但僅否決其任期保護,並沒有認為任命違憲。)
案件進入美國最高法院:
APJ屬於上級官員,APJ所行使的職權(判決專利有效與無效)為不可審理(unreviewable)的權力,但這與他們由美國商務任命下級官員的職權不符。
(a) "Appointments Clause"僅讓總統,經國會同意,任命上級官員;但讓國會授權給行政部門任命下級官員。
(b) 根據案例"Edmond v. United States",法院解釋下級官員必須受到其他由總統任命經國會同意的人指導與監督。根據以上資訊可知,APJ屬於需要被監督的下級官員,因此,PTAB的APJs應受到其他官員允許才能作出判決。
參考1997年Edmond v. United States案例(https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/520/651/):"Despite the importance of the responsibilities the judges in question bear, they are "inferior Officers" under the Clause. Generally speaking, "inferior officers" are officers whose work is directed and supervised at some level by others who were appointed by Presidential nomination with the Senate's advice and consent."
也就是說,根據APJs的APJs的任命基礎,APJs屬於下級官員,因此所作出的PTAB決定應受到監督,至少其Director應有責任檢查/影響APJ的決定。因此才有以下列舉後續案例:CUPP COMPUTING AS v. TREND MICRO INC. (Fed. Cir. 2022)。
但是APJs仍有保護機制:最高法院並非要訂出下級官員與上級官員任命的標準,很多下級官員作出的決定並沒有約束行政部門以特定方式行使權力,法院也不涉及外部監督的方式,然而,國會仍賦予APJs重要的權力:裁決私人的公共權利,也使他們的決定免受審查,並保護它們免遭撤職。
"The Court does not attempt to “set forth an exclusive criterion for distinguishing between principal and inferior officers for Appointments Clause purposes.” Edmond, 520 U. S., at 661. Many decisions by inferior officers do not bind the Executive Branch to exercise executive power in a particular manner, and the Court does not address supervision outside the context of adjudication. Here, however, Congress has assigned APJs “significant authority” in adjudicating the public rights of private parties, while also insulating their decisions from review and their offices from removal."
判決:對本案而言,最高法院撤銷CAFC"僅"判決APJ的任期保護無效的判決,發回重審。
(編按,本次判決不表示過去PTAB的決定無效。"even if the Director can refuse to designate APJs on further PTAB panels, he has no means of countermanding the final decision already on the books.")
my two cents:
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後續案例如:審查歷程棄權原則並非天條,仍關乎審理層級與當下專利範圍的解釋 - CUPP COMPUTING AS v. TREND MICRO INC. (Fed. Cir. 2022)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2022/11/cupp-computing-as-v-trend-micro-inc-fed.html)
"CAFC依循2021年最高法院在案件"United States v. Arthrex, Inc., 141 S. Ct. 1970 (2021)"中的意旨(此案中,專利權人對於PTAB作出最終決定的APJ們提出異議,認為他們可以作出不可挑戰的意見的權利,但其任命基礎是錯的...),讓CUPP(專利權人)有機會針對IPR的最終決定(final written decision)要求重審,但此請求被PTAB的acting director否決,CUPP更改訴狀後繼續上訴CAFC。
...
但法院認為是,Aylus案(在IPR階段的disclaimer僅可以影響地院侵權審理時解釋專利範圍)沒有幫到CUPP,也就是說,法院同意PTAB審理IPR案件時,不受到專利權人在審查歷史中的disclaimer限制。
...
CAFC定調,在USPTO的disclaimer並不能約束IPR程序(如同民事法院程序),如同在地院的disclaimer僅能約束在地院的後續審理程序一般。"
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May 27, 2022 CAFC判決:https://cafc.uscourts.gov/opinions-orders/18-2140.OPINION.5-27-2022_1957812.pdf
本案例最高法院意見:https://www.supremecourt.gov/opinions/20pdf/19-1434_ancf.pdf
(好大一篇,72頁,扣除各法官意見,判決主文就23頁,此報導僅參考4頁的"Syllabus",但也看好久呀~)
(好大一篇,72頁,扣除各法官意見,判決主文就23頁,此報導僅參考4頁的"Syllabus",但也看好久呀~)
資料參考:
Ron
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