2021年8月11日 星期三

A.I.發明人Dabus的申請案以及澳洲聯邦法院案例

過去關於Dabus的專利案討論:

- A.I.發明人!Mr. A.I.(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2020/04/aimr-ai.html
- 歐洲專利局駁回AI為發明人的專利申請案(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2020/09/ai.html

本篇議題涉及一個在"全球"引起討論的AI演算法"DABUS",Mr. Dabus("Device for the Autonomous Bootstrapping of Unified Sentience"的縮寫)為A.I.機器人,為兩件專利的發明人(申請人是"獲得Dabus"授權的Stephen L. Thaler),兩件專利分別關於LED作為緊急照明信號的技術,以及食物容器,其一為美案16/524,350

根據patently-o部落格專欄(值得參考,Guest Post by Meshandren Naidoo and Dr. Christian E. Mammen),Dabus專利在美國、英國與歐洲因為非適格發明人而不予專利,但南非專利局(實際名稱是公司與智財委員會CIPC,網站:http://www.cipc.co.za/za/)卻於2021年7月同意以Dabus列為發明人的專利申請案,並做出公開文獻。

CIPC智財網站:https://iponline.cipc.co.za/Default.aspx(檢索要註冊,就先不用)

從WIPO資料庫用發明人"Dabus"可以找出在紐西蘭、印度、以色列與WIPO的申請案(專利家族顯示還有英國、澳洲與日本,另外應還有美國),以WIPO案為例:WO2020079499 - FOOD CONTAINER AND DEVICES AND METHODS FOR ATTRACTING ENHANCED ATTENTION

專利家族申請時序:

PCT案公開案:

Claim 1:

Claim 1描述的食物容器包括有一致厚度的圓柱牆,定義容器容量、頂與底部元件,之後描述此容器的細節,看來不是一般理解的單一容器,容器壁是有彈性的,可以通過凹凸結構相互組合的容器。


南非是專利局受理申請案,從IPWatchdog報導知道澳洲專利局否決此案,但經上訴後,聯邦法院認為A.I.發明人為合法的專利發明人。

AU2019363177

澳洲聯邦法院判決:https://www.judgments.fedcourt.gov.au/judgments/Judgments/fca/single/2021/2021fca0879

"Thaler v. Commissioner of Patents"案件資訊:
申請人/上訴人:STEPHEN THALER
被告:澳洲專利局(COMMISSIONER OF PATENTS)

法官:Beach J.
判決日:30 JULY 2021

法院判決依據仍是"依法行事",提到澳洲專利法(Part 2 of Ch 2 of the Act)定義了專利權人(ownership),卻沒有定義發明人(inventorship),法條如下,發明取得專利授予權利給:發明人、發明人所讓與的人、發明人死後的法定代理人等。

a patent for an invention may only be granted to a person who:
(a) is the inventor; or
(b) would, on the grant of a patent for the invention, be entitled to have the patent assigned to the person; or
(c) derives title to the invention from the inventor or a person mentioned in paragraph (b); or
(d) is the legal representative of a deceased person mentioned in paragraph (a), (b) or (c).

(編按,我國專利法第95條規定:發明專利權人為自然人、學校或中小企業者,得向專利專責機關申請減免專利年費,其中非針對發明人,但是審查基準則有提到申請書中的發明人必為自然人

因為沒有定義發明人,所以法院沒有判決不受理A.I.為發明人的申請案,法官判定,第一,發明人可以是「非人類」,認為專利局不能說不可以是非人類的發明人;第二,如果專利局認為法律要求發明人是「人類」,但也不是所依據的專利細則Reg 3.2C(2)(aa)所規定的;第三,專利審查委員不應僅依據附屬法條就不實質審理申請案。

Reg 3.2C(2)(aa) requires that the applicant, who in this case is Dr Stephen Thaler, must provide the name of the inventor of the invention to which the application relates.

從判決中整理一些法官判決的理由:

專利申請案的申請人可以是「非人類」,主要理由是:專利法並未明確拒絕A.I.系統可以是發明人;發明人"inventor"是一代理名詞(agent noun),因此可以是人或事物("an inventor is an agent noun; an agent can be a person or thing that invents.");專利法,不像是著作權法要求作者是人,或是有精神上的權利,其立法並未排除「非人類」;法官引用藥物研究證明很多疫苗、藥品的研究都是倚賴人工智慧,認為其中表明不應狹隘地看待“發明人”的概念,這樣做可能抑制電腦科學的創新,或是其他受益於人工智能的科學領域的創新

法官的英語教學:

"Third, as the word “inventor” is not defined in the Act or the Regulations, it has its ordinary meaning. In this respect then, the word “inventor” is an agent noun. In agent nouns, the suffix “or” or “er” indicates that the noun describes the agent that does the act referred to by the verb to which the suffix is attached. “Computer”, “controller”, “regulator”, “distributor”, “collector”, “lawnmower” and “dishwasher” are all agent nouns. As each example demonstrates, the agent can be a person or a thing. Accordingly, if an artificial intelligence system is the agent which invents, it can be described as an “inventor”."

參考資料:

IPWatchdog: https://www.ipwatchdog.com/2021/08/02/dabus-scores-win-ai-inventorship-question-australia-court/id=136304/

Patently-o: https://patentlyo.com/patent/2021/08/traction-recognize-invented.html

Ron

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