2024年12月16日 星期一

超越習知技術的技術元件是抽象的,發明就是抽象的 - Broadband iTV, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc (Fed. Cir. 2024)

本篇討論最近上訴最高法院的案例 - Broadband iTV, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc (Fed. Cir. 2024),

案件資訊:
原告/上訴人/專利權人:BROADBAND ITV, INC.
被告/被上訴人:AMAZON.COM, INC., AMAZON.COM SERVICES LLC, AMAZON WEB SERVICES, INC.
系爭專利:US10,028,026 ('026); US9,648,388 ('388); US10,536,750 ('750); US10,536,751 ('751); US9,973,825 ('825)
判決日期:September 3, 2024

本案緣起BroadBand iTV於2020年以其擁有的系爭專利(多數為'026專利家族,有相同優先權基礎案)對被告Amazon等提出侵權告訴。Amazon等人向法院提起簡易判決請求,主張系爭專利不符35 U.S.C. § 101規定,地院同意簡易判決,判定系爭專利不具專利適格性。

系爭專利涉及電子節目表,如可以讓觀看者瀏覽電子節目表以觀看隨選視訊。

'026的claim 1如下,描述一種網際網路連接的數位裝置,即一種通過網路串流得到數位內容的隨選視訊系統中的裝置,其中設有電子節目表,其中特別的是為多階層的經過模板化的隨選視訊節目表,包括第一層、第二層與第三層,第一層為背景層,有一些顏色與標誌,第二層是在背景層上顯示其中之一模板的內容,第三層顯示影像內容,如圖片、按鈕、文字等。

1. An Internet-connected digital device for receiving, via the Internet, video content to be viewed by a subscriber of a video-on-demand system using a hierarchically arranged electronic program guide,
the Internet-connected digital device being configured to obtain and present to the subscriber an electronic program guide as a templatized video-on-demand display, which uses at least one of a plurality of different display templates to which the Internet-connected digital device has access, to enable a subscriber using the Internet-connected digital device to navigate in a drill-down manner through titles by category information in order to locate a particular one of the titles whose associated video content is desired for viewing on the Internet-connected digital device using the same category information as was designated by a video content provider in metadata associated with the video content;
wherein the ternplatized video-on-demand display has been generated in a plurality of layers, comprising:
(a) a first layer comprising a background screen to provide at least one of a basic color, logo, or graphical theme to display;
(b) a second layer comprising a particular display template from the plurality of different display templates layered on the background screen, wherein the particular display template comprises one or more reserved areas that are reserved for displaying content provided by a different layer of the plurality of layers; and
(c) a third layer comprising reserved area content generated using the received video content, the associated metadata, and the associated plurality of images to be displayed in the one or more reserved areas in the particular display template as at least one of text, an image, a navigation link, and a button,
wherein the navigating through titles in a drill-down manner comprises navigating from a first level of the hierarchical structure of the video-on-demand content menu to a second level of the hierarchical structure to locate the particular one of the titles, and
wherein a first template of the plurality of different display templates is used as the particular display template for the templatized display for displaying the first level of the hierarchical structure and wherein a second template of the plurality of different display templates is used as the particular display template for the templatized display for displaying the second level of the hierarchical structure,
wherein the received video content was uploaded to a Web-based content management system by a content provider device associated with the video content provider via the Internet in a digital video format, along with associated metadata including title information and category information, and along with an associated plurality of images designated by the video content provider, the associated metadata specifying a respective hierarchical location of a respective title of the video content within the electronic program guide to be displayed on the Internet-connected digital device using the respective hierarchically-arranged category information associated with the respective title,
wherein at least one of the uploaded associated plurality of images designated by the video content provider is displayed with the associated respective title in the templatized video-on-demand display.

地方法院判定系爭專利不具專利適格性的審理依照最高法院於Alice v. CLS bank判例意旨得出的TWO-STEP專利適格性檢視方法。

雖然從Alice判例以來產生很多相關案例,甚至USPTO也動態地根據法院意見調整審查基準,但是都不脫是基於所述TWO-STEP檢視原則,從abstract idea判斷、組織人類活動(經濟、商業活動)、實質超過抽象概念/法定不予專利事項,到是否有額外元件與具體應用等判斷。Alice判例早期報導內容如下:
-抽象概念若僅以一般目的電腦實現,不可專利 - Alice Corporation Pty. Ltd. v. CLS Bank International (2014)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2014/06/alice-corporation-pty-ltd-v-cls-bank.html
-美國專利局101可專利標的備忘錄 -針對Alice Corp. v. CLS Bank判決提出初步審查指示(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2014/06/101-alice-corp-v-cls-bank.html

在此仍不厭其煩地來了解TWO-STEP專利適格性檢視方法。

Alice step one:

法院認為系爭專利為接收多階層資訊以及組織顯示內容的抽象概念(abstract idea),特別地認為系爭專利屬於電腦化的商業流程,並且本質上是常規與習知的動作,並沒有任何轉換(transform)或是儲存(save)等技術特點。

Alice step two:

法院判定系爭專利範圍僅引述一般方法的一般與習知元件並僅提供習知的功能("generic and conventional components arranged n a conventional manner and provide only conventional functionalities")並沒有轉換其專利範圍為超過抽象概念本身。

CAFC階段:


同樣地,採用TWO-STEP檢視方法。

(在此僅討論'026案)

Alice Step One:

法院認為,系爭專利,如'026案,涉及接收階層資訊與組織顯示內容的「抽象概念」。針對原告主張系爭專利改善了電腦功能,如使用者介面,等議題,法院引用案例 - Enfish, LLC v. Microsoft Corp. (Fed. Cir. 2016),如此,需要查閱整篇專利說明書以判斷系爭專利的專利特點是否有克服先前技術?這也是Enfish案的精隨。

再者,法院又依循判例,判斷系爭專利範圍是否可由人類意念執行或是使用筆墨可以運行?


如此,法院判定'026等案涉及接收metadata與基於metadata組織顯示內容的技術,從說明書一可知認為如claim 1描述以電腦的電子節目表為自動由metadata產生,接著判斷其中階層式的內容,使得觀看者從這樣的電子節目表查閱有興趣的內容。

據此,CAFC法官同意地院判決,以上可以區隔先前技術的技術特徵(如TLI判例,根據時間戳記分類與儲存數位影像技術不具專利適格性),如提供模板建立電子節目表等技術僅是提供一般環境的常規與習知動作,屬於抽象概念

參考資料:
-Enfish案對軟體可專利性有貢獻卻不能克服前案的阻礙 - Microsoft v. Enfish (Fed. Cir. 2016)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2016/12/enfish-microsoft-v-enfish-fed-cir-2016.html


Alice Step Two:

發明經step one判斷為抽象概念,在step two中則是判斷發明是否有任何特徵可以轉換抽象概念為可專利的標的?經查,認為系爭專利僅是使用通常與習知的元件,並採用一般方法,提供習知的功能

原告主張系爭專利的幾個特點轉換發明超越抽象概念,如自動從模板產生顯示內容、其中內容管理系統屬於一種伺服器,以及相關模板具有技術特點等,但一一被法院否決。

在step two的檢測中,判斷發明(申請專利範圍)是否包括可以轉換(transform)發明可實質超越不可專利概念的特定元件或是元件的組合

(重要)系爭專利面對的問題是,申請專利範圍中的技術元件屬於常規、習知與已知的特徵,其本身就屬於不具專利適格性的特點,更不能轉換不可專利的特徵為可專利的發明。


結論:系爭專利不具專利適格性。

my two cents:
一旦專利請求項中的元件(被判定)屬於常規、習知與已知的元件(routine, conventional, well-known),就不容易跳脫two-step檢測的步驟,怎麼轉換也都轉換不到具有專利適格性的發明上。

根據經驗,也處理過電子節目表的發明,如本次系爭專利涉及的技術,確實是不容易克服10核駁意見的技術,重點是,整體發明即便有其他非抽象特徵(如電腦、伺服器、自動產生節目單等),但是與先前技術比對後,能夠克服先前技術阻礙的技術如資訊處理、內容顯示等,都是屬於法院判定抽象概念的技術。

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