美國專利審查中,顯而易見(obviousness)的判斷往往是個答辯上最重要需要克服的問題,也是爭議所在,為了要降低審查委員的主觀意識、後見之明,因此歷史上一直產生著最高法院的對於obviousness意見的爭議,最有名的而且現階段審查委員提出不符103核駁理由時仍會引用的判例:Graham v. John Deere Co., 383 U.S. 1,148 USPQ 459 (1966)
在此判例出現之前,在1950年的判例Great A. & P. Tea Co. v. Supermarket Equipment Corp.中確立了除了新穎性(Novelty)與實用性(Utility)的判斷(new and useful test)之外,賦予專利權之前,應測試該專利是否有顯而易見性(obviousness),也就是是否該專利標的的相關領域一般技術人員在發明完成時(at the time the invention was made)能基於先前技術(prior art)而視為顯而易知(obvious)。
Great A. & P. Tea Co. v. Supermarket Equipment Corp., 340 U.S. 147, 71 S.Ct. 127, 95 L.Ed. 162 (1950), the Congress has for the first time expressly added a third statutory dimension to the two requirements of novelty and utility that had been the sole statutory test since the Patent Act of 1793. This is the test of obviousness, i.e., whether 'the subject matter sought to be patented and the prior art are such that the subject matter as a whole would have been obvious at the time the invention was made to a person having ordinary skill in the art to which said subject matter pertains.
根據目前的實務來看,當收到美國專利審查意見(Office Action)時,若遇到101核駁理由則可能會提到Bilski的判例,當遇到判斷申請專利範圍所載的功效是否有進步性時,可能會提到KSR判例或是TSM的判斷原則,孰不知,在判斷專利是否為non-obvious的判斷時,審查委員通常會引用Graham v. John Deere Co., 383 U.S. 1,148 USPQ 459 (1966)判例所作出的幾點考量:
- Determining the scope and contents of the prior art.(確認前案的範疇)
- Ascertaining the differences between the prior art and the claims at issue.(查明權利範圍與前案的差異)
- Resolving the level of ordinary skill in the pertinent art.(分辨發明相關領域的一般技術水平)
- Considering objective evidence present in the application indicating obviousness or nonobviousness.(考慮申請案中顯而易見或非顯而易見的的客觀證據)
這部份也就是日後稱為Graham factors -- secondary considerations:商業上成功、解決長期未解決的需求、克服別人的失敗
Graham v. John Deere Co., 383 U.S. 1,148 USPQ 459 (1966)判例中,Graham是擁有US2493811(1950年)與US2627798(1953年改良案)的告訴人,對John Deere公司提出侵權告訴,被告產品自然就是一種犁(plow)。其中較有爭議的是以US2627798所提出的侵權訴訟在另一訴訟中類似的議題的專利被認為無效,因此讓本案法院同樣也作出專利無效的判斷以及不侵權的決定。其中專利無效的理由就是改善的技術(相對於自己的前案US2493811)並無產生新的結果,而為顯而易見(obvious)的技術。
一般來說,田裡的土壤應該是比較沒有石頭或是堅硬的東西,因此相對較硬的犁在犁田時應該不致於容易被損毀。但是,如一些美國北部的州,確實遇到此類有堅硬物質的土壤,因此,犁在這樣的土壤中經過時容易有很大的撞擊與震動,相對的發明因應而生。
US2493811(1950年1月獲准)揭露一種具有減震效果的犁(vibrating plow),在犁田時犁與鋤過地面的石頭可能造成損壞,因此提供可以吸收犁田時的震動的裝置。
根據Claim 1的描述,此犁包括有具有向下開口的托架、拴與設於其上的支柱、與拴樞接的桿子,穿過托架的開口,可以利用提供犁柄與拴之間足夠的相對移動,以容納犁柄的擺動、桿子與彈簧、托架連接產生擺動,可以減輕因為與地面的震動產生損壞的問題。
可參考下圖中犁上方與柄的一端設置具有彈簧的結構,目的是能減輕與地面互動時產生的損壞問題。
US2627798(1953年2月獲准),接著於兩年後提出一個改善方案,改變於犁柄下方設有鉸鏈盤(hinge plate),根據Claim 1的記載,一個具有架子與地面工作部位的犁在其柄的部位有個長形的鉸鏈盤,鉸鏈盤有個下表面對應固定部下表面,使得鉸鏈盤位於犁柄與固定部之間,犁上面的彈簧結構的一端設於固定部,連結於犁柄。這個設計可以縮小犁柄移動的距離。
根據法院的解讀,這件專利範圍與811案的差異僅在於:
(1) the stirrup and the bolted connection of the shank to the hinge plate do not appear in '811; and
(2) the position of the shank is reversed, being placed in patent '811 above the hinge plate, sandwiched between it and the upper plate.
但這些差異被認為顯而易知,不能給予專利!
經此設計,當犁經過石頭土壤時,仍引用前案(811案)吸收犁震動的技術,即便有結合前述鉸鏈盤不同的位置,但不同法院有不同的意見,在另一訴訟案(Jeoffroy Mfg., Inc. v. Graham, 219 F.2d 511, cert.)中類似的專利議題被認定為並未產生新的結果,因此不具專利性。同樣此案也以相同的理由認為專利無效,因此侵權不成立。
在此判例確立了專利必須符合新與有用以外,即便與前案有差異,但此差異為顯而易知,仍不能賦予專利權。
('A patent may not be obtained though the invention is not identically disclosed or described as set forth in section 102 of this title, if the differences between the subject matter sought to be patented and the prior art are such that the subject matter as a whole would have been obvious at the time the invention was made to a person having ordinary skill in the art to which said subject matter pertains. Patentability shall not be negatived by the manner in which the invention was made.' The section is cast in relatively unambiguous terms. Patentability is to depend, in addition to novelty and utility, upon the 'non-obvious' nature of the 'subject matter sought to be patented' to a person having ordinary skill in the pertinent art. )
Ron
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