2018年7月31日 星期二

是否訴諸112(f)的三個判斷 - MPEP 2181, section I

筆記

有幾種專利請求項寫法會在112(f)的規定下解釋專利範圍:
第一,請求項範圍中使用了"means"或是"steps",或是其他替代這類「非結構性」描述功能的用語的詞;
第二,在請求項範圍中以功能性語言改寫"means"或"steps,或其他這類用語,但沒有連結到"for"這類連接詞,或是用到"configured to"或是"so that"等用語;
第三,請求項範圍中使用"means"或是"steps",或是其他替代這類用語的詞,但並沒有以足夠的結構、材料或執行功能的動作進行修改的用語。

以上信息記載於MPEP 2181, subsection I,筆記如下。
https://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/mpep/s2181.html


I.    DETERMINING WHETHER A CLAIM LIMITATION INVOKES 35 U.S.C. 112(F) OR PRE-AIA 35 U.S.C. 112, SIXTH PARAGRAPH(判斷申請專利範圍是否訴諸112(f)解釋)

(first prong of analysis) A.    THE CLAIM LIMITATION USES THE TERM "MEANS" OR "STEP" OR A GENERIC PLACEHOLDER (A TERM THAT IS SIMPLY A SUBSTITUTE FOR "MEANS")

是否invoke 112(f)?其中"first prong analysis"就是看申請專利範圍是否包括了"means"、"step"等用語(placeholder),如果沒有,可能就不訴諸112(f)解釋專利範圍(規則1)

但是有一些非結構性的通用佔位用語(non-structural generic placeholders)仍可能訴諸112(f)解釋(規則2),例如:
“mechanism for,” “module for,” “device for,” “unit for,” “component for,” “element for,” “member for,” “apparatus for,” “machine for,” or “system for” ...

但是,以上列舉的用語都是參考,當該領域普通技術人員(PHOSITA)在閱讀專利說明書時能瞭解用語而足以定義出執行某功能的結構名稱(即便這個結構名稱很廣),或為可從功能識別出其結構,可以不以112(f)解釋專利範圍(規則3)

這裡引用案例「Inventio AG v. Thyssenkrupp Elevator Americas Corp. (Fed. Cir. 2011)」可參考:功能性語言的使用(http://enpan.blogspot.com/2011/06/blog-post_800.html)。此案系爭專利的專利範圍中使用「modernizing device」與「computing unit」,PHOSITA可以從說明書可以得出這些有「明確的結構」,也不用112(f)解釋。

MPEP在此列舉一些為明確結構的名詞(不用訴諸112(f)):
“circuit,” “detent mechanism,” “digital detector,” “reciprocating member,” “connector assembly,” “perforation,” “sealingly connected joints,” and “eyeglass hanger member” ...

這裡提醒審查委員,審理申請專利範圍中是否具有means或其替代用語等generic placeholder,需要參考說明書內容以及相關技術領域中的可接受意義

如果審查委員並未以112(f)解釋專利範圍,而申請人反倒想要訴諸112(f)解釋,這時可以:(A)修正專利範圍使得其中包括means, steps等用語;或是(B)證明申請專利範圍是以功能用語撰寫,而沒足夠的結構、材料或動作,以此反駁審查委員意見。目的是希望訴諸112(f)解釋(規則4)

所謂動作(acts)對應到要實現的功能,就是以"step for"描述,且也不見得限定以"step for"描述才能訴諸112(f)(規則5)

(有關前言)當使用者在申請專利範圍「前言」中使用"means"或是"step",當其不清楚是手段功能用語或是僅描述其「預期用途(intended use)」,則會面對112(b)核駁。若前言中使用結構或通用佔位用語加上"for"或其他連結用語(不是means for, step for),審查委員不能以手段功能用語解釋專利範圍。

當審查委員沒有針對112(f)議題審理,申請專利範圍在BRI (broadest reasonable interpretation)解釋下就不應限定到對應的結構與其等效範圍。

(second PRONG OF ANALYSIS) B.    THE TERM "MEANS" OR "STEP" OR THE GENERIC PLACEHOLDER MUST BE MODIFIED BY FUNCTIONAL LANGUAGE

這裡提到使用「means」或是「step」必須以功能用語描述(修飾)的112(f)適用條件,如果means沒有連結到特定功能,將不會訴諸112(f)解釋專利範圍(規則6)

用功能用語定義特定機制並不足以能夠將這些元件轉換成可以112(f)解釋的"means for"寫法,反之,有些寫法是以功能來描述,但是其中有足夠的結構限制,可以不訴諸112(f)解釋(規則7)

如果前言中有功能描述,不足以訴諸112(f)解釋(規則8)

[A] statement in a preamble of a result that necessarily follows from performing a series of steps does not convert each of those steps into step- plus-function clauses. The steps of ‘passing’ are not individually associated in the claims with functions performed by the steps of passing.

使用"means"卻沒有連結到功能,不以112(f)解釋(規則9),在申請專利範圍的寫法,會以"for"連結means或是特定佔位用語與其功能,這裡也提到幾個可以用的連接用語,如"so that"或"configured to"等。如果專利範圍中用語不能以結構for執行功能的話,就不能以112(f)解釋專利範圍(規則10)

(third PRONG OF ANALYSIS) C.    THE TERM "MEANS" OR "STEP" OR THE GENERIC PLACEHOLDER MUST NOT BE MODIFIED BY SUFFICIENT STRUCTURE, MATERIAL, OR ACTS FOR ACHIEVING THE SPECIFIED FUNCTION

在此判斷中,使用在申請專利範圍中的「means」或是「step」等佔位用語並無須足夠明確的結構、材料或動作實現特定功能的描述(修飾)。在案例Seal-Flex中,即便申請專利範圍使用一般認知的"means-plus-function"撰寫方式,但是當申請專利範圍本身引用足夠用來執行功能的動作特徵,並不須訴諸112(f)解釋(規則11)

Envirco Corp. v. Clestra Cleanroom (Fed. Cir. 2000)案中,系爭專利中有個元件"second baffle means",其中"baffle"(緩衝板)是明確的結構,法院判定不需要以112(f)解釋(規則12)

Rodime PLC v. Seagate Technology, Inc. (Fed. Cir. 1999)案中,系爭專利中"positioning means for moving..."並不以112(f)解釋,理由是系爭專利範圍中有一系列執行此moving...功能的結構描述,夠明確了(規則13,編按,這個判斷很危險,但原則是當請求項中有足夠的結構描述來執行特定"功能"時,將不以112(f)解釋

當申請專利範圍中功能用語是(1)以"結構"修飾,而讓PHOSITA可明確定義,或是(2)以足夠結構或材料描述其功能,將不以112(f)解釋(規則14)

"Examiners will apply 35 U.S.C. 112(f) or pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 112, sixth paragraph to a claim limitation that uses the term “means” or “step” or generic placeholder associated with functional language, unless that term is (1) preceded by a structural modifier, defined in the specification as a particular structure or known by one skilled in the art, that denotes the type of structural device (e.g., “filters”), or (2) modified by sufficient structure or material for achieving the claimed function."

因此,有時使用"mechanism"這種頗抽象的用語,都不見得會訴諸112(f)解釋,理由主要是申請專利範圍有足夠結構或材料或動作的描述(規則15)


申請專利範圍是否有以連結功能的用語描述結構,審查委員需要查驗:(1)說明書具有足夠而讓PHOSITA理解所表示的結構的描述;(2)字典(包括專業字典)有證據顯示用語可理解為特定結構;(3)先前技術提供證據顯示用語具有執行功能的可理解的結構。就是,說明書是否有足夠的「結構特徵」要看相關領域一般技術人員、字典、習知技術來看。(規則16

(編按,以上都方便地以112(f)表示,事實上pre-AIA是"35 U.S.C. 112, sixth paragraph";以上簡單歸訥規則好像很多,但原則一致,也有重複,在此註明)

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另補充,申請專利範圍是否以112(f)解釋會連動112(a)與112(b)核駁,也就是說,如果功能性用語訴諸112(f)解釋,需要連結到說明書中足夠的結構、材料或是執行功能的動作描述,如果沒有,將可能使得說明書或是申請專利範圍不明確(112(a)、112(b)),這個連動關係可以通過解決112(f)問題後,全部克服,一般處理的方式是:



申請人可以依照情況擇一處理,1. 修正專利範圍而不訴諸112(f)解釋專利範圍,例如將被認為是功能性用語的名詞(通常是執行了某個動作)刪除,改以動作描述;2. 指出被認為功能性用語的名詞在說明書何處有結構、材料或動作的支持;3. 修改說明書,在沒有增加新事物的前提下,使之明白地引述或連結對應結構、材料或是動作。

my two cents:
我覺得,要避免這些112問題,有時不是寫法的問題,而是揭露的問題,如果有結構、材料或動作特徵,就要寫清楚,不要留個"似乎不明確"的「名詞」在說明書,前後沒有對應上下文。如果確實是硬體特徵。如果僅是「功能特徵」,專利範圍就考慮用動作來描述裝置、系統,在申請專利範圍中不要用unit, module, element等用語描述這些功能特徵。

如果功能是「電腦實現的功能」,本來就沒有硬體特徵,可以考慮這種寫法:

14. A portable electronic device, comprising:
a touch screen display;
one or more processors;
memory; and
one or more programs, wherein the one or more programs are stored in the memory and configured to be executed by the one or more processors, the one or more programs including instructions for:
displaying a first window of an application, wherein the application includes at least one hidden window such that information about the at least one hidden window is concealed;
while displaying the first window, displaying an icon for adding windows to the application;
detecting activation of the icon for adding windows;
in response to detecting activation of the icon for adding windows, adding and displaying a second window to the application and hiding the first window such that no information about the first window is displayed;
while displaying the second window, detecting a tap gesture on the right side of the touch screen display;
in response to detecting the tap gesture on the right side of the touch screen display, moving the second window off the touch screen display and concurrently moving a third window of the application onto the touch screen display;
while displaying the third window, detecting a right-to-left swipe on the touch screen display; and
in response to detecting the right-to-left swipe on the touch screen display, moving the third window off the touch screen display and concurrently moving a fourth window of the application onto the touch screen display.

1. An apparatus configured for inclusion in a base station, the apparatus comprising one or more processing elements, wherein the one or more processing elements are configured to:
perform operations in order to facilitate random access by one or more link-budget-limited user equipment (UE) devices, wherein each of the link-budget-limited UE devices is configured to transmit a random access preamble and perform one or more retransmissions of the random access preamble, wherein the random access preamble includes one or more instances of a Zadoff-Chu sequence, wherein the operations include:
receiving said transmission of the random access preamble from a first of the one or more UE devices to obtain a first data record;
receiving said one or more retransmissions of the random access preamble from the first UE device to obtain one or more additional data records; and
decoding the random access preamble based on the first data record and the one or more additional data records.

1. A memory system, comprising:
an interface, configured to communicate with a plurality of memory cells that store data by setting the memory cells to analog voltages representative of respective storage values; and
storage circuitry configured to:
program a data unit to a first group of the memory cells;
read the data unit from the first group using at least a read threshold to produce a first readout;
in response to detecting that reading the data unit has failed because at the time of reading the first group, the read threshold has fallen outside a range of read thresholds supported by the memory cells, due to a temperature difference between a time of programming the first group and a time of reading the first group, program a second different group of the memory cells;
after programming the second group, re-read the data unit from the first group using the at least read threshold to produce a second readout; and
recover the data unit from the second readout.


範例:
此案中,審查委員在審查意見中指出專利範圍中有以112(f)解釋的功能性元件(不論是否使用了means或step用語),但在說明書缺乏足夠的結構、材料或動作描述:


如果訴諸112(f)解釋,卻因為說明書沒有對應到足夠的結構、材料或動作描述,因此產生不明確的問題(112(b)):



如此,解決方案有:(1)修正專利範圍,使得不訴諸112(f)解釋,或是(2)修改說明書,使得這些功能性元件可以明確連結到這些結構、材料或動作。

其中,如果專利說明書已經有支持這些功能性用語的結構、材料或動作時,申請人可以(1)修正專利說明書,使得其中結構、材料或動作描述可以明確連結到這些功能性元件,或是(2)指出說明書哪些內容對應到這些功能性用語。


此範例的解決方式是,修改申請專利範圍,刪除功能性元件,改為動作描述,也同時加入一些中間元件,如processor。


如此,即克服112(b)核駁意見,本案也解決了其他102議題而獲准。

my two cents:
以上議題主要是面對「功能手段用語」如何滿足明確性來講的,申請專利範圍中包括"means", "steps"等用語,通常會訴諸112(f)解釋,但是會去看說明書是否有對應的足夠結構、材料或動作描述,如果有,自然可以112(f)解釋;不過,當這些用語下的名詞在相關領域中可以識別其結構,仍不見得要以112(f)解釋專利範圍。

Ron

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