案件資訊:
原告/上訴人:ADVANCED VIDEO TECHNOLOGIES LLC
被告/被上訴人:HTC CORPORATION, HTC AMERICA, INC., BLACKBERRY LTD, BLACKBERRY CORPORATION, MOTOROLA MOBILITY LLC
系爭專利:US5,781,788
這是一個侵權訴訟,在地院階段,地方法院認為原告Advanced Video並沒有立場(standing)提出侵權告訴,理由是專利的共同擁有者並未轉換權利給原告Advanced Video。
"The district court based its decision on the ground that a co-owner of the patent was not a party to the actions, and the co-owner’s ownership interests in the patent were not transferred to Advanced Video."
系爭專利US5,781,788關於一種全雙工單影像片段編解碼器(Full duplex single clip video codec):
上訴議題僅一個,不是技術問題,是「是否專利共同擁有人/發明人已經在雇傭合約中轉換擁有權(ownership)給目前專利權人Advanced Video?」
"whether a co-inventor of the patent transferred her co-ownership interests in the patent under the terms of an employment agreement."
討論:
系爭專利'788的公報中列出三個發明人,也就是這件專利「co-inventors」,發明完成之時三位發明人皆為Infochips Systems Inc.(已倒閉)員工,但卻僅兩位簽署授讓書(assignment)將權利轉給Advanced Video,剩下的這位女士Vivian Hsiun變成本訴訟案"參加人"。
AVC宣稱已經取得Hsiun女士的"幾次"權利轉移,第一次1992年引用與雇主Infochips的雇傭合約;第二次為Infochips與Lease Management Services的財務合同;第三次1995年是Lease Management Services將Infochips資產賣給原始co-inventors之一的Mr. Woo;第四次1995年就是轉讓給AVC Technology Inc. (AVC)。
從判決書的理解,前三次交易是系爭專利的發明進行中,發明時間的雇傭關係與相關資產與權利轉移已經牽扯到專利權的歸屬,當發明到了AVC手中,1995年提出本次系爭專利'788的母案申請案,除了Hsiun女士以外的兩位發明人簽署授讓合約(assignment),Hsiun女士拒絕簽署。
發明人(inventorship)與所有權(ownership)在美國專利實務中是最重要資訊之一,但是如果專利申請時無法找到發明人簽名,或是被拒絕,仍有提出申請的方式。此案中,AVC宣稱在專利提出申請時,雇傭關係、財務文件都證明Mr. Woo與AVC都取得Hsiun女士的授權,PTO同意後獲准'788案專利(專利取得過程不在此探討,母案已拋棄)。
AVC之後解散,將資產轉給目前訴訟方Advanced Video。
一點點資訊可以參考:如果找不到發明人簽名怎麼辦?(http://enpan.blogspot.tw/2009/01/blog-post_19.html)
到了2011年,Advanced Video提出訴訟(三件),地方法院(Southern District of New York)發現根據當地法律,在上次權利移轉時,解散的AVC並未將專利權轉給Advanced Video,關鍵在Hsiun女士,即便,Advanced Video提出證明證實Hsiun的授權與權利放棄的意願(“will assign” provision, trust provision, and quitclaim provision),仍判定Advanced Video沒有專利所有權,最後因為被判缺乏訴訟立場。
原告上訴CAFC。
“will assign” provision:
首先,即便提出Hsiun的雇傭合約中員工"授權意願",法院認為,雇傭合約的意願僅是授權的"承諾",不能表示「專利授讓的簽署」。
"The court relied on Arachnid, Inc. v. Merit Industries, Inc., 939 F.2d 1574, 1576 (Fed. Cir. 1991), which held that “will be assigned” language in a consulting agreement did not itself effect an assignment but was merely a promise to assign."
trust provision:
地方法院認為因為Hsiun在信託權利的同時並未立即在專利申請時簽署授讓權利,雇傭合約中的信託條款並不代表簽署授讓書(assignment)。
"The district court also reasoned that the trust provision of the Employee Agreement undermined an immediate assignment because Ms. Hsiun could not immediately assign the rights and at the same time hold them in trust."
quitclaim provision:
Advanced Video主張Hsiun與Infochips的雇傭合約中離職條款使得後續接手的人已經取得所有權。但法院認定雇傭合約並沒有提出可轉讓的約("assignable hereunder"),並未證明專利權可轉讓,不能代表真實的簽署(actually assign)。還有,當時Hsiun簽署雇傭合約中的"quitclaim"條款時並未有任何專利申請案,對後續在AVC或Advanced Video的專利授讓沒有關係。
CAFC判決:原告Advanced Video因為沒有完整的'788所有權,Hsiun也非訴訟一方,也沒有得到她的同意,失去訴訟立場。
"Advanced Video does not have full ownership of the ’788 patent. Ms. Hsiun is neither a party to the suits, nor has she consented to these suits. Advanced Video, therefore, has no standing to maintain its suit. Accordingly, we affirm the district court’s dismissal of the cases."
其他:
法官Newman又說話了,她不同意法院如此狹隘地看到專利所有權,認為Hsiun在最初也不見得有專利共同所有權,如果有雇傭合約,也不需要有額外文件簽署證明當事人拋棄權利。
"Joint inventor Vivian Hsiun never had co-ownership of the ’788 Patent, contrary to the majority opinion. By her Employment Agreement, her invention was the property of her employer; she was not the owner, and she could not acquire ownership simply by refusing to sign a separate “assignment” document."
my two cents:
(重要)所有問題都是因為專利申請時有發明人並未簽署授讓書(assignment),使得後續補救都產生問題。
雇傭關係不代表員工在專利申請文件上的簽名與宣誓。不過,這在AIA有些補救(http://enpan.blogspot.tw/2013/04/aia.html)。
ownership看似單純,又似乎不簡單,提起訴訟前(或是權利買賣前,甚至提早到專利申請),要好好檢視一下ownership以及employment agreement,特別是專利權是"多次"轉讓而來的。
判決書:
http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/opinions-orders/16-2309.Opinion.1-9-2018.1.PDF(備份:https://app.box.com/s/9u9xdtsuvpvidxznsnjgpk4rb5v6yr6d)
資料參考:
Lack of Signature on Assignment Declaration Nixes Standing for Patent Co-Owners
http://www.ipwatchdog.com/2018/01/24/lack-signature-assignment-declaration-nixes-standing/id=92386/
Ron
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