案件資訊:
原告/被上訴人:ENDO PHARMACEUTICALS SOLUTIONS, INC., BAYER INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY GMBH, BAYER PHARMA AG
被告/上訴人:CUSTOPHARM INC.
系爭專利:US7,718,640, US8,338,395
判決日:July 13, 2018
本案緣起,原告Endo開發出新藥Aveed®,一種治療男性性腺功能的睪酮(testosterone),在其橘皮書說明這是基於本案系爭專利所開發的新藥。
系爭專利'640關於使用提供可接受血清睾酮水平的藥物組合物,原告主張權利的Claim 2即描述其中成份;'395的claim 18描述以此處方治療病症的方法。
claim 2 of '640:(附屬項界定更準確的TU劑量)
1. A composition formulated for intramuscular injection in a form for single injection which contains 250 mg/ml testosterone undecanoate in a vehicle containing a mixture of castor oil and benzyl benzoate wherein the vehicle contains castor oil in a concentration of 40 to 42 vol %.
2. A composition formulated for intramuscular injection in a form for single injection according to claim 1 , which contains 750 mg testosterone undecanoate.
Claim 18 of '395:(附屬項界定更準確的TU劑量)
14. A method of treating a disease or symptom associated with deficient endogenous levels of testosterone in a man, comprising administering by intramuscular injection a composition comprising testosterone undecanoate (TU) and a vehicle consisting essentially of castor oil and a co-solvent, the castor oil being present in the vehicle at a concentration of 42 percent or less by volume, the method further comprising:
(i) an initial phase comprising 2 initial intramuscular injections of a dose of TU at an interval of 4 weeks between injections, each dose including 500 mg to 1000 mg of TU, followed by,
(ii) a maintenance phase comprising subsequent intramuscular injections of a dose of TU at an interval of 10 weeks between injections, each dose including 500 mg to 1000 mg of TU.
18. The method of claim 14 , in which each dose contains 750 mg of TU.
Endo對Custopharm提出侵權告訴,法條依據是35 U.S. Code § 271(e)。理由是,Custopharm向美國FDA提出新藥申請,為一般形式的Aveed®,Custopharm取得認證,並通知原告Endo/Bayer,當時是2014年,促使原告提起侵權訴訟。
被告在地院審理中提出專利無效請願,證據是先前的研究報告,地院結論是Custopharm並沒有證明專利無效,先前研究報告沒有揭露系爭專利範圍(claim 2 of '640與claim 18 of '395)主張的成份,Custopharm上訴CAFC。
"35 U.S. Code § 271(e) (1)
It shall not be an act of infringement to make, use, offer to sell, or sell within the United States or import into the United States a patented invention (other than a new animal drug or veterinary biological product (as those terms are used in the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act and the Act of March 4, 1913) which is primarily manufactured using recombinant DNA, recombinant RNA, hybridoma technology, or other processes involving site specific genetic manipulation techniques) solely for uses reasonably related to the development and submission of information under a Federal law which regulates the manufacture, use, or sale of drugs or veterinary biological products."
系爭專利範圍中有三個主要的成份條件:
(1) 750 mg TU in (2) a 40% castor oil and 60% benzyl benzoate vehicle (the benzyl benzoate element only applies to the ’640 patent; the ’395 patent only requires a cosolvent) (3) administered at an initial interval of two injections four weeks apart and maintenance injections at ten week intervals thereafter (’395 patent only).
在地院與CAFC階段,主要議題是專利性的先前技術證據力。被告Custopharm提出的先前研究報告是否"固有地教示"系爭專利中有關「benzyl benzoate」的濃度?
特別的是,系爭專利中「60% benzyl benzoate」濃度確實見於被告Custopharm提出的先前研究報告的"實驗"中,但是其中的"知識(knowledge)"卻沒有明確表明在先前研究報告中,這是甚麼?這就是法院對於「先前技術固有揭露」的嚴謹態度,法院關注的是所述「60% benzyl benzoate」濃度的存在在先前技術中是否是需要的?
首先,被告主張所提出的先前研究報告已經預測FDA許可中的成份範圍,然而,從相關報告中並未不同於750mg TU的其他成份,如1000mg TU,並不能達成系爭專利範圍的結果。而即便被告提出一些結合動機的論點,地院都認為被告提出主張並沒有說服力。
所謂「先前技術的需要(necessary)」成為一個重要議題。
(對於先前技術固有教示的定義,standard of inherency)地方法院指出被告Custopharm並未符合證明系爭專利為顯而易見的舉證責任。地院並表示,如果爭議的限制條件(如750mg TU)是先前技術元件組合的「天然的結果(natural result)」,或是「需要的存在(necessarily present)」,所述「先前技術的固有性質(inherency)」才能表示揭露了這個爭議中系爭專利的限制條件。
"the district court noted that inherency may only supply a missing claim limitation if the limitation at issue is the “natural result” of the combination of prior art elements or a “necessarily present” limitation. Custopharm, the district court reasoned, failed to establish that alternative vehicles could not have been used in the Articles."
(法院提昇了先前技術的證據水平)原告Endo/Bayer的專家證詞表示,基於先前研究報告,相關領域技術人員不會得出所述成份(如750mg TU)是需要的,然而,即便這個成份是需要的,但是卻可能是先前研究報告列出許多可用的成份的任一,顯得系爭專利所界定的成份"不算是"被先前技術固有的特徵。
CAFC在此議題的結論是:同意地方法院裁決被告並未明確而有說服力地證明系爭專利範圍中的成份在先前研究報告是"需要存在"的。
"Thus, the district court did not err in finding that Custopharm did not present clear and convincing evidence showing the 40% castor oil to 60% benzyl benzoate as claimed was necessarily present in the Articles."
my two cents:
本篇不是侵權告訴案,主要著墨在先前技術的證據力!
本案似乎教示我們在法院階段的「證據力」的要求明顯地變高,即便從先前技術"實驗"可以得到系爭專利的內容,但如果這個實驗並不是先前技術的需要,或不是重要的知識,或是不是先前技術要表明的主要技術,都不見得可稱為「先前固有揭露的技術」!
(這裡也證實了專利附屬項的意義)
不同於一般認知地專利權人總是用「最大範圍(獨立請求項)」作為侵權告訴的系爭範圍,本案兩件系爭專利都是用附屬項(或是被迫使用附屬項),因為附屬項界定了一個相對更準確的成份(750mg TU),雖這可能影響侵權告訴,但成功地抵禦了無效請願。
其實,這應該是生化類技術的特色,加上原告已經實現並獲得FDA許可。從那麼多曾經理解過的法院案例來看,不見得適用所有技術領域。
patently-o作者給了不錯的解析,認為,本案前案為「研究報告」,是基於實驗的內容(才引此inherently disclosed爭議),如果先前技術是公開販售或使用的技術,應該有不同的結果。
判決文:
http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/opinions-orders/17-1719.Opinion.7-13-2018.pdf(備份:https://app.box.com/s/fetv4p62tp543fxo7ip805jmlwy4ypzf)
參考資料:
https://patentlyo.com/patent/2018/07/inherent-disclosure-custopharm.html
Ron
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