Changes to the Claim Construction Standard for Interpreting Claims in Trial Proceedings Before the Patent Trial and Appeal Board
檔案:https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2018/10/11/2018-22006/changes-to-the-claim-construction-standard-for-interpreting-claims-in-trial-proceedings-before-the
(PDF:https://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/FR-2018-10-11/pdf/2018-22006.pdf)
USPTO修正在IPR, PGR, CBM等AIA異議程序中解釋專利範圍(claim construction)的標準,這個標準取代「BRI(最廣且合理的解釋)」原則,使得解釋專利範圍符合在聯邦地方法院的標準,同時也加入過去在專利訴訟或ITC程序中解釋專利範圍中用語的規則。
修正後解釋專利範圍的標準參考了幾個來源:依照美國憲法第3條建立的聯邦法院(Article III federal courts )與美國國際貿易委員會(ITC)根據「Phillips v. AWH Corp., 415 F.3d 1303 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (en banc)」案所使用的解釋專利範圍的原則。
可參考:合理解釋專利範圍的案例 - Phillips v. AWH Corp. (Fed. Cir. 2005)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2015/05/phillips-v-awh-corp-fed-cir-2005.html)
(重點整理)何謂Phillips v. AWH Corp.解釋原則:
對申請專利範圍中文字採用「一般與普通慣用的意思("plain and ordinary meaning")」的解釋原則,解釋申請專利範圍中用語係依據("in light of")說明書揭露內容,由該發明領域一般技術人員以廣而合理的角度來解釋,同時也要求請求項範圍應清楚地被專利說明書所支持(112規定),否則無法採取最廣而合理的解釋。但要補充的是,這並非從將說明書描述的限制讀入請求項,而是要避免在請求項沒有列入的限制而過度解釋專利範圍。
本次對於解釋專利範圍標準的修正可以增進USPTO與法院的一致性,更是可以增加司法效能。這裡提到有研究指出,AIA異議程序中有86.8%的專利有訴訟在聯邦法院(同時有專利權保衛戰與侵權訴訟),因此這個改變十分重要。
Claim Construction Standard:
- 在此Final Rule中,在IPR, PGR, CBM異議程序中,會考量各方參考「申請專利範圍文字本身」、「說明書內容」、「專利審查歷史」,以及「外部證據」提出的解釋。
"Under the amended rules as adopted in this final rule, the Office will construe patent claims and proposed substitute claims in an IPR, PGR, or CBM proceeding by taking into account the claim language itself, the specification, the prosecution history of the patent, and extrinsic evidence, among other things, as briefed by the parties. Having the same claim construction standard for both the original patent claims and proposed substitute claims will reduce the potential for inconsistency in the interpretation of the same or similar claim terms."
"The Office will apply the standard used in federal courts, in other words, the claim construction standard that would be used to construe the claim in a civil action under 35 U.S.C. 282(b), which is articulated in Phillips."
- 對於申請專利範圍中文字,以相關領域技術人員在發明時間點的技術水平給予一般與普通慣用的意思。
"The ‘‘words of a claim are generally given their ordinary and customary meaning,’’ which is ‘‘the meaning that the term would have to a person of ordinary skill in the art in question at the time of the invention, i.e., as of the effective filing date of the patent application.’’"
- (內部證據)雖然專利審查歷史常常缺乏說明書的釐清而對於專利範圍解釋用處較少,但其仍為內部證據的一種,可以藉此理解發明人在其發明的限定(禁反言),而產生範圍較窄(較準確)的解釋。
"Although the prosecution history ‘‘often lacks the clarity of the specification and thus is less useful for claim construction purposes,’’ it is another source of intrinsic evidence that
can ‘‘inform the meaning of the claim language by demonstrating how the inventor understood the invention and whether the inventor limited the invention in the course of prosecution, making the claim scope narrower than it would otherwise be.’’"
- (外部證據)外部證據如專家證詞與字典,有助於教育法院理解發明相關領域知識,並幫助判斷何謂該領域一般技術人員可以理解的專利用語與意思。外部證據強度仍小於內部證據。
"Extrinsic evidence, such as expert testimony and dictionaries, may be useful in educating the court regarding the field of the invention or helping determine what a person of ordinary skill in the art would understand claim terms to mean. Id. at 1318–19. However, extrinsic evidence in general is viewed as less reliable than intrinsic evidence."
my two cents:
許多細節仍應參考Federal Register原文,在此僅摘錄部分重點(我認為)。
過去分析案件時,總有USPTO與法院意見不一造成的疑惑,我想,當事者更是感到無所適從,法院意見一般是「後端」產生,如果行使了好一陣子的專利權,到了法院整個翻盤,導致很多的困擾,甚至是財產損失。當中關鍵除了「與時俱進」的法院判決外,關鍵中的關鍵就是專利範圍解釋,如果前台後端可以有一致的專利範圍解釋,應該可以解決大半的困擾,至少有可預期性,而不是碰運氣。
Ron
沒有留言:
張貼留言