2018年10月17日 星期三

混淆陪審團的抗辯技巧 - 實踐先前技術 - 01 Communique Lab. v. Citrix Systems (Fed. Cir. 2018)

01 Communique Lab. v. Citrix Systems (Fed. Cir. 2018)案件資訊:
原告/上訴人:01 COMMUNIQUE LABORATORY, INC.
被告/被上訴人:CITRIX SYSTEMS, INC., CITRIX ONLINE, LLC
判決日:April 26, 2018 系爭專利:US6,928,479

系爭專利關於以軟體實現的私人通訊通道,也是一種VPN,技術讓使用者可以通過遠端電腦通過網際網路存取個人電腦,其中,在第一電腦與第二電腦之間建立一個私人通訊入口(private communication portal),第二電腦可以定位第一電腦在網路上的位置,第二電腦驗證另一第三電腦以與第一電腦進行通訊,並提供第一電腦的位置給第三電腦,以建立第一、第三電腦之間的通訊。


系爭專利範圍如Claim 24,界定一個用在伺服器的電腦程式裝置,這個裝置具有一個固定IP,可以讓使用者從遠端控制個人電腦。
24. A computer program product for use on a server computer linked to the Internet and having a static IP address, for providing access to a personal computer from a remote computer, the personal computer being linked to the Internet, its location on the Internet being defined by either (i) a dynamic public IP address (publicly addressable), or (ii) a dynamic LAN IP address (publicly un-addressable), the computer program product comprising:
(a) a computer usable medium;
(b) computer readable program code recorded or storable in the computer useable medium, the computer readable program code defining a server computer program on the server computer wherein:
(i) the server computer program is operable to enable a connection between the remote computer and the server computer; and
(ii) the server computer program includes a location facility and is responsive to a request from the remote computer to communicate with the personal computer to act as an intermediary between the personal computer and the remote computer by creating one or more communication sessions there between, said one or more communication sessions being created by the location facility, in response to receipt of the request for communication with the personal computer from the remote computer, by determining a then current location of the personal computer and creating a communication channel between the remote computer and the personal computer, the location facility being operable to create such communication channel whether the personal computer is linked to the Internet directly (with a publicly addressable) dynamic IP address or indirectly via an Internet gateway/proxy (with % publicly un-addressable dynamic LAN IP address).

地方法院階段:
原告2006年,01 Communique Lab.Citrix提出侵權告訴(被告產品"GoToMyPC"),地方法院受理後,但被告提出再審程序(inter partes reexamination),訴訟先暫停,且等了七年,USPTO到上訴法院都確認專利權,不過這是在102, 103的檢驗下

案件回到地方法院技術審理侵權告訴,這回,被告主張系爭專利發明僅是使用一般目的電腦執行一般軟體程序,為實現抽象概念的發明,且沒有額外特徵形成轉換抽象概念為可專利應用進步概念(inventive concept),不具可專利性(35 U.S.C. § 101)。(only require generic software operating on a generic computer system to implement the abstract idea of connecting two computers, and lack additional features necessary to find an inventive concept and ensure that the claim is not simply a drafting effort designed to monopolize an abstract idea.

照被告Citrix所宣稱,系爭專利如同電話接線員將來電轉送到某人的動作。

地方法院駁回被告請願,認為系爭專利為可專利標的,理由是:系爭專利提出"遠端存取個人電腦"的解決方案,這是根植電腦技術的問題,因此系爭專利建立了進步概念(inventive concept)。(it “provides a specific solution to remote access problems that is necessarily rooted in computer technology, and thus constitutes an inventive concept.

解釋系爭專利範圍中的重要特徵:建立遠端電腦與個人電腦之間的通訊通道

被告抗辯:
其中吊詭的是,被告Citrix在不侵權抗辯時,將自己的被告產品"GoToMyPC"比對自己過去的產品"BuddyHelp"(先前技術)作為"文義侵害"不成立的抗辯,這似乎與一般不侵權抗告比對被告產品與系爭專利範圍不同,比對對象似乎不妥,但是地院卻沒有認為不妥。

結果,這個吊詭的抗辯似乎誤導陪審團站在被告這邊,判決侵權不成立。(這個實踐習知技術的抗辯是個trick?)

對此,法官指示陪審團根據專利範圍判斷文義侵害,並不是判斷產品與其先前技術的相似度,而被告Citrix擔負文義侵害不成立的責任。地院判決是,被告沒有證明系爭專利無效,而侵權也不成立。

案件進入CAFC:

原告主張,上述被告的抗辯是"逃避比對被告產品與系爭專利範圍"的小技巧,地院陪審團因此被這個比對結果誤導。


即便被告抗辯有疑慮,但是CAFC仍確認被告產品"GoToMyPC"並不落在系爭專利範圍中,其中並沒有系爭專利的定位設備(location facility)。

其實法院澄清在「文義侵害」的答辯並沒有所謂「實踐習知技術(practicing the prior art)」的抗辯,其中問題是,這樣的抗辯是讓被告繞過證據障礙(skirt evidentiary hurdles),利用「實踐先前技術」而混淆侵權與無效抗辯兩個議題,此案中,被告放棄比對系爭專利範圍與被告產品,轉而討論被告產品與其先前產品的相似度(用以證明被告產品僅是實踐先前技術),算是一種混淆視聽、聲東擊西的抗辯策略。


以上「實踐先前技術」的抗辯並不適用「文義侵害」的抗辯。
"We explained that “literal infringement is determined by construing the claims and comparing them to the accused device, not by comparing the accused device to the prior art.”"

這個抗辯(不曉得是被告律師裝傻還是搞不清楚)即便不是那麼適當,至少產生了效果,讓陪審團判決侵權不成立(似乎因為實踐先前技術)。

其實法院很清楚,最後判決侵權不成立是因為,本來文義侵害就不會成立。

這裡也提出一個意見,當被告產品與其先前產品接近,若先前產品落於系爭專利範圍,也可能致使系爭專利無效才是。這可以想想


編按:實踐先前技術的抗辯,我國稱「先前技術的阻卻」,是用來排除「均等論」的適用,可參考:https://enpan.blogspot.com/2014/09/blog-post_12.html

my two cents:

本案很特別,因為被告吊詭的比對技巧誤導了陪審團,將侵權與無效抗辯混為一談。

另外,本案系爭專利也面對101議題,即便專利具備102, 103等新穎性與進步性,還要通過101專利適格性的檢驗,不過,最近探討的幾件有關101的案件都說明:改善電腦技術或解決技術問題的軟體發明具有可專利性

最近報導:
- 改善電腦技術的軟體方法為可專利標的 - Data Engine Techs. LLC v. Google LLC (Fed. Cir. 2018)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2018/10/data-engine-techs-llc-v-google-llc-fed.html
從eBay的答辯案來看101議題 - 12/814,020https://enpan.blogspot.com/2018/10/ebay101-12814020.html

判決文:
http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/opinions-orders/17-1869.Opinion.4-24-2018.1.PDF(備份:https://app.box.com/s/m5mqzb5sd5v1b4945rfk76dq6y6pjxtq

資料參考:
https://patentlyo.com/patent/2018/04/twisting-the-nose.html


Ron

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