2019年7月8日 星期一

"i.e."與"e.g."的解釋專利範圍討論 - Rembrandt Wireless Technologies, LP v. Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. (Fed. Cir. 2017)

"i.e."或是"e.g.",一般來說,前者意思是「也就是」,後者意思是「比如說」,從字典來查(如https://www.dictionary.com/"i.e."意思是「that is」;"e.g."意思是for example、for the sake of example、such as」。其中爭議比較大的是"i.e."(that is)。

如此差異似乎明確,當用於專利說明書中,對解釋專利範圍而言仍是有解釋上的爭議,從CAFC判決來找,可以得到幾件在討論這個用語差異的判決。

-----------------------------------

- Rembrandt Wireless Technologies, LP v. Samsung Electronics Co., Ltd. (Fed. Cir. 2017),判決:http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/opinions-orders/16-1729.Opinion.4-13-2017.1.PDF



解釋專利範圍的規則是,Claim一般用語的解釋,並參考內部證據,包括說明書、圖式內容,以及答辯歷史產生的解釋(禁反言原則),這裡引用Edwards案與Abbott案,使用"i.e."用於定義用語為所指涉的內容,也表示專利權人使用"i.e."是"明確定義"為接續的解釋(followed by an explanatory phrase)。



使用"i.e.",根據審查歷史,就看"i.e."的上下文是否建立「明確與無誤」的「請求項範圍的否決(disavowal of claim scope)」(應該指禁反言),在Braintree案中,因為專利權人向審查委員解釋「進一步限制」,使得有關"i.e."的上下文強烈支持「"i.e."定義"不同樣式(different types)"的限制」的解釋。

Braintree Labs., Inc. v. Novel Labs., Inc. (Fed. Cir. 2014),判決:http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/opinions-orders/13-1438.Opinion.4-18-2014.1.PDF

Braintree案中,我看到的是,即便專利說明書使用了「i.e.」用語,但如果沒有明確而無誤地否決專利範圍(not a clear and unmistakable disavowal),並不會改變以專利範圍用語的一般意思(plain meaning)的解釋。



-----------------------------------

一般來說,使用"e.g."是用來「舉例來說」,發明人並不會以"e.g."之後跟隨的內容來限制"e.g."之前的用語,在Interval Licensing LLC案中,同樣地,法院拒絕使用"e.g."的句子作為唯一的定義。

但是,若以"i.e."來取代"e.g.",就可能是提供明確的定義。



Interval Licensing LLC v. AOL, LLC. (Fed. Cir. 2014)判決:http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/opinions-orders/13-1282.Opinion.9-9-2014.1.PDF

-----------------------------------

- TF3 Ltd. v. Tre Milano, LLC, Appeal 2016-2285 (Fed. Cir. July 13, 2018),判決:http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/opinions-orders/16-2285.Opinion.7-13-2018.pdf(備份:https://app.box.com/s/dbbi6114y0l0auly7kur50v1733eywt9

案件資訊:
上訴人/專利權人:TF3 LIMITED
被上訴人/IPR異議人:TRE MILANO, LLC
系爭專利:US8,651,118 (IPR2015-00649)
判決日:July 13, 2018

本案緣起TRE對系爭專利提起IPR,案件經PTAB啟始後(institution),經上訴CAFC後,CAFC法官對於PTAB過廣解釋專利範圍而超過說明書內容的決定提出不同意見。

系爭專利US8,651,118 關於一種自動捲髮器,其中主要結構元件如細長構件20、主開口24、
第二開口50以及和可移動支座52,



'118案Claim 1界定這個自動捲髮器的結構特徵,有可轉動元件、長形元件、可移動元件,裝置本體的腔體內設有讓頭髮經過的開口,操作裝置讓頭髮通過其中開口產生捲髮的結果。

1. A hair styling device having:
a body defining a chamber adapted to accommodate a length of hair, the chamber having a primary opening through which the length of hair may pass into the chamber;
a rotatable element adapted to engage the length of hair adjacent to the primary opening;
an elongate member around which, in use, the length of hair is wound by the rotatable element, the elongate member having a free end;
the chamber having a secondary opening through which the length of hair may pass out of the chamber, the secondary opening being located adjacent to the free end; and
a movable abutment which can engage the length of hair in use, the movable abutment having an open position in which the length of hair can pass through the secondary opening, and a closed position in which the length of hair is retained within the chamber, wherein the movable abutment is located within one of (i) the secondary opening, (ii) the primary opening, and (iii) a passageway connecting the secondary opening to the primary opening.

爭議的附屬項即進一步界定這個捲髮器中的移動元件與開口的形狀,PTAB啟始時,認為系爭專利相對前案US4,148,330不具新穎性,US4,148,330圖形如下。



以及日本案JP61-10102,幾個重要元件:捲曲元件9,鎖定桿25和頭髮引導臂16,圖案截自判決文如下:



如法院意見,其實從兩件案子的外觀來看,是很不同的,因此PTAB作出系爭專利不具新穎性的「啟始」決定,應該是因為系爭專利申請專利範圍文字的解釋有過廣的嫌疑。

其實,PTAB判斷系爭專利不具新穎性的決定仍是依據專利範圍的描述,其中並未描述如專利權人提出的差異特徵,如頭髮的長度可以通過第二開口,使得在最廣而合理的解釋原則(BRI)下,作出不具新穎性的決定。



CAFC意見:

CAFC法官不同意PTAB過廣的解釋,理由是說明書已經描述捲髮如何從裝置上移開的動作,也就支持專利權人主張頭髮可以通過第二開口的解釋。



這裡就涉及本篇要討論的「i.e.」的影響,PTAB與法院都有見解:



這裡引用Edwards案與SkinMedica案,當"i.e."的使用符合發明人的發明概念,"i.e."就是明確的(definitional)定義,也就是以其指涉的內容為定義。



"The usage “i.e.” (“id est” or “that is”), “signals an intent to define the word to which it refers.”"

"“i.e.” is definitional when it “comports with the inventors’ other uses . . . in the specification and with each and every other reference."

法院重申解釋專利範圍的原則,說明書為最重要的依據:

'118案說明書摘錄:

"Accordingly, as the handle parts 60 and 62 are separated at the end of a styling operation, the abutment 52 automatically moves from the closed position shown in FIGS. 2 and 3 to its open position. It is arranged that the abutment 52 in its open position allows the styled length of hair to pass out of the secondary opening 50, i.e. to slide along the elongate member 20 towards and subsequently off its free end. Little force is required to separate the hair styling device 10 from the length of hair which has been styled, and because the secondary opening 50 is annular and surrounds the elongate member 20 the length of hair is not required to pass any obstruction or otherwise be forced to uncurl during its removal from the hair styling device 10, so that the curvature of the curls created by the device can be substantially maintained."



參考報導:合理解釋專利範圍的案例 - Phillips v. AWH Corp. (Fed. Cir. 2005)https://enpan.blogspot.com/2015/05/phillips-v-awh-corp-fed-cir-2005.html

如此,CAFC認為系爭專利相對引用前案具有新穎性,否決PTAB的啟始決定。

my two cents:
我認為,解釋專利範圍仍有一定的廣度,即便說明書使用了"i.e."用語,只要不要事後(審查過程、法院訴訟中)強調這個用語產生的明確定義效果,有個原則應該是,當i.e.用語明確符合發明人的意思,應該就可用來解釋專利範圍,雖有不同意見,至少上述案例仍支持這個講法。

資料來源:
https://www.hdp.com/blog/2017/04/19/little-words-that-can-make-a-big-difference-i-e-versus-e-g/

https://www.ptabwatch.com/2018/08/federal-circuit-reverses-i-e-overturns-boards-anticipation-decision-due-to-overbroad-claim-construction/

感謝與James Long律師討論得出上述的一些資訊來源。

Ron

沒有留言: