或許卡通動畫非法定可專利標的,但是顯示在電腦螢幕上的動話就可以
微軟還頗多這類圖形使用者介面的設計專利,利用一連串的圖式保護一個動畫介面
列舉一些最近核准的設計專利:D654504
USPTO同天核准了三個設計專利
D654930
D654929
D654928
之前曾經po過一個:
http://enpan.blogspot.com/2011/11/about-claims-xliii.html
Ron
潘榮恩專利部落格、專利實務、專利筆記與Linux
enpan's Patent & Linux practice
(http://enpan.blogspot.tw/, http://enpan.blogspot.com/)
(接受委託安排課程)
ronpan@gmail.com
2012年3月3日 星期六
2012年3月1日 星期四
引用硬體連結可以克服101核駁,但或許仍不具進步性
日前專利上訴與衝突委員會(BPAI)作出一個訴願判決:Ex Parte Svendsen, App. No. 2011-012505 (BPAI 2012)
其中涉及的專利核駁訴願案(appeal):US 2007/0245377,權利範圍包括了一個有線通訊介面的機械元件,但此元件為一般習知技術常見,審查委員於是以專利性不足核駁,認為權利範圍中的硬體設置僅為習知技術以外其他解決方案之一(extra-solution activity),並無專利性。於是,申請人提出訴願(appeal),認為此發明仍具專利性,專利上訴與衝突委員會做出的決定有部份認同專利局(有關103的核駁),但是對於101的認定卻非相同意見(與專利審查委員不一致)
在此判決最後決定中,專利審查委員所引用的「extra-solution activity」的判斷可用來判斷本案是否為可專利的法定標的,因為在專利答辯過程中,訴願人(申請人)企圖利用加入一些不重要或無關的動作在該發明中,以排除該專利並非是抽象概念的認定,但這些努力最後被認為不具進步性!
本次爭議專利申請案(11/403,597,2006年申請)揭露一種提供可攜式媒體播放器預覽功能的中央系統,比如提供影片與音樂的預覽功能,所提供的中央系統會取得媒體播放器的播放歷史,作為電子商務的服務基礎,以便提供日後預覽影音的參考,容易提供適當的內容預覽而產生使用者購買行為。此類根據消費者使用行為進行的關聯性廣告或是數位內容已是現在網路盛行的方式,是否專利或有一定的影響力!

從上圖來看,很難認為是抽象概念的發明,顯然與專利範圍表達方式有關,也可能是專利審查委員的錯誤認定!
此案「原」專利範圍第1,14項揭露的步驟有從可攜式播放器取得播放歷史、根據播放歷史選擇提供預覽的內容,並提供預覽服務。
權利範圍第1項最初的樣貌:
1. A method comprising:
receiving a play history of a portable media player from a user system associated with the portable media player;
selecting a plurality of previews for the portable media player based on the play history; and
providing the plurality of previews to the user system, wherein the user system provides the plurality of previews to the portable media player.
經過多次核駁後的Claim 1樣貌(Claim 14被刪),有頗大幅度的修改,粗體字為克服101核駁補入的限制:
1. A method of operating a central system communicatively coupled to a user system via a network, the user system associated with a portable media player, comprising:
communicating with the user system via a communication interface connecting the central system to the network to identify media content of a plurality of media files forming a user media collection stored at the user system, the communication interface being one of a wired communication interface and a wireless communication interface;
storing information identifying the media content of the plurality of media files in the user media collection;
receiving, via the communication interface, a play history of the portable media player from the user system associated with the portable media player;
selecting a plurality of previews for the portable media player based on the play history of the portable media player and the information identifying the media content of the plurality of media files in the user media collection; and
providing, via the communication interface, the plurality of previews to the user system, wherein the user system provides the plurality of previews to the portable media player.
此案曾於2009.3.30遭遇到專利局做出不符專利法第101條的核駁理由,原因之一就是不符machine-or-transformation test:


摘錄:

初步觀察這個最初的權利範圍,有明顯可見一些硬體設備,如播放器、使用者系統等,但仍於專利審查時被認為是extra-solution activity。本案申請人對於本案Claims 1-6, 8-13提出訴願,訴願議題包括本案101核駁理由是否有理?前案的結合是否造成本案不具專利性?
根據專利審查委員的意見,認為該發明技術涉及的技術僅為前案的基礎架構「prior art infrastructure」與其中取得播放器播放歷史與提供預覽也為前案的核心概念「core inventive concept」而已,沒有特殊聯繫特定硬體或是有何技術上的開發,不符101需要的測試。
但BPAI僅同意部份意見,BPAI認為此專利僅不符102,103等專利取得的要件,不是101的問題!
在爭議的專利範圍中,BPAI認為此發明應用了電腦技術,且沒有演算公式、人工的步驟或是抽象概念,且認為此類技術在市場上並非為抽象概念,具有實用性,更者,在專利審查中發明人對此發明的作為特別引入了避免抽象概念的硬體界定,只是被認為加入了不重要、無關的元件,雖非是extra-solution activity,但不具進步性

Ron
資料參考:Patently-O, BPAI web page
其中涉及的專利核駁訴願案(appeal):US 2007/0245377,權利範圍包括了一個有線通訊介面的機械元件,但此元件為一般習知技術常見,審查委員於是以專利性不足核駁,認為權利範圍中的硬體設置僅為習知技術以外其他解決方案之一(extra-solution activity),並無專利性。於是,申請人提出訴願(appeal),認為此發明仍具專利性,專利上訴與衝突委員會做出的決定有部份認同專利局(有關103的核駁),但是對於101的認定卻非相同意見(與專利審查委員不一致)
在此判決最後決定中,專利審查委員所引用的「extra-solution activity」的判斷可用來判斷本案是否為可專利的法定標的,因為在專利答辯過程中,訴願人(申請人)企圖利用加入一些不重要或無關的動作在該發明中,以排除該專利並非是抽象概念的認定,但這些努力最後被認為不具進步性!
本次爭議專利申請案(11/403,597,2006年申請)揭露一種提供可攜式媒體播放器預覽功能的中央系統,比如提供影片與音樂的預覽功能,所提供的中央系統會取得媒體播放器的播放歷史,作為電子商務的服務基礎,以便提供日後預覽影音的參考,容易提供適當的內容預覽而產生使用者購買行為。此類根據消費者使用行為進行的關聯性廣告或是數位內容已是現在網路盛行的方式,是否專利或有一定的影響力!

從上圖來看,很難認為是抽象概念的發明,顯然與專利範圍表達方式有關,也可能是專利審查委員的錯誤認定!
此案「原」專利範圍第1,14項揭露的步驟有從可攜式播放器取得播放歷史、根據播放歷史選擇提供預覽的內容,並提供預覽服務。
權利範圍第1項最初的樣貌:
1. A method comprising:
receiving a play history of a portable media player from a user system associated with the portable media player;
selecting a plurality of previews for the portable media player based on the play history; and
providing the plurality of previews to the user system, wherein the user system provides the plurality of previews to the portable media player.
經過多次核駁後的Claim 1樣貌(Claim 14被刪),有頗大幅度的修改,粗體字為克服101核駁補入的限制:
1. A method of operating a central system communicatively coupled to a user system via a network, the user system associated with a portable media player, comprising:
communicating with the user system via a communication interface connecting the central system to the network to identify media content of a plurality of media files forming a user media collection stored at the user system, the communication interface being one of a wired communication interface and a wireless communication interface;
storing information identifying the media content of the plurality of media files in the user media collection;
receiving, via the communication interface, a play history of the portable media player from the user system associated with the portable media player;
selecting a plurality of previews for the portable media player based on the play history of the portable media player and the information identifying the media content of the plurality of media files in the user media collection; and
providing, via the communication interface, the plurality of previews to the user system, wherein the user system provides the plurality of previews to the portable media player.
此案曾於2009.3.30遭遇到專利局做出不符專利法第101條的核駁理由,原因之一就是不符machine-or-transformation test:


摘錄:

初步觀察這個最初的權利範圍,有明顯可見一些硬體設備,如播放器、使用者系統等,但仍於專利審查時被認為是extra-solution activity。本案申請人對於本案Claims 1-6, 8-13提出訴願,訴願議題包括本案101核駁理由是否有理?前案的結合是否造成本案不具專利性?
根據專利審查委員的意見,認為該發明技術涉及的技術僅為前案的基礎架構「prior art infrastructure」與其中取得播放器播放歷史與提供預覽也為前案的核心概念「core inventive concept」而已,沒有特殊聯繫特定硬體或是有何技術上的開發,不符101需要的測試。
但BPAI僅同意部份意見,BPAI認為此專利僅不符102,103等專利取得的要件,不是101的問題!
在爭議的專利範圍中,BPAI認為此發明應用了電腦技術,且沒有演算公式、人工的步驟或是抽象概念,且認為此類技術在市場上並非為抽象概念,具有實用性,更者,在專利審查中發明人對此發明的作為特別引入了避免抽象概念的硬體界定,只是被認為加入了不重要、無關的元件,雖非是extra-solution activity,但不具進步性

Ron
資料參考:Patently-O, BPAI web page
Extra-Solution Activity的發明可專利性?
Extra-Solution Activity的發明可專利性?
Extra-Solution Activity可以解釋為在眾多解決方案之一,審查委員若認為發明僅為習知技術之外的解決方案之一,只不過又提出一個方案罷了,顯見該發明被認為是簡單可以達成的技術,不具專利性(進步性),然而,這個判斷標準也是見仁見智,主觀意見濃厚
從In re Bilski案可得到方法專利(特別是商業方法)的可核准標準,在CAFC藉此案重申「machine-or-transformation test」的測試標準,美國最高法院之後認為Bilski案所做出的軟體專利判斷並非是判斷流程(process)權利範圍是否可專利性的唯一標準(http://enpan.blogspot.com/2010/07/bilski.html),但仍是一個值得參考且為適當的判斷標準(proper test to apply)。在與發明人談到方法專利時,常常建議可以對相關硬體做出界定,以免可能遭遇不符美國專利法第101條規定的核駁意見
In re Bilski案例重新建立「machine-or-transformation test」的方法專利的較佳測試標準,但在此類專利的答辯過程中,仍存在不少模糊地帶,比如是否將商業方法連到一些硬體設施就好了,比如電腦、資料庫,經過一些案子的歷練後,這類答辯並非一定是有用,而是要答辯說明這些「加上去」的硬體並非是「硬加」的,而是要證明對該發明是有貢獻的硬體,也就是在這些方法步驟中,硬體連結是有必要且聯繫了各個步驟!
此處對於何種硬體的連結可以使得方法專利不再是「抽象概念」,仍存在許多問題,其中產生「extra-solution activity」是否為可專利的標的的問題。
在一般手動方法轉為電腦執行,比如判斷物價、調整價格的一些習知方法,一旦由電腦執行,是否就成為可專利的發明,還是僅為另一個解決方案而已(extra-solution activity)?同樣,在答覆這類問題時,還是著重在這些硬體是否對該發明有貢獻,而非僅是一般解決方案之一而已!
補充:(updated on May 2, 2025)
Extra-Solution Activity可以解釋為在眾多解決方案之一,審查委員若認為發明僅為習知技術之外的解決方案之一,只不過又提出一個方案罷了,顯見該發明被認為是簡單可以達成的技術,不具專利性(進步性),然而,這個判斷標準也是見仁見智,主觀意見濃厚
從In re Bilski案可得到方法專利(特別是商業方法)的可核准標準,在CAFC藉此案重申「machine-or-transformation test」的測試標準,美國最高法院之後認為Bilski案所做出的軟體專利判斷並非是判斷流程(process)權利範圍是否可專利性的唯一標準(http://enpan.blogspot.com/2010/07/bilski.html),但仍是一個值得參考且為適當的判斷標準(proper test to apply)。在與發明人談到方法專利時,常常建議可以對相關硬體做出界定,以免可能遭遇不符美國專利法第101條規定的核駁意見
In re Bilski案例重新建立「machine-or-transformation test」的方法專利的較佳測試標準,但在此類專利的答辯過程中,仍存在不少模糊地帶,比如是否將商業方法連到一些硬體設施就好了,比如電腦、資料庫,經過一些案子的歷練後,這類答辯並非一定是有用,而是要答辯說明這些「加上去」的硬體並非是「硬加」的,而是要證明對該發明是有貢獻的硬體,也就是在這些方法步驟中,硬體連結是有必要且聯繫了各個步驟!
此處對於何種硬體的連結可以使得方法專利不再是「抽象概念」,仍存在許多問題,其中產生「extra-solution activity」是否為可專利的標的的問題。
在一般手動方法轉為電腦執行,比如判斷物價、調整價格的一些習知方法,一旦由電腦執行,是否就成為可專利的發明,還是僅為另一個解決方案而已(extra-solution activity)?同樣,在答覆這類問題時,還是著重在這些硬體是否對該發明有貢獻,而非僅是一般解決方案之一而已!
補充:(updated on May 2, 2025)
CAFC (In re Bilski):https://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/opinions-orders/07-1130.pdf


"Petitioners’ patent application seeks protection for a claimed invention that explains how commodities buyers and sellers in the energy market can protect, or hedge, against the risk of price changes. (發明關於買賣雙方保護、迴避價格變動風險的方法) The key claims are claim 1, which describes a series of steps instructing how to hedge risk, and claim 4, which places the claim 1 concept into a simple mathematical formula. (claim 1關於迴避風險的步驟;claim 4關於數學方程式) The remaining claims explain how claims 1 and 4 can be applied to allow energy suppliers (能源供應者) and consumers to minimize the risks resulting from fluctuations in market demand. The patent examiner rejected the application on the grounds that the invention is not implemented on a specific apparatus, merely manipulates an abstract idea, and solves a purely mathematical problem. (審查委員核駁理由包括發明並非由特定裝置實現、僅是執行抽象概念,並解決單純的數學問題) The Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences agreed and affirmed. The Federal Circuit, in turn, affirmed. The en banc court rejected its prior test for determining whether a claimed invention was a patentable “process” under Patent Act, 35 U. S. C. §101—i.e., whether the invention produced a “useful, concrete, and tangible result,” see, e.g., State Street Bank & Trust Co v. Signature Financial Group, Inc., 149 F. 3d 1368, 1373—holding instead that a claimed process is patent eligible if: (1) it is tied to a particular machine or apparatus, or (2) it transforms a particular article into a different state or thing. Concluding that this “machine-or-transformation test” is the sole test for determining patent eligibility of a “process” under §101, the court applied the test and held that the application was not patent eligible. (CAFC en banc判定審查"process"的專利適格性的"machine-or-transformation test")
Held: The judgment is affirmed."
進一步地,最高法院仍提出自己的意見,認為"machine-or-transformation test"並非唯一測試"process"是否具備專利適格性的方法,但仍是重要且有用的方法。
2012年2月23日 星期四
智慧財產權在同一個標的的保護模式
筆記
日本專利局網站教育民眾如何用智慧財產權保護同一個標的物
先註解各種智慧財產權的態樣:
資料來源:
http://www.jpo.go.jp/cgi/linke.cgi?url=/seido_e/s_gaiyou_e/4houe.htm
另有以筆為例的!
日本專利局網站教育民眾如何用智慧財產權保護同一個標的物
先註解各種智慧財產權的態樣:
- Inventions(發明)
創新技術概念的產品或方法,通常具有較高的技術水平(相較於新型),發明專利具有較長的法律保護期限(一般都是申請日起20年) - Utility Models(實用新型)
保護標的一般具有較短的生命週期,此類專利特徵為產品的造型、結構與其他技術特點,相較於發明案為較低的技術水平,方法案不適用新型專利,日本為登記制,保護期限為申請日起10年 - Designs(新式樣、設計)
保護標的為物品的造型、圖樣、顏色與工業設計特徵,日本保護期限為註冊日(審查核准日)起20年 - Trademarks(商標)
具有識別特定產品與服務的效果的字母、圖樣、符號(顏色)為商標保護標的,商標法現在保護期限一次為註冊日起10年,但可以依據使用狀況繼續繳費註冊,一次10年
若以發明專利而言,一個電話裝置的電磁技術、通訊方法(電話與遠端系統的訊號關係)為發明專利的方向,但仍不排除其中具有進步性的結構,如話筒與話機本身的連接關係
實用新型專利如電話的造型與結構,比如話筒與話機間的設置、結構特徵,為新型專利的保護標的,若以電話與外部裝置的連線而言,其中硬體的連接關係為實用新型的保護標的
電話本身的形狀、圖像、顏色的設計特點為設計專利的保護標的,如話筒的外觀、主機上的按鍵形狀與彼此的設置關聯,因此造成視覺上的區隔性可為設計專利
電話上的標示、產品包裝上的標記,使得產品具有辨識度,特別是對製造商的識別,可為商標的保護標的
資料來源:
http://www.jpo.go.jp/cgi/linke.cgi?url=/seido_e/s_gaiyou_e/4houe.htm
另有以筆為例的!
2012年2月22日 星期三
個人安全氣囊

看到一個感人的新聞,有個滑雪人滑雪時遇到雪崩,倖存的原因在於在身上配戴有個安全氣囊,安全氣囊系統感測到撞擊後,打開安全氣囊,因此在雪中滾動或是被壓住時可以保護避免受傷
可能的對應專利也頗為有趣,如US 7,574,755,此個人式的安全氣囊可以用在機車乘客上,有前方部、後方部、護肩部、腰部,其中具有氣體產生機連接到各部上,用於充氣。當偵測到撞擊,如車禍,就會被啟動而充氣!



專利範圍獨立項著重於此安全氣囊的結構,並非很基礎的專利:
1. An air bag apparatus, said apparatus comprising:
- a front portion, wherein said front portion is substantially rectangular;
- a back portion, wherein said back portion is substantially rectangular shaped having a top end and a bottom end and sized to cover at least the spine of the operator;
- a collar portion, wherein said collar portion is in inflatable communication with and between said front portion and said back portion;
- a lumbar attachment portion having a first end, second end and a mid portion between said first end and said second end, wherein said lumbar attachment portion is in inflatable communication with a bottom end of said back portion at said mid portion of said lumbar attachment portion and said first end removably attaches to said front portion at the bottom right of said front portion and said second end removably attaches to said front portion at the bottom left of said front portion;
- an air generator in communication with at least one of said front portion, back portion and lumbar attachment portion for expanding said air bag apparatus; and
- an actuator in communication with said air generator, wherein said actuator directs said air generator to supply air into the inside of said air bag apparatus to cause said air bag to expand.



專利範圍獨立項:
1. A personal collision warning and protection system comprising:
- sensing means for transmitting a pulsed signal in a direction of travel of a person using said collision warning and protection system, said sensing means being mounted on a front portion of a jacket worn by said person;
- said sensing means, receiving reflections of said pulsed signal the reflections of said pulsed signal representing an obstacle in the direction of travel of said person;
- said sensing means processing the reflections of said pulsed signal to provide a first electrical signal indicating a relative distance of said person from said obstacle and a second electrical signal indicating a Doppler velocity for said person;
- processing means connected to said sensing means to receive said first and said second electrical signals, said processing means processing said first and second electrical signals to generate first and second activation signals;
- warning means connected to said processing means to receive said first activation signal, said warning means being activated by said first activation signal to warn said person of said obstacle;
- protection means connected to said processing means to receive said second activation signal;
- said protection means including an air bag positioned on the front portion of said jacket, said protection means being activated by said second activation signal, said protection means when activated inflating said air bag to protect and prevent injury to said person when said person collides with said obstacle.
Ron
資料參考:Engadget
2012年2月21日 星期二
"computer-readable medium"是否為可專利的標的?
軟體案或是特定領域想要保護的儲存載體「為可核准的標的」!
Patently-O部落格文章提出最近幾個專利上訴與衝突委員會(BPAI)的判決,其中提到法定可專利與非法定可專利的標的其中之一探討到我們常在軟體或是特定技術權利範圍中常用的「computer-readable medium」的方式是否可以符合美國專利法101的規定的議題(可參考:http://enpan.blogspot.com/2008/07/101.html)
在文章中引述單方訴願(updated, march.1.2012)案:Ex Parte Hu, App. No. 2010-000151 (BPAI 2012)的判決。在專利審查階段,此案之審查委員根據美國專利法第101條的規定,核駁專利範圍,申請人於是提出訴願(appeal)程序,BPAI判決認為其中描述的「computer-readable storage medium」電腦可讀取儲存媒體係能夠指出(directed to)一個具體的儲存媒體,可以被電腦所讀取,因此落於專利法101的規範的法定可專利的類別中,為可專利的標的
在此爭議案的專利審查過程,審查委員核駁理由包括:
1. Claims 26-45 stand rejected under 35 U.S.C. § 101 as being directed to non-statutory subject matter.
2. Claims 1-51 stand rejected under 35 U.S.C. § 102 (b) as being anticipated by Mohan.
雖然申請人提出,其中爭議的權利範圍描述有「computer-readable storage medium」字眼,但是,並未在說明書中明確排除掉可以被電腦也可讀取的載波與傳輸媒介,因此判斷該專利範圍無明確的硬體連結,不符101法定可專利標的的規定
在BAPI的決定文中指出,他們認為『不同意審查委員見解,認為電腦可讀取儲存媒體為具體可被電腦讀取的東西,此類媒體包括具體儲存資料的媒體,也包括暫存傳輸訊號與資訊的無實體的媒體(intangible media),而此爭議專利範圍中,computer readable storage medium明確限制在資料儲存在具體的媒體,認為符合101規定的法定可專利範圍,並非如審查委員所述未排除一些非具體的載波或是傳輸媒介
[原文]
We do not agree with the Examiner. We find that the computer readable storage medium is directed to a tangible storage medium, which can be read by a computer. While a computer-readable medium is broad enough to encompass both tangible media that store data and intangible media that carry a transitory, and propagating signal containing information, a computer readable storage medium is distinguished therefrom as it is confined to tangible media for storing data. Therefore, because the cited claims are limited to a tangible medium within one of the four statutory classes of 35 U.S.C. § 101, they are directed to statutory subject matter. Therefore, appellants have shown that the Examiner erred in concluding that claims 26-45 are directed to non-statutory subject matter.
(其中判斷參考一個2007年聯邦巡迴法院的判例:In re Nuijten, 500 F.3d 1346:如果權利範圍並未落於101規範的四個可專利類別中,即便專利標的為新與有用的,但仍不在101規範中
"If a claim covers material not found in any of the four statutory categories, that claim falls outside the plainly expressed scope of § 101 even if the subject matter is otherwise new and useful.")
此判決中的專利申請號:10/982,135(公開號:2006/0101033),其揭示一種高效能日誌為基礎的處理技術(high-performance log-based processing),主要範圍在於從日誌檔(log)中讀取工作的項目、排序、應用排序結果、傳輸工作項目到執行其他叢集中資料庫服務的處理程序中,其中關鍵在其中利用協調的技術判斷目前工作程序狀態,並計算出可用的節點。

這顯然是個處理程序的演算技術,其專利範圍Claim 1:
1. A method for processing sequences of work items from one or more logs, wherein each work item corresponds to a particular data object, the method comprising the computer-implemented steps of:
by each of a plurality of Worker processes,
reading, from at least one log, a subset of the work items;
sequentially ordering work items, for corresponding data objects, from one or more of the subsets of work items, wherein at least one of the one or more subsets was read by another process; and
applying a sequentially ordered set of work items to a corresponding data object.

Claim 26使用了引用式的獨立項:
26. A computer-readable medium carrying one or more sequences of instructions which, when executed by one or more processors, causes the one or more processors to perform the method recited in claim 1.
參考案例(updated on June 8, 2016):
http://enpan.blogspot.tw/2016/06/in-re-nuijten-fed-cir-2007.html
可專利標的討論 - 暫態訊息不可專利案例 - In re Nuijten (Fed. Cir. 2007)
資料參考:Patently-O, USPTO BPAI App. No. 2010-000151
2012年2月16日 星期四
訂閱:
文章 (Atom)