2012年3月1日 星期四

Extra-Solution Activity的發明可專利性?

Extra-Solution Activity的發明可專利性?

Extra-Solution Activity可以解釋為在眾多解決方案之一,審查委員若認為發明僅為習知技術之外的解決方案之一,只不過又提出一個方案罷了,顯見該發明被認為是簡單可以達成的技術,不具專利性(進步性),然而,這個判斷標準也是見仁見智,主觀意見濃厚

從In re Bilski案可得到方法專利(特別是商業方法)的可核准標準,在CAFC藉此案重申「machine-or-transformation test」的測試標準,美國最高法院之後認為Bilski案所做出的軟體專利判斷並非是判斷流程(process)權利範圍是否可專利性的唯一標準(http://enpan.blogspot.com/2010/07/bilski.html),但仍是一個值得參考且為適當的判斷標準(proper test to apply)。在與發明人談到方法專利時,常常建議可以對相關硬體做出界定,以免可能遭遇不符美國專利法第101條規定的核駁意見

In re Bilski案例重新建立「machine-or-transformation test」的方法專利的較佳測試標準,但在此類專利的答辯過程中,仍存在不少模糊地帶,比如是否將商業方法連到一些硬體設施就好了,比如電腦、資料庫,經過一些案子的歷練後,這類答辯並非一定是有用,而是要答辯說明這些「加上去」的硬體並非是「硬加」的,而是要證明對該發明是有貢獻的硬體,也就是在這些方法步驟中,硬體連結是有必要且聯繫了各個步驟

此處對於何種硬體的連結可以使得方法專利不再是「抽象概念」,仍存在許多問題,其中產生「extra-solution activity」是否為可專利的標的的問題。
在一般手動方法轉為電腦執行,比如判斷物價、調整價格的一些習知方法,一旦由電腦執行,是否就成為可專利的發明,還是僅為另一個解決方案而已(extra-solution activity)?同樣,在答覆這類問題時,還是著重在這些硬體是否對該發明有貢獻,而非僅是一般解決方案之一而已!

補充:(updated on May 2, 2025)


"Petitioners’ patent application seeks protection for a claimed invention that explains how commodities buyers and sellers in the energy market can protect, or hedge, against the risk of price changes. (發明關於買賣雙方保護、迴避價格變動風險的方法) The key claims are claim 1, which describes a series of steps instructing how to hedge risk, and claim 4, which places the claim 1 concept into a simple mathematical formula. (claim 1關於迴避風險的步驟;claim 4關於數學方程式) The remaining claims explain how claims 1 and 4 can be applied to allow energy suppliers (能源供應者) and consumers to minimize the risks resulting from fluctuations in market demand. The patent examiner rejected the application on the grounds that the invention is not implemented on a specific apparatus, merely manipulates an abstract idea, and solves a purely mathematical problem. (審查委員核駁理由包括發明並非由特定裝置實現、僅是執行抽象概念,並解決單純的數學問題) The Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences agreed and affirmed. The Federal Circuit, in turn, affirmed. The en banc court rejected its prior test for determining whether a claimed invention was a patentable “process” under Patent Act, 35 U. S. C. §101—i.e., whether the invention produced a “useful, concrete, and tangible result,” see, e.g., State Street Bank & Trust Co v. Signature Financial Group, Inc., 149 F. 3d 1368, 1373—holding instead that a claimed process is patent eligible if: (1) it is tied to a particular machine or apparatus, or (2) it transforms a particular article into a different state or thing. Concluding that this “machine-or-transformation test” is the sole test for determining patent eligibility of a “process” under §101, the court applied the test and held that the application was not patent eligible. (CAFC en banc判定審查"process"的專利適格性的"machine-or-transformation test")

Held: The judgment is affirmed."

進一步地,最高法院仍提出自己的意見,認為"machine-or-transformation test"並非唯一測試"process"是否具備專利適格性的方法,但仍是重要且有用的方法。

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