2019年8月20日 星期二

違反法院雇員規定 - In Re Violation of Rule 50

本次判決關於Federal Circuit Rule 50規定法院員工不能參與或協助正在進行的訴訟,特別是規範「離職員工(包括約聘人員、實習人員)」不能參與或協助(代理、諮詢)在「受雇期間」還在進行的訴訟,也就是離開法院的工作後,仍不能參與受雇期間正在進行而離職後還在進行的訴訟。

這件事對法律事務所而言十分重要。


http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/rules-of-practice/MASTERFederalCircuitRulesOfPractice-10.2.2017.pdf

本次判決關於「一位法院離職員工」違反Federal Circuit Rule 50的案件,這位離職員工離開法院後到了一家時常參與訴訟的私人法律事務所,這位法院前員工離職時收到一張列舉她受雇於法院時正在進行的訴訟的「清單」,讓此離職員工可以交付給將來要工作的事務所。

在此案例/故事中,時間點是這位「法院離職員工」離職後一年後,CAFC法院對某一上訴案件發出一個「撤銷訴訟」決定,而且是在此離職員工離開法院之前一短暫時間才建檔,CAFC判決發回地方法院重審!(這時尚與此員工受雇的事務所無關)

(僱用法院離職員工的事務所開始參與訴訟)
當案件發回地院重審時,這家僱用此離職員工的法律事務所開始代理此訴訟的某一方(這時這位法院前員工其實已經離職幾年),法律事務所宣稱該員工並沒有立即參與此案,並且當發現此案開始自在她還在法院工作時,立即停止相關事務,甚至也通知法院這件事,因此並未違反Rule 50的義務。

雖然法律事務所宣稱這件事並非故意,而且此案是在此法院離職員工離職前一短時間才建檔,她完全不曉得此案件任何細節,且將來不會發生(顯然事務所很緊張,可能因此敗訴或需要賠償當事人)。

調查報告:

法院十分嚴格地遵守此聯邦法院規則,此案例中,這位法院前員工確實在受雇此法律事務所交付上述受雇法院期間的訴訟清單(可能是落落長),法律事務所承接案件時卻怠忽了。

然而,情、理、法,法院仍釋出善意,因為這件事務所為初犯,明確地並未因為這個違例影響訴訟,且此法院前員工在法院期間未與此案例有關,且法律事務所發現此事時,已經適當地告知法院,但仍藉此案例告誡法律事務所在訴訟前有義務要確認是否案件曾經在任一員工在法院工作時已經進行著。



my two cents:
這樣看來,這篇「有體諒、又嚴厲」的意見(不是法官寫的,而是一個調查報告)確實告誡了參與訴訟的事務所,在代理訴訟前還需要身家調查協助案件的所有人員,查看這些人員有沒有在此訴訟進行時曾經在法院工作的人?

判決文:
http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/18-9001_Rule_50_Violation_9.27.18.pdf

資料參考:

Ron

2019年8月15日 星期四

網頁廣告並不能證明商業使用 - In re Siny Corp. (Fed. Cir. 2019)

網頁廣告並不能證明商業使用 - In re Siny Corp. (Fed. Cir. 2019)

案件資訊:
上訴人:IN RE: SINY CORP.
系爭商標:
CASALANA(Class 24)
(Trademark Trial and Appeal Board in No. 86754400)

本案緣起商標申請人Siny Corp.對美國TTAB(Trademark Trial Appeal Board)拒絕商標申請案的決定提出上訴,TTAB拒絕商標申請的理由是:沒有適當的證據證明商標的商業使用。

Trademark Act § 45, 15 U.S.C. § 1127.
"A mark is in use in commerce on goods when:
(A) it is placed in any manner on the goods or their containers or the displays associated therewith or on the tags or labels affixed thereto, or if the nature of the goods makes such placement impracticable, then on documents associated with the goods or their sale, and
(B) the goods are sold or transported in commerce, …"
其中,商標申請人Siny用網頁證明商業使用「CASALANA」,網頁也說明了商品的內容。






TTAB認為,商標申請人提出的商業使用證明是「廣告」,相關樣品也不代表商品訂購,不足以證明相關產品已經有商業使用

CAFC判決文中節錄網頁畫面:



商標申請人主張網頁上的樣品包括了商品銷售的意思,甚至還有「For Sales Information」的用字。

TTAB認為,網頁上的文字本身不足以讓消費者購買,僅表示了消費者可以藉此得到更多購買商品的資訊,若是訂購資訊,應包括數量、價格與付款選項("the cited text alone was insufficient for consumers to make a purchase; rather, it only indicated how consumers could obtain more information necessary to make a purchase.")

TTAB接著表示,(重要)要證明商標的商業使用,應該是商標標誌用在商品、包裝、連結商品的呈現或其標籤上

(重要)也就是TTAB認為網頁上的資訊僅是「廣告」,不是販售(商業使用)資訊,而銷售據點上的標誌就是了



(重要)進一步地,TTAB判斷「網頁」是不是一個「銷售據點」?如果需要靠外部方法(如打電話)得到銷售細節(價格、數量、訂購方法),網頁上的資訊就是廣告,不會是「銷售據點」

"while some details must be worked out by telephone, if virtually all important aspects of the transaction must be deter-mined from information extraneous to the web page, then the web page is not a point of sale."

案件上訴CAFC。

商標標誌的商業使用應為用在商品、包裝、標籤,或是"連結商品的呈現"("display associated with the goods")上。


那「網頁」算不算一種連結商品的呈現("display associated with the goods")?

(重要)答案是,如果僅是商品以外的「廣告」或是「文件」,就不是連結商品的呈現,就不能證明商業使用。([I]t [is] well settled that mere advertising and documentary use of a notation apart from the goods do not constitute technical trademark use.”)

是否「樣品」符合商品的連結呈現?

(重要)答案是,如果這個呈現是在銷售據點,就是了!("one important consideration is whether the display is at a point-of-sale location.")

(重要)以上幾個判斷都是要實際的證據來證明。

因此,網頁上的樣品僅是廣告,或是商品的連結呈現,就看證據吧!

[相關法條]
15 U.S.C. § 1051(a)
(a)  Application for use of trademark
(1)  The owner of a trademark used in commerce may request registration of its trademark on the principal register hereby established by paying the prescribed fee and filing in the Patent and Trademark Office an application and a verified statement, in such form as may be prescribed by the Director, and such number of specimens or facsimiles of the mark as used as may be required by the Director.
(2)  The application shall include specification of the applicant's domicile and citizenship, the date of the applicant's first use of the mark, the date of the applicant's first use of the mark in commerce, the goods in connection with which the mark is used, and a drawing of the mark.
(3)  The statement shall be verified by the applicant and specify that--
(A)  the person making the verification believes that he or she, or the juristic person in whose behalf he or she makes the verification, to be the owner of the mark sought to be registered;
(B)  to the best of the verifier's knowledge and belief, the facts recited in the application are accurate;
(C)  the mark is in use in commerce;  and
(D)  to the best of the verifier's knowledge and belief, no other person has the right to use such mark in commerce either in the identical form thereof or in such near resemblance thereto as to be likely, when used on or in connection with the goods of such other person, to cause confusion, or to cause mistake, or to deceive, except that, in the case of every application claiming concurrent use, the applicant shall--
(i)  state exceptions to the claim of exclusive use;  and
(ii)  shall   1 specify, to the extent of the verifier's knowledge--
(I)  any concurrent use by others;
(II)  the goods on or in connection with which and the areas in which each concurrent use exists;
(III)  the periods of each use;  and
(IV)  the goods and area for which the applicant desires registration.
(4)  The applicant shall comply with such rules or regulations as may be prescribed by the Director.  The Director shall promulgate rules prescribing the requirements for the application and for obtaining a filing date herein.

my two cents:
雖仍有反對意見(主張網頁上陳列樣品就是有效的銷售據點(point of sale)),但最好在商標申請案證明商業使用時,提出使用此商標的商品、價格、訂購/付款方法等證據。

補充搜尋TTAB案決定:


判決文:
http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/opinions-orders/18-1077.Opinion.4-10-2019.pdf(備份:https://app.box.com/s/t3igusorf4t47vud053jtmxtyl0phr9l

資料參考:
https://patentlyo.com/patent/2019/04/advertisements-necessarily-constitute.html

Ron

2019年8月14日 星期三

自由營運檢索(Freedom To Operate Search)筆記

FTO檢索(Freedom To Operate Search)筆記。

Freedom to Operate (FTO) Search,中文可翻「自由營運檢索」,按照字面意思是,為了能更自由地營運,要避免專利干擾,因此在產品或服務推出時,需要先排除潛在專利產生的障礙,而就有「營運前的檢索」的需求。

對照常用的講法就是「產品侵權風險評估」,評估的基礎在「專利前案檢索」、「專利地圖」、「申請專利範圍解釋」、「專利有效性分析」、「侵權鑑定」等,所以專利事務所就是在這上頭提供服務。

更進一步地,FTO檢索的目的為針對了實際要推出的產品與服務評估專利侵權風險,之後的措施除了迴避設計充實本身專利佈局外,可以在推出產品或服務前已經獲得同意或授權,甚至創造出「使用先前技術」或使用「先前專利揭露但未記載於請求項的技術」的條件。

FTO檢索後一些積極的作為:
(1) 充實本身專利佈局:新申請專利、購買、授權;
(2) 等待關鍵專利過期,使用過期專利技術,可主張先前技術阻卻(排除侵權判斷中的均等論);
(3) 迴避設計;
(4) 不在侵權風險高區域販售或製造。

參考資料:
https://ip.com/services/freedom-to-operate/
http://www.patenttrademarkblog.com/freedom-to-operate-fto-infringement-search/
https://www.patsnap.com/blog/using-freedom-to-operate-search-fto-avoid-patent-infringement

Ron

2019年8月8日 星期四

關於added subject matter的判斷標準的歐洲訴願案 - T 0598/16

歐洲專利訴願:T 0598/16(時間:25.6.2019)

本案訴願議題有:
(1)新增專利標的(added subject matter)
(2)揭露不足(insufficiency of disclosure)
(3)進步性不足(lack of inventive step)

案件資訊:
訴願號:T 0598/ 16
歐洲專利申請號:10180160.3
歐洲專利公開號:2296454
專利權人:NeoGraf Solutions, LLC
異議人:SGL Carbon SE
相關法條:EPC 1973 Art. 54, 56, 76(1), 100(a)、EPC Art. 123(2)

議題之一為系爭專利在異議程序中產生「interlocutory decision」,也就是申請人在異議程序中提出修正產生了「added subject matter」的議題,加上揭露不足與缺乏進步性等議題。根據Article 101(3)(a)EPC規定,在異議程序(opposition)中,當申請人為了維持專利權而提出修正時,需要符合相關規定,異議人對此議題提出訴願。

列舉系爭專利有爭議的Claims 1, 4, 9-10,如下,關於Claim 1界定的熱管理系統,訴願委員會加入(a)~(e)來方面說明。

1. A thermal management system (10) comprising a heat source having an external surface (100a) and a thermal interface (20) comprising:
(a) an anisotropic flexible graphite sheet formed of compressed particles of exfoliated natural graphite and
(b) having a planar area greater than the area of the external surface of the heat source,
the flexible graphite sheet
(c) having first and second major planar surfaces and 
(d) having axes of higher thermal conductivity parallel to said major planar surfaces,
characterized by
(e) a first one of said major planar surfaces being in direct operative contact with the heat source.

4. A thermal management system (10) according to any one of claims 1 to 3 wherein the ratio of thermal conductivity of the anisotropic graphite sheet parallel to one to the major surfaces as compared to transverse to the major surface is at least about 20.

9. A thermal management system (10) according to any one of claims 1 to 7 further comprising a heat sink (30) which comprises a graphite article shaped so as to provide a heat collection surface and at least one heat dissipation surface, the heat collection surface of the heat sink being in operative contact with a second one of the said major planar surfaces of the flexible graphite sheet.

10. A thermal management system (10) according to claim 9 wherein the graphite article comprises anisotropic flexible sheets of compressed particles of exfoliated graphite laminated into a unitary article.

訴願決定:

對於異議程序中的修正,引起程序中的法律議題,訴願人(原異議人)主張這些專利範圍已經超出原申請時說明書範圍,如以上引述Claim 1的步驟(d)與(e),Claim 4的"about 20",Claim 9的"graphite article"、"in operative contact with..."等,以及Claim 10的"anisotropic flexible sheets..."。

(重要,這裡可以"稍微"理解歐洲訴願委員會對是否超出的"寬容度")
歐洲專利訴願委員會的決定是,修正為「從申請時說明書中內容所顯露出的(emerge)」;並且同意說明書描述的結構「暗示(imply)」了其中石墨片的物理特性;訴願委員會認為本案修正可以從申請時說明書「直接也明確地而推論(derivable)得出」;訴願委員會同意請求項9中的用語"in operative contact with"的連接關係「類似的揭露(similar disclosure)」於原說明書(包括母案)中;以及,特別的是,訴願委員會也會考量相關領域對於一些元件的一般理解,而給予"合理而寬容"的解釋空間



對於Claim 4描述的"...at least about 20",訴願委員特別地提出,不論說明書有沒有這句話,但原申請時Claim 6有一樣的描述,因此Claim 4沒有增加新特徵,可以直接而明確地從原申請時說明書所推論,且如說明書段落0020,已經有相當的描述:"[0020] With respect to thermal properties, the thermal conductivity of a flexible graphite sheet in a direction parallel to the upper and lower surfaces of the flexible graphite sheet is relatively high, while it is relatively very low in the "c" direction transverse to the upper and lower surfaces, by a ratio that can approach 20 to one or higher."。

Claims 9-10也有類似的判斷原則。

可知,判斷是否有不合規定的added subject matter,還可以依據其他「請求項原本的描述」,以及申請時說明書,甚至還考量了更早的「母案」。

另外提出其中一個有趣的議題:「系爭專利是否僅是解決相關技術問題的另一替代方案(merely provide an al­ter­native thermal man­age­­ment system)」而已?

訴願決定是,系爭專利解決了相關熱管理系統的效率,並解決技術問題而達成特定技術效果,不認為僅是解決相關問題的另一替代方案而已

其餘新穎性與進步性議題不在此贅述。

最終撤銷訴願意見,也就是原專利權人勝訴。

my two cents:
從本篇訴願決定可知(仍需要其他案件相互印證),歐洲審查時,對於added subject matter的認定仍是十分有彈性,不如印象中的嚴格。

[涉及法條]
Article 101 EPC
Examination of the opposition – Revocation or maintenance of the European patent
(1) If the opposition is admissible, the Opposition Division shall examine, in accordance with the Implementing Regulations, whether at least one ground for opposition under Article 100 prejudices the maintenance of the European patent. During this examination, the Opposition Division shall invite the parties, as often as necessary, to file observations on communications from another party or issued by itself.
(2) If the Opposition Division is of the opinion that at least one ground for opposition prejudices the maintenance of the European patent, it shall revoke the patent. Otherwise, it shall reject the opposition. 
(3) If the Opposition Division is of the opinion that, taking into consideration the amendments made by the proprietor of the European patent during the opposition proceedings, the patent and the invention to which it relates 
(a) meet the requirements of this Convention, it shall decide to maintain the patent as amended, provided that the conditions laid down in the Implementing Regulations are fulfilled; 
(b) do not meet the requirements of this Convention, it shall revoke the patent. 

訴願決定:
https://www.epo.org/law-practice/case-law-appeals/pdf/t160598eu1.pdf(備份:https://app.box.com/s/4k8prrdh5vkx4yzlvge4rvyy7q65ohn8

Ron

2019年8月7日 星期三

EPO Quality Report 2018


檔案在http://documents.epo.org/projects/babylon/eponet.nsf/0/79B3608B5B4D3F71C125842D0040675A/$FILE/quality_report_2018_en.pdf,這裡摘錄一些內容。

EPO組織架構:


整體案量(檢索+審查+異議程序)逐年上升:


從申請到訴願的時序:


這個數據很重要,從申請到接收檢索報告平均要花4.4個月,比設定的期限還早;審查時間平均需要22.3個月,近兩年,希望2020年可以降低到1年內;異議程序則要18.6個月,設定的期限為15個月完成審查。


文中很多針對各個階段的滿意度調查,整體滿意度頗高。

在此一提「歐洲專利加速審查(PACE)」,EPO在申請人提出PACE加速審查請求後,會於3個月內作出審查意見,核駁或核准。2018年平均為2.8個月。



以下提出幾個審查的專利要件的整體滿意度表現,首先是「明確性」,在各個技術領域中,非常滿意的比例最高,表示多數人對EPO針對明確性的要求都很滿意,因此,如果EPO專利被認為不明確,恐怕自己要檢討。

針對「進步性(inventive step)」審查,明顯看出每個技術領域中有不小的比例表示「太嚴格」,表示很「鬆」的不多,這大約也是我對EPO審查意見的感覺,對於進步性的要求頗高,但是,常常在OA中「異常友善地」告知我們如何改善與修改方向,這是值得讚賞的地方。




在EPO審查意見中,有個特別的議題是「增加專利標的/特徵(added subject matter)」,EPO在審查過程中對於申請人修正新增的部分頗為敏感,我的意見是,如果新增部分為「建構在原本請求項範圍」的「進一步特徵」,是可以允許的,若新增部分為「額外新增的技術特徵」,就看審查委員的容忍度到哪裡,因為EPO審查程序是先執行「檢索」,如果新增特徵超出檢索範圍,就有可能不被允許。

對此「增加專利特徵」的調查,各領域一致地有一半的比例認為「太嚴格」。



「電腦實現發明(computer-implemented invention)」,可指軟體發明,針對這類發明中的「技術內容」判斷常常是爭執之處,例如,如果利用電腦實現一些非技術的步驟,常被認為沒有技術手段,如果利用電腦實現商業方法,也會被認為沒有技術貢獻,如果利用電腦執行了有具有程序描述的發明,則可以說服審查委員具有技術手段。這樣的審查滿意度,至少到2018年覺得過於嚴格的比例已經下降。



對於異議程序而言,因為這幾年有逐年加快的進步,因此滿意度頗高。



其他參考:
歐洲專利加速審查(PACE)筆記 (Part I)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2018/03/pace.html
歐洲專利加速審查(PACE)筆記 (Part 2)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2018/03/pace-part-2.html

取得歐洲專利的指導方針(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2018/06/blog-post_27.html


Ron

2019年8月6日 星期二

可否在一個訴訟中請求專利無效與更正發明人 - Heat Technologies, Inc. v. Papierfabrik August Koehler SE (Fed. Cir. 2019)

有關發明人
Heat Technologies, Inc. v. Papierfabrik August Koehler SE (Fed. Cir. 2019)

此案例關於上訴程序中有關28 U.S.C. 1292(b)的議題:訴訟中的決定(Interlocutory decisions),其中關於「誰是發明人(inventorship)」的爭議!

案件資訊:
原告:Heat Technologies, Inc.
被告/目前專利權人/請願人:Papierfabrik August Koehler SE
系爭專利:US9,851,146

本案緣起2018年Heat Tech對Koehler提出侵權告訴,原告Heat Tech向喬治亞聯邦法院提起更正「發明人」(35 U.S.C. § 256),主張系爭專利的發明人有誤,更主張因為這個錯誤產生的不當得利與損害賠償。

其中涉及的是訴訟中的中間議題(28 U.S.C. 1292(b)),就是在訴訟中提起另一個法律問題,若有充分理由,可以終止訴訟。

US9,851,146關於一種乾燥纖維材料的機器,發明人為Heat Tech的老闆Plavnik,當年將此發明告訴了Koehler,作為合作評估的目的,認為系爭專利的內容幾乎都是當時告訴Koehler的內容。



Heat Tech在地方法院提起「專利無效/缺乏新穎性與非顯而易見性」,以及要求更正發明人、拿回專利權、on-sale bar,以及要求不當得利與損害賠償。但是Koehler要求法院撤銷Heat Tech的請求,認為Heat Tech請求不當,不能一方面主張專利無效,一方面又要求更正發明人。

主要議題是,Koehler要求(1)撤銷Heat Tech更正發明人的請求;(2)引用35 U.S.C. § 256,認為此法不能同時用於更正發明人,又在此基礎下主張專利無效,還有on-sale bar。

地方法院同意Koehler請願,同意在28 U.S.C. 1292(b)規定下終止訴訟,有三個條件:

Section 1292(b) requires three criteria for certification:
(1) the otherwise non-appealable order must be one that “involves a controlling question of law”; 
(2) “there is substantial ground for difference of opinion”; and 
(3) “an immediate appeal from the order may materially advance the ultimate termination of the litigation.”

(1)除非不可上訴的法院命令包括了控制性法律議題;(本案沒有)
(2)對不同意見的歧異有實質(上訴)理由;
(3)對法院命令立即上訴可以促使終止訴訟。

因此,地院同意Koehler終止地院訴訟而上訴CAFC,其中並非要解決「誰是發明人」,而是要確認一個法律議題:可否在確認發明人證明為真時,又可同時主張專利無效?



雖然CAFC不認為他們需要審理這個上訴議題,因為條件不滿足28 U.S.C. 1292(b)成立的三項條件,但仍作出一些意見,包括,認為地方法院正確地作出「儘管專利權有效有其他挑戰,但仍可進行發明人更正議題」決定。

也就是說,35 U.S.C. § 256更正發明人的規定並未與其他專利無效議題有關,法院作出發明人更正決定也不是建立在專利權有效的前提。

"the court’s jurisdiction under § 256 does not depend on whether the patent may be shown to be invalid."

前例:



[相關法條]
28 U.S.C. 1292(b)
(b)  When a district judge, in making in a civil action an order not otherwise appealable under this section, shall be of the opinion that such order involves a controlling question of law as to which there is substantial ground for difference of opinion and that an immediate appeal from the order may materially advance the ultimate termination of the litigation, he shall so state in writing in such order.  The Court of Appeals which would have jurisdiction of an appeal of such action may thereupon, in its discretion, permit an appeal to be taken from such order, if application is made to it within ten days after the entry of the order:  Provided, however, That application for an appeal hereunder shall not stay proceedings in the district court unless the district judge or the Court of Appeals or a judge thereof shall so order.

35 U.S.C. § 256 Correction of named inventor
(a)Correction.—
Whenever through error a person is named in an issued patent as the inventor, or through error an inventor is not named in an issued patent, the Director may, on application of all the parties and assignees, with proof of the facts and such other requirements as may be imposed, issue a certificate correcting such error.
(b)Patent Valid if Error Corrected.—

The error of omitting inventors or naming persons who are not inventors shall not invalidate the patent in which such error occurred if it can be corrected as provided in this section. The court before which such matter is called in question may order correction of the patent on notice and hearing of all parties concerned and the Director shall issue a certificate accordingly.


參考資料:
https://patentlyo.com/patent/2019/07/inventorship-challenges-invalidity.html

Ron

2019年8月1日 星期四

這個多議題的訴訟對Amazon有利 - Innovation Sciences, LLC v. Amazon.com, Inc. (Fed. Cir. 2019)

Innovation Sciences, LLC v. Amazon.com, Inc. (Fed. Cir. 2019)

原告/上訴人/專利權人:INNOVATION SCIENCES, LLC
被告/被上訴人:AMAZON.COM, INC.
系爭專利:RE46,140, US9,369,844, US8,135,398
判決文:July 2, 2019

在地方法院的決定包括:系爭專利'140不具專利適格性(違反35 U.S.C. § 101)、各方同意對'844侵權不成立,以及地院同意對'398不侵權的簡易判決。


RE46,140關於跨國電子商務的技術,技術針對跨國電子商務傳送信用資料的資訊安全措施,當買家購買電子商務伺服器提供商品清單的產品,信用資料提供給另一負責安全性的伺服器,例如Claim 17:



17. An online method for a payment server to support online buying over the Internet, the online method comprising:
receiving, at the payment server, credit card payment information transmitted from a buyer for payment of one or more items identified for purchase from a website listing the items, wherein the credit card payment information is received after online communication of the buyer has been switched from the website listing the items to a website supported by the payment server, wherein the switching of the online communication of the buyer is after an indication from the buyer to buy the one or more of the items;
sending the credit card payment information to an established financial channel;
receiving a credit card payment processing decision from the established financial channel; and
sending credit card payment confirmation information;
wherein:
transmission of information about the items for purchase between a server supporting the website listing the items and the buyer, before occurrence of the indication to buy, is less secure than transmission, from the buyer, of the credit card payment information, the transmission of the credit card payment information being performed under a security protocol for encryption of the credit card payment information, said security protocol providing at least 128 bit encryption for the credit card payment information;
the payment server has a respective IP address different from a respective IP address of the server supporting the website listing the items;
the sending of the credit card payment confirmation information updates the server supporting the website listing the items, with respect to the purchase of the one or more items identified by the buyer, in support of a real-time purchasing/sales environment on the website listing the items;
the server supporting the website listing the items is in one of a first nation state or a second nation state; and

the payment server is in the first nation state.

US9,369,844關於在網路上傳遞資料的安全技術,Claim 28為執行電子通訊的無線裝置,包括有處理器、無線電晶片、記憶體與相關指令。



28. A wireless device configured to facilitate electronic communication of information, the wireless device comprising:
a processor;
a wireless radio chip containing information of a unique identifier corresponding to the wireless device;
a memory configured to store program code that includes instructions executable by said processor, said instructions comprising:
instructions for transmitting, through a wireless transmission channel, an item status signal to provide information regarding an updated condition of a merchandise,
wherein the wireless transmission channel is established in a local wireless communication network in response to an indication of the updated condition and the wireless transmission channel is established for transmission of the item status signal by the wireless device; and
wherein the unique identifier corresponding to the wireless device is recognized during a processing of a purchase request for the merchandise regarding the updated condition based on a successful transmission of the item status signal;
wherein the purchase request for the merchandise is identified based on recognition of the unique identifier;
wherein information of a user account is communicated through a communication channel to accommodate the processing of the purchase request; wherein the user account is associated with the wireless device; and wherein the wireless transmission channel is separate from the communication channel, the information of the user account comprising the information for the processing the purchase request; and

wherein the wireless device is designated to transmit the item status signal.

US8,135,398關於多方多媒體通訊的技術,專利範圍Claim 1即關於在裝置之間傳遞內容的方法,接收多媒體後轉換並再生多媒體內容,傳送轉換的內容元件給目標裝置,建立通道與傳輸多媒體內容。

1. A method for conversion and sending of content to devices, the method comprising:
receiving a multimedia content item originated from a source located outside a home location and destined for a destination device located within the home location, wherein the multimedia content item is received through a wireless communication network and from a wireless terminal device;
converting the multimedia content item for reproduction according to a determined signal format of the destination device; and
sending the converted multimedia content item to the destination device, wherein the destination device is a television, and wherein the sending comprises:
establishing a predetermined channel operatively in communication with the destination device
and transporting the multimedia content item to the destination device via said predetermined channel,
for the destination device to display the multimedia content item in conjunction with a navigational command to the destination device for the predetermined channel.


35 U.S.C. § 101議題:

面對專利適格性,即採用TWO-STEP測試,先判斷是否為抽象,再判斷專利元件的個別或其組合是否具有可以轉換抽象為可專利應用的額外元件("the elements of each claim both individually and ‘as an ordered combination’ to determine whether the additional elements ‘transform the nature of the claim’ into a patent-eligible application.")。

地院認為'014案專利範圍為抽象,專利範圍的特徵僅在「switch,切換買家信用資訊執行支付」的技術,缺乏可以轉換為可專利議題的「進步特徵」。

CAFC法官認為,系爭專利'014範圍僅描述「功能、結果導向(functional, result-oriented)」的用語,僅是不可專利的用語而沒有改善習知技術認為沒有超越抽象概念的本質;加上,法官更認為'014使用了習知的網路交易系統,所採用的伺服器也是一般執行已知、常規與習知的活動("There is no inventive concept in the claim’s use of a generic payment server “to perform well-understood, routine, and conventional activities commonly used in industry."),因此認為'014相關系爭專利範圍不具專利適格性。

編按,以下摘錄內容為很好的提醒:



侵權議題:
經解釋專利範圍後,法院認為Amazon對'844侵權不成立。根據法院意見,不侵權理由之一是'844限定在單一無線裝置,但說明書描述以兩個裝置(DCSM與user equipment)執行監控與處理支付程序的動作,而另有實施例表示使用者可以使用wireless HUB或user equipment實現支付,傳送支付請求至wireless HUB,如此,因為說明書描述了幾個實施例,可以合理解釋Claim 28,認為發明人在本項的意圖是僅使用單一裝置

對於'398也是解釋專利範圍的問題,參考上述Claim 1內容,法院認為多媒體內容通過無線通訊網路傳送到目的地裝置,其中轉換與再生多媒體內容是根據目的地裝置的訊號格式,而且轉換是在目的地裝置接收到內容之前,與專利權人認知不同,沒有證據支持最終目的地不需要被設定,直到多媒體內容傳送到終端裝置。

如此,最終判決是'014系爭專利範圍不具專利適格性、對'844侵權不成立,以及對'398侵權不成立,但其中仍有差異,因此部分撤回、部分發回重審,以及部分確認地院判決。

my two cents:

從本案可知,在商業方法中,「有沒有改善習知技術」成為通過101的重要門檻之一,也就是專利範圍、說明書的描述不能僅在「表面」用語的描述,還要更深刻的「技術描述」,否則會被認為僅是「功能性」描述。

我認為(後見之明),'014不是不能專利,從說明書的篇幅來看可以簡單認知沒有足夠的描述把其中重點"switching"講得太少,應該提到其中切換機制、判斷條件、網路連線方法、使用者與連線識別資訊...,以及來往訊息的內容等,如此,有可能至少避免被法官認定是執行習知、常規的活動而已。

判決文:
http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/opinions-orders/18-1495.Opinion.7-2-2019.pdf(備份:https://app.box.com/s/p2pttc8ybwcduo4vkvu0879qw38geg5r

資料參考:
https://patentlyo.com/patent/2019/07/enforcing-payment-abstract.html

Ron