2016年8月10日 星期三

隨著技術改變的用語產生不明確的問題 - Icon Health v. Polar Electro (Fed. Cir. 2016)

本篇是兩個侵權訴訟的結果,都是涉及原告系爭專利不明確的議題。

ICON HEALTH & FITNESS, INC. v. POLAR ELECTRO OY
ICON HEALTH & FITNESS, INC. v. GARMIN INTERNATIONAL, INC.
(雖是兩個案例、兩個檔案,但是都是一樣的內容,代表:http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/opinions-orders/15-1891.Opinion.8-3-2016.1.PDF

案件資訊:
原告、專利權人、上訴人:ICON HEALTH & FITNESS, INC., A DELAWARE CORPORATION
被告、被上訴人:POLAR ELECTRO OY et al.
系爭專利:US6,921,351

US6,921,351關於一種遠端互動運動設備,請求項界定一運動系統,包括有本地端系統,有運動設備,有本地端伺服器,可以監測運動設備,此本地端伺服器提供"in-band communication"與運動設備連線,另有"out-of-band communication",兩者具有一個關係"relationship",系統再包括一遠端伺服器。

1. An exercise system comprising:
a local system including at least one exercise apparatus and at least one associated local server, said at least one local server monitoring the operation of said at least one exercise apparatus, said exercise apparatus and said local server having an in-band communication using a bi-directional wireless protocol;
an out-of-band communication with a user of said at least one exercise apparatus, wherein said out-of-band communication has a relationship to said in-band communication;
a remote server; and
wherein said local server and said remote server include communication interfaces which permits communication over a packet network connection that at least part-time couples said local server to said remote server for data communication between said local server and said remote server, such that said remote system may receive local system data from said local server concerning said operation of said exercise apparatus, and such that said local system may receive remote server data from said remote server providing feedback concerning said operation of said exercise apparatus.
問題就在,這項範圍看似清楚,卻又不曉得在講甚麼?如果不看細節,大約就是運動設備本地端有個伺服器可以無線通訊方式取得運動訊息,遠端伺服器與本地端伺服器連線,可以提供運動設備運作的回饋訊息(鼓勵運動)。

判決書引用圖1,本地端系統(12)運作如一訓練者,根據遠端伺服器的資訊提供運動者回饋訊息,但其中並未揭示何謂"in-band communication"或"out-of-band communication"


其實從說明書仍可略窺一二,所述"in-band communication"像是傳送感測訊號的通訊方式,"out-of-band communication"是用來傳送影音資料等大檔案的通訊方式,看來不見得有不明確的問題!但是兩者是否有「關聯」,說明書卻沒有揭露清楚

當本案在地方法院Markman hearing程序解釋專利範圍時,在以上議題中提出專家證詞後,地院作出以上用語如:"in-band", "out-of-band", "relationship"為模糊而不能解釋,作出專利因為不明確而無效的裁決。

重申明確性112(b)的要求:
"The definiteness requirement is found in the second paragraph of 35 U.S.C. § 112, which reads: “The specification shall conclude with one or more claims particularly pointing out and distinctly claiming the subject matter which the applicant regards as his invention.”"

自然引用了美國最高法院判例Nautilus所衍生的明確性測試:以說明書與審查歷史所告知相關技術領域人員有關發明的範疇來解釋請求項範圍。

參考資料:http://enpan.blogspot.tw/2014/06/nautilus-inc-v-biosig-instruments-inc.html
最高法院法官提到專利的基本定義,就是政府提供發明人一段時間內的獨佔權,因此專利揭露以及要求某個範圍的獨占性時,包括其目的是要與先前技術區隔,其範圍的"邊界"理應清楚專利在考量了說明書、審查歷史等仍無法讓相關技術人員可以瞭解專利範圍時,認定為不明確

經雙方專家證詞提出看法後,被告專家證人同意所述"in-band"與"out-of-band"通訊方式為兩個不同的方式,但是認為系爭專利請求項範圍、說明書並未提供足夠明確定義這些用語的資訊,況且更未指出何謂兩者之間的"relationship"。

"“the ’351 patent does not provide one skilled in the art with sufficient information to define these terms with reasonable certainty” and the “terms as used in the ’351 patent are ambiguous” without some sort of reference to provide context. The “relationship” between “in-band”"

被告專家證人提出10件先前技術與教科書,每一件前案提供區隔"in-band"與"out-of-band"的參考,但是每一件前後文給予這兩個用語的意義,使得每一件專利對此用語都會有不同的定義,說明書的定義對本案尤其重要。

這10件先前文獻提供了很好的參考,使得法院更重視系爭專利是否清楚區分出這兩個用語的差異,結果是"沒有"明確的區分,因為隨著技術改變的用語(指"in-band", "out-of-band")無法提供明確的定義,加上"relationship"的不明確,使得法院作出專利不明確而無效的決定。


my two cents:
「明確性」真是值得討論,第一,不要用艱澀的用語;第二,不要定義過於模糊的關係;第三,說明書對各用語都盡力解釋;第四,明確或不明確,仍是一個未定的標準,但如本案例,仍有客觀可供大家參考的依據。

小心一些用語在不同的應用、領域中所指技術的差異。

資料參考:
http://patentlyo.com/patent/2016/08/indefinteness-moving-targets.html

Ron

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