2017年4月13日 星期四

PTAB需要自己的論述與判斷 - CUTSFORTH, INC. v. MOTIVEPOWER, INC. (Fed. Cir. 2016)

案件資訊:
上訴人/專利權人:CUTSFORTH, INC.
被上訴人/IPR請願人:MOTIVEPOWER, INC.
系爭專利:US7,990,018(IPR2013-00274)

本案緣起MotivePower提起的IPR(IPR2013-00274)判定Cutsforth擁有的專利'018請求項1-24全數為顯而易知(35USC103)的決定,專利權人上訴CAFC。

系爭專利US7,990,018關於一種可分離式的電刷支持裝置,用在馬達或發電機中導電用的。

Claim 1:
1. A brush holder assembly for holding a brush having a conductive element, the brush holder assembly comprising:
an elongate mounting block having a major axis, an upper end and a lower end, and first and second outer side surfaces substantially parallel to said major axis, and including a stationary brush release proximate said lower end; and
a brush holder component adapted for removably mounting to the mounting block, the brush holder component comprising a brush box and a channel for receiving a portion of the mounting block therein, the channel including first and second inner side surfaces;
the brush holder component further comprising a brush catch having a first position and a second position, the brush catch preventing sliding movement of a brush within the brush box in the first position, and the brush catch permitting sliding movement of a brush within the brush box in the second position;
wherein the stationary brush release is positioned on the mounting block so that when the brush holder component is mounted on the mounting block, the stationary brush release engages with the brush catch, moving the brush catch into the second position.
這類結構專利在解釋專利範圍時自然就會引用實施例圖式,解釋時並不會多廣,反而都成為限制,難以避免這種解釋方式,要不然實施例應當多一點以免範圍限定在某個實施例中。例如本案,有關請求項中描述連接關係"engaged"時,就使用了圖1,反過來釋放後,描述"disengated"的關係就用圖2(IPR)。然而,在本案例中,專利範圍仍有一定的"模糊解釋空間",使得專利權人有機會可以根據前案進行答辯,說明差異並非如圖中所寫的那樣。




引證前案包括U.S. Patent No. 3,432,708 (“Bissett”), U.S. Patent No. 5,043,619 (“Kartman”), and U.S. Patent No. 3,864,803 (“Ohmstedt”)。

U.S. Patent No. 3,432,708 (“Bissett”)中分離電刷組的圖示:


U.S. Patent No. 5,043,619 (“Kartman”)顯示安裝在機器上的電刷組:


U.S. Patent No. 3,864,803 (“Ohmstedt”)中固定運作中電刷的圖示:


CAFC階段:

首先是審理PTAB與專利權人對於申請專利範圍的解釋,如電刷安裝的裝置"mounting block",PTAB認為就是一個固定東西的底座,不用再固定到別的東西上。

在CAFC審理PTAB的事實發現的實質證據("factual findings for substantial evidence")時,提到,所謂實質證據就是一個合理的意念可以接受為足夠支持結論的相關證據。超清楚,也超模糊。

"Substantial evidence is “such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.”"

事實發現就是,PTAB採用IPR請願人意見,認為系爭專利請求項1的電刷組在Bissett的電刷支持裝置連結到Ohmstedt的電刷為顯而易知,而Bissett的電刷支持裝置與Kartman的支持裝置也使得系爭專利的"mounting block"為明顯。

然而,CACF又認為PTAB沒有自己的意見,若要採用請願人意見,也就表示採用的意見與理由。

CAFC認為PTAB缺乏判斷Claim 1為顯而易知獨立的理由,也沒有正式採用請願人MotivePower的論點成為自己論點。
"However, the Board stated no independent reasons for why claim 1 is obvious nor did it formally adopt MotivePower’s arguments as its own reasoning."


有趣的是,IPR的決定被否決的重要理由是PTAB沒有提出或論述或發展自己的論點,沒有發展出支持結論的解釋,這真是值得討論的事。


CAFC要求PTAB解釋為何作出顯而易知的論述,以及為何接受請願人意見?


若僅是引用請願人的論述,不能符合PTAB應有的解釋任務。


也就是說,當判定系爭專利為多件先前技術的組合為顯而易知時,不論那一方,都應有充分的論述與理由,至少要證明在相關技術領域的一般技術人員(PHOSITA)可以輕易經由結合先前技術達成系爭專利發明的理由。當有任何一方的論述不足、不夠明確,或是PTAB單純接受某一方的論點時,都有可能使得全盤皆墨。

"The Board must offer a reason for why a person of ordinary skill in the art would have made the specific design choice to locate the spring on the mounting block. Here, it does not."

最終,CAFC判決認為PTAB沒有提出充分的理由證明系爭專利權利範圍為顯而易知,因此被撤回決定,並發回重審。

CAFC判決:http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/opinions-orders/15-1316.Opinion.1-20-2016.1.PDF
(備份:https://app.box.com/s/leex3j4deor0msocemilccvms1z31qyo

IPR2013-00274終判備份:https://app.box.com/s/1ayibtgu5rlnlvi9pwndwatuub79r4rm

my two cents:
同樣地,如前篇討論過,CAFC給予PTAB超高的責任與標準,其實這給請願人(或被請願人)有些壓力,因為講得夠好,被認同,PTAB又有很大的解釋義務。

每次CAFC對於證據的陳述與標準都會有自己的論述,本次就說:"Substantial evidence is “such relevant evidence as a reasonable mind might accept as adequate to support a conclusion.”"。

備註:
這兩個公司有另一場專利家族的IPR(IPR2013-00268,事實上雙方至少有4件IPR的對決)與對應上訴案例(CUTSFORTH, INC. v. MOTIVEPOWER, INC. (15-1314, CAFC 2016)),CAFC反駁PTAB作出不符新穎性的決定,但因為是新穎性議題,就不在此討論。(http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/opinions-orders/15-1314.Opinion.4-4-2016.1.PDF

Ron

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