2019年6月30日 星期日

美國專利圖式規定筆記

本篇參考MPEP 1825(https://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/mpep/s1825.html

過去的資料:https://enpan.blogspot.com/2019/05/mpep-1825.html

本篇筆記圖式規定筆記:

1. 圖式應該以耐用、黑色、夠深、線條一致、明確的方式繪製,不要有顏色。
2. 橫截面應以斜線表示,要好讀而不要影響其他參考標記與線條。
3. 圖示內容以在縮小2/3仍能讓人理解其中標記與線條來繪製。
4. 圖式應以圖形方式表示(graphically),如此表示不要圖示表格、文章、程式碼...,但仍有例外,如基因碼之類的。
5. 圖式中的數字,字母和線條應簡明,不要與括號、圓圈或引號(inverted commas)一起用。
6. 圖中的線條應該是用繪圖工具繪製,如CAD。
7. 圖中每個元件應該以適當比例表示(工程圖不是卡通圖)。
8. 圖中的數字與字母不能小於0.32cm,字體用拉丁和慣用的希臘字母。
9. 一張圖面可以幾個圖(只要滿足以上要求)。
10. 若以多張圖面(sheet s)表示一個完整的圖(figures),這幾個圖面彼此組合不能隱藏其中任何部份,也就是要連貫而一致,該出現的元件要出現,不要有元件走出圖面,另一圖面又不見了。
11. 儘量不要浪費空間,所以可以多張圖式放在一個圖面上,彼此明確區隔。
12. 不同的圖式應以阿拉伯數字連續標示。
13. 在說明書中沒有提到的符號不要出現在圖式中,反之亦然。
14. 在各國申請案中(相同申請),應以相同的符號表示。
15. 如果途中包括多量的標記,建議用「另一張紙」列出所有參考標記及其表示的特徵。
16. 每張圖面的頁碼可以用1/3, 2/3, 3/3表示共有3張圖,其中第幾張表示。
17. 每個圖式以Fig. 1, Fig. 2的方式表示。


[相關法條]

11.13 Special Requirements for Drawings

  • (a) Drawings shall be executed in durable, black, sufficiently dense and dark, uniformly thick and well-defined, lines and strokes without colorings.
  • (b) Cross-sections shall be indicated by oblique hatching which should not impede the clear reading of the reference signs and leading lines.
  • (c) The scale of the drawings and the distinctness of their graphical execution shall be such that a photographic reproduction with a linear reduction in size to two-thirds would enable all details to be distinguished without difficulty.
  • (d) When, in exceptional cases, the scale is given on a drawing, it shall be represented graphically.
  • (e) All numbers, letters and reference lines, appearing on the drawings, shall be simple and clear. Brackets, circles or inverted commas shall not be used in association with numbers and letters.
  • (f) All lines in the drawings shall, ordinarily, be drawn with the aid of drafting instruments.
  • (g) Each element of each figure shall be in proper proportion to each of the other elements in the figure, except where the use of a different proportion is indispensable for the clarity of the figure.
  • (h) The height of the numbers and letters shall not be less than 0.32 cm. For the lettering of drawings, the Latin and, where customary, the Greek alphabets shall be used.
  • (i) The same sheet of drawings may contain several figures. Where figures on two or more sheets form in effect a single complete figure, the figures on the several sheets shall be so arranged that the complete figure can be assembled without concealing any part of any of the figures appearing on the various sheets.
  • (j) The different figures shall be arranged on a sheet or sheets without wasting space, preferably in an upright position, clearly separated from one another. Where the figures are not arranged in an upright position, they shall be presented sideways with the top of the figures at the left side of the sheet.
  • (k) The different figures shall be numbered in Arabic numerals consecutively and independently of the numbering of the sheets.
  • (l) Reference signs not mentioned in the description shall not appear in the drawings, and vice versa.
  • (m) The same features, when denoted by reference signs, shall, throughout the international application, be denoted by the same signs.
  • (n) If the drawings contain a large number of reference signs, it is strongly recommended to attach a separate sheet listing all reference signs and the features denoted by them.

All sheets of drawings must be numbered in the center of either the top or the bottom of each sheet but not in the margin in numbers larger than those used as reference signs in order to avoid confusion with the latter. For drawings, a separate series of page numbers is to be used. The number of each sheet of the drawings must consist of two Arabic numerals separated by an oblique stroke, the first being the sheet number and the second being the total number of sheets of drawings. For example, “2/5” would be used for the second sheet of drawings where there are five in all.

Different figures on the sheets of drawings must be numbered in Arabic numerals consecutively and independently of the numbering of the sheets and, if possible, in the order in which they appear. This numbering should be preceded by the expression “Fig.”
Ron

2019年6月26日 星期三

一些檢索工具 - 筆記

查詢專利訴訟資訊:
https://insight.rpxcorp.com/

一些查詢頁面範例:




-------------------------------------------
查詢美國專利授權狀態,但是,這僅能查到有登錄的:
https://assignment.uspto.gov/patent/index.html#/patent/search

範例:授權給Apple查詢結果(編按,是否就是我們熟知的Apple,不一定),加上點入一件專利的結果:





-------------------------------------------
美國司法案件查詢:https://dockets.justia.com/


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http://royaltysource.com/

-------------------------------------------


資料參考:
https://www.quora.com/

https://www.quora.com/Is-there-any-patent-database-which-shows-to-whom-patents-are-licensed

http://iknow.stpi.narl.org.tw/Post/patentsearch.aspx?&Area_No=15

Ron

2019年6月20日 星期四

「先使用權」筆記

所謂「先使用權(prior user right)」,立法目的是『先使用權是專利法用以平衡專利權人與他人利益之重要機制』,就是法律保護在不相干的"他人"提出專利申請前已經「使用」的人的權利,因為在實施發明時,並未得知不相干的他人已經完成發明且準備申請專利,這樣"先使用"的行為(但限於在其原有事業目的範圍內繼續使用)仍被法律保障。

如台灣,現行我國專利法第59條規定「發明專利權之效力"不及於"之情事」,其中第3項:「申請前已在國內實施,或已完成必須之準備者。但於專利申請人處得知其發明後未滿12個月,並經專利申請人聲明保留其專利權者,不在此限。

這項規定告訴我們幾件事:(1)主張「先使用權」,必須是申請前「已在國內實施」;或是(2)申請前「已完成必須之準備」;(3)但有排除條款:從專利申請人處得知發明後「未滿12個月」,且專利申請人聲明「保留專利權」者,表示,發明人在與他人描述發明時,應聲明保留專利權/申請權

[台灣]
我國專利法:























如此,若有符合上述法律的條件,遇到"他人"取得相關發明的專利權的侵權爭議時,可以提出「先使用權抗辯」,使用先使用權抗辯時,參考以下TIPO專題連結,應考慮:「我國專利法規定與德國專利法相同,於適用時應注意:1、如專利申請人未聲明保留權利,則在申請日前得知者可立即實施該發明,並享有先使用權;2、如專利申請人聲明保留權利,但未在6個月(修法已改為12個月)內申請專利,則期滿後得知者可實施該發明,並享有先使用

重要參考文獻:TIPO專題:專利侵權之先使用權抗辯研析—台美日制度之比較(https://www.tipo.gov.tw/public/Attachment/3631117229.pdf

要以先使用權抗辯,根據TIPO專文描述「適格的先使用行為」,以「實施」或「已完成」為要件,其中:

「實施」:結合「第58 條」對於實施之定義,解釋上凡申請前之「造、為販賣之要約、販賣、使用或為上述目的而進口」等行為,均得主張先使用權,而不以製造物品或使用方法為限。

「已完成」:所謂「必須之準備」必須為客觀上可被認定的事實,例如已經進行相當投資、已完成發明之設計圖或已經製造或購買實施發明所需的設備或模具等。若僅是主觀上有實施發明之準備,或為購買實施所必要之機器而有向銀行借款等準備行為,則不得謂已完成必須之準備。

「先使用權之範圍」,參考其他各國定義,對於「原本事業規模」的限制頗寬:


其他:
先使用權既然只有在專利申請前已開始使用之人始得主張,解釋上應不得任意移轉

------------------------------------------------

[美國]
美國AIA後先使用權:

前言:美國AIA之前採用「先發明主義」,已經涵蓋「先使用權」的基本概念,而且定義更寬,不必要完成事業之準備,在AIA之後的發明人的先申請主義,即可能產成「先使用」的爭議。

根據美國專利法第273(e)條規定,「先使用權」的要件是他人專利申請前「商業使用」,可能條件更為嚴格!

先使用權抗辯的要件(參考TIPO專文翻譯):
(1)適用的人:實施,或是指示實施「先前商業使用」之個人、或受該個人控制或在其一般控制下或控制該個人之組織。
(2)「善意」,對於申請專利標的之善意商業使用行為
(3)限制在美國國土境內,先使用權主張限定在美國境內之先使用行為。
(4)先使用行為至少發生在專利申請日或符合優惠期之公開日兩者較早之日期前1年
(5)他人不能是有關聯者,先使用發明不得源自於專利權人或與有共同利益關係之人。
(6)限於發生先使用行為之特定申請專利標的,但不限制使用數量,並可及於未侵害其他申請專利標的之改良。

35 U.S.C. 273   Defense to infringement based on prior commercial use.

(e) LIMITATIONS AND EXCEPTIONS.—
(1) PERSONAL DEFENSE.—
(A) IN GENERAL.—A defense under this section may be asserted only by the person who performed or directed the performance of the commercial use described in subsection (a), or by an entity that controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with such person.
(B) TRANSFER OF RIGHT.—Except for any transfer to the patent owner, the right to assert a defense under this section shall not be licensed or assigned or transferred to another person except as an ancillary and subordinate part of a good-faith assignment or transfer for other reasons of the entire enterprise or line of business to which the defense relates.
(C) RESTRICTION ON SITES.—A defense under this section, when acquired by a person as part of an assignment or transfer described in subparagraph (B), may only be asserted for uses at sites where the subject matter that would otherwise infringe a claimed invention is in use before the later of the effective filing date of the claimed invention or the date of the assignment or transfer of such enterprise or line of business.
(2) DERIVATION.—A person may not assert a defense under this section if the subject matter on which the defense is based was derived from the patentee or persons in privity with the patentee.
(3) NOT A GENERAL LICENSE.—The defense asserted by a person under this section is not a general license under all claims of the patent at issue, but extends only to the specific subject matter for which it has been established that a commercial use that qualifies under this section occurred, except that the defense shall also extend to variations in the quantity or volume of use of the claimed subject matter, and to improvements in the claimed subject matter that do not infringe additional specifically claimed subject matter of the patent.
(4) ABANDONMENT OF USE.—A person who has abandoned commercial use (that qualifies under this section) of subject matter may not rely on activities performed before the date of such abandonment in establishing a defense under this section with respect to actions taken on or after the date of such abandonment.
(5) UNIVERSITY EXCEPTION.—
(A) IN GENERAL.—A person commercially using subject matter to which subsection (a) applies may not assert a defense under this section if the claimed invention with respect to which the defense is asserted was, at the time the invention was made, owned or subject to an obligation of assignment to either an institution of higher education (as defined in section 101(a) of the Higher Education Act of 1965 (20 U.S.C. 1001(a)), or a technology transfer organization whose primary purpose is to facilitate the commercialization of technologies developed by one or more such institutions of higher education.

(B) EXCEPTION.—Subparagraph (A) shall not apply if any of the activities required to reduce to practice the subject matter of the claimed invention could not have been under taken using funds provided by the Federal Government.

MPEP:https://mpep.uspto.gov/RDMS/MPEP/e8r9#/e8r9/d0e305663.html

------------------------------------------------

[日本]
日本特許法第79 條規定,基於先使用而取得之通常實施權要件如下,特別是朝「非專屬授權」的角度保護「先使用者」(參考TIPO專文)
(1)不知有關發明專利申請之內容而自為發明,或從不知有關發明專利申請之內容而自為該發明之人知悉。
(2)在發明專利申請時之先使用行為。
(3)在日本國內之先使用行為。
(4)實施發明之事業或為其事業準備。
(5)對於實施或準備實施之發明。
(6)在實施或準備實施之事業目的範圍內。

日本特許法第79條英文翻譯http://www.japaneselawtranslation.go.jp/law/detail/?printID=&ft=1&co=01&x=32&y=19&ky=%E7%89%B9%E8%A8%B1%E6%B3%95&page=10&id=42&lvm=&re=02&vm=02):

Article 79 person who, without knowledge of the content of an invention claimed in a patent application, made an invention identical to the said inventionor a person who, without knowledge of the content of an invention claimed in a patent application, learned the invention from a person who made an invention identical to the said invention and has been working the invention or preparing for the working of the invention in Japan at the time of the filing of the patent applicationshall have a non-exclusive license on the patent right, only to the extent of the invention and the purpose of suchbusiness worked or prepared.

所謂「事業之準備」:

至於何謂「事業之準備」,依日本最高法院昭和61 年(1986年)10 月3 日「動桁式加熱爐」事件判決之見解,係指:「不知悉有關發明專利申請之內容而自為相同內容發明者,或從前者得知者,就該發明迄今尚未達到事業的實施階段,惟具有即時實施的意圖,且該『即時實施的意圖』,客觀上有可認識之態樣、程度予以表明。」

從文中提及之案例很明確地知道何為「完成事業之準備」:

1.完成及交付試用品
2.製造及販賣受託生產製品之試作品
3.對於實施方法發明之工廠為基本設計及編製建設預算
4.著手製造金屬製的鑄型

5.從事製造醫藥品為目的之行為

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參考資料:
https://legal-patent.com/international-intellectual-property/right-prior-use-german-case-law/

TIPO專題:專利侵權之先使用權抗辯研析—台美日制度之比較(https://www.tipo.gov.tw/public/Attachment/3631117229.pdf

http://www.leeandli.com/TW/Newsletters/5886.htm

各國prior user right報告:https://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/ip/global/prior_user_rights.pdf

Ron

2019年6月19日 星期三

澳洲原住民著作權爭議

澳洲原住民旗:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Australia#/media/File:Australian_Aboriginal_Flag.svghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_Flag


這個爭議從新聞得知,WAM Clothing公司宣稱澳洲原住民旗是他們的著作權,而對使用此旗幟的人提出告訴。



(圖片截自:https://wamclothing.com.au/

WAM Clothing宣稱得到「EXCLUSIVE WORLDWIDE COPYRIGHT LICENSEE」。


被告之一:Clothing the Gap




(圖案截自:https://clothingthegap.com.au/

經查Wikipedia,除了澳洲國旗與國徽之外(
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australia),這張旗出現在Australia "other" flags之一,"In 1995, the Aboriginal Flag and the Torres Strait Islander Flag were also appointed flags of Australia.",網址:https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flag_of_Australia


既然這面旗是澳洲官方認定的原住民旗,為何有人可宣稱擁有專屬授權?為何有這些著作權爭議?原因就是這面旗還是有著作人,也就是著作權人的,仍是有著作權歸屬的問題。


根據報導,澳洲原住民旗的著作權歸(被法院認證)屬於設計者:Harold Thomas

"In 1997, in the case Thomas v Brown and Tennant, the Federal Court of Australia declared that Harold Thomas was the owner of copyright in the design of the Australian Aboriginal flag, and thus the flag has protection under Australian copyright law." (https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australian_Aboriginal_Flag)

澳洲原住民旗法院意見:http://www8.austlii.edu.au/cgi-bin/viewdoc/au/cases/cth/FCA/1997/215.html

因此,當WAM Clothing宣稱具有全球專屬授權時,雖有誇大,但仍是有憑有據,並在WAM Clothing官網上宣稱受到澳洲聯邦法院認證過的著作權人Harold Thomas的專屬授權,上述部分網頁內容也被摘錄在WAM Clothing官網。

最後,根據一些媒體的建議,最好的方式就是,澳洲官方向Harold Thomas買斷著作權,然後開放免費供民眾使用。


新聞參考:

https://global.udn.com/global_vision/story/8662/3872892?direct
https://www.theguardian.com/australia-news/2019/jun/17/ken-wyatt-hopeful-of-resolving-aboriginal-flag-copyright-dispute

Ron

2019年6月13日 星期四

pre-AIA的發明日爭議討論 - Arctic Cat Inc. v. GEP Power Products, Inc. (Fed. Cir. 2019)

ARCTIC CAT INC. v. GEP POWER PRODUCTS, INC. (Fed. Cir. 2019),本篇一下此討論到pre-AIA的102(e)適用、發明日證明先前技術不適用,以及適用先前技術、IPR是post-AIA,但系爭專利適用pre-AIA,以及AIA前後102等議題。

案件資訊:
上訴人/專利權人:ARCTIC CAT INC.
被上訴人:GEP POWER PRODUCTS, INC.
系爭專利:US7,072,188, US7,420,822
IPR案號:IPR2016-01385, IPR2016-01388
判決日:March 26, 2019

本案緣起GEP對系爭專利提起IPR,PTAB決定認為系爭專利無效,但案件經上訴CAFC,爭議在「發明日」,認為專利權人主張的發明日不僅於在系爭專利申請日/優先權日('188案:Oct. 29, 2002;'822案優先權日為'188案申請日),而是更早的日期(pre-AIA),比起IPR引證案(US6,850,421,Boyd,申請日:April 1, 2002,公開日:Oct. 2, 2003)更早,原本Boyd案適用pre-AIA的102(e)新穎性規定下的先前技術,但就「發明日」來看,顯然專利權人證明了系爭專利'188案的發明日早於Boyd,使得Boyd並不是'188適格(102(e))的先前技術,但對'822('188案的延續案)則仍是適格先前技術。

各案公報首頁,可參考各案時間資訊。
Boyd('421):


系爭專利'188:


系爭專利'822:


特別的是,與不少爭議案相似,本案例系爭專利為AIA實施之前的專利,適用pre-AIA法律,但GEP提起IPR則是post-AIA,產生pre-AIA的102, 103與post-AIA的102, 103的適用問題(pre-AIA 102(e)對照post-AIA 102(a)(1))。

pre-AIA的精神是先發明主義的「發明日」,證明發明日的條件主要是概念(conception)的生成與付諸實現(reduction to practice),付諸實現需要合理的勤奮(reasonable diligence)完成發明。

然而,PTAB委員認為系爭專利權人並未證明在專利申請日前有合理的勤奮的時間,不認為在申請日之前已經有付諸實現(reduction to practice)的活動,

對於系爭專利,PTAB啟始IPR理由:(1)發明缺乏新穎性;(2)發明缺乏非顯而易見性等。

(重要)其中特別有關專利範圍前言(preamble)效力的討論:

PTAB駁回專利權人Arctic Cat的答辯意見,包括時間的問題、也駁回對於專利範圍前言限制的主張,也同時認為Boyd為新穎性先前技術,不採用Arctic Cat的先發明主張。對於專利範圍前言是否為限制條件的問題,PTAB給了一些原則(重要),跟內容的前後關係有關:







(重要)有關發明日/適格先前技術的討論:

第一,Boyd為符合102(e)(2)的先前技術,因為申請日較早,即便其公開日晚於系爭專利申請日。但是,102(e)規定為「another filed in United States ... before the invention by the applicant for patent」,因此比的是「發明日」,系爭專利權人Arctic Cat主張更早的發明日。

第二,Boyd並非適格先前技術,理由是Boyd不符合102(e)(2)規定的「by another 」,因為Boyd的發明並非來自Boyd,而是Mr. Janisch,他是Arctic Cat的員工,且為系爭專利唯一發明人,他在Boyd申請日前已經完成發明(付諸實現)。

證明更早的發明日,主要就是證據力:


法官認為,要證明合理的勤奮(reasonable diligence),倒沒有要證明有合理地「連續」工作,不是要找碴(時間可能不連續),「reduction to practice」的充分條件是:證據是否顯示發明有被放棄或是被不合理延遲

"adequacy of the reduction to practice is determined by whether, “in light of the evidence as a whole, ‘the invention was not abandoned or unreasonably delayed.’”"



在此判斷原則下,CAFC認為,系爭專利發明人在所主張發明完成的期間有合理的勤奮(reasonably diligent)而使得證明沒有放棄發明,或是有不合理延遲的狀況。認為PTAB的判斷方式過於嚴格



如此,Boyd並非適格先前技術,法院撤銷部分與Boyd有關無效決定不過,案件仍包括其他前案,仍有其他無效意見不在此贅述。

my two cents:
有趣的是,現在仍有許多跨越pre-AIA與post-AIA的有效專利,本案可以成為一些爭議中的參考,保留「發明概念、研發、付諸實現」等記錄有好處,即便在post-AIA,仍有可能拿來阻卻付諸實現日之後的他人專利申請案(35USC102(b)(2)),或是證明在他人申請案之前已經完成發明與執行準備的先使用權(prior use、prior user right)。但對於主張先使用權(prior user right),將需要拋棄一些權利,包括無法取得專利與無法授權,使用範圍也僅限於原本使用的地理區域。

若要證明「發明日」在申請日之前,需要證明付諸實現,而且「不能放棄」與「不合理延遲」,但時間也不是一定要「持續」。

另外,本案涉及「前言」的效力問題,也是值得探討的議題。

[法條]
Pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 102  Conditions for patentability; novelty and loss of right to patent.
A person shall be entitled to a patent unless-
*****
(e) the invention was described in — (1) an application for patent, published under section 122(b), by another filed in the United States before the invention by the applicant for patent or (2) a patent granted on an application for patent by another filed in the United States before the invention by the applicant for patent, except that an international application filed under the treaty defined in section 351(a) shall have the effects for the purposes of this subsection of an application filed in the United States only if the international application designated the United States and was published under Article 21(2) of such treaty in the English language.

關於先使用權抗辯(prior use defense)的規定:
35 U.S.C. 273   Defense to infringement based on prior commercial use.
https://mpep.uspto.gov/RDMS/MPEP/e8r9#/e8r9/d0e305663.html

(a) IN GENERAL.—A person shall be entitled to a defense under section 282(b) with respect to subject matter consisting of a process, or consisting of a machine, manufacture, or composition of matter used in a manufacturing or other commercial process, that would otherwise infringe a claimed invention being asserted against the person if—

(1) such person, acting in good faith, commercially used the subject matter in the United States, either in connection with an internal commercial use or an actual arm’s length sale or other arm’s length commercial transfer of a useful end result of such commercial use; and
(2) such commercial use occurred at least 1 year before the earlier of either
(A) the effective filing date of the claimed invention; or
(B) the date on which the claimed invention was disclosed to the public in a manner that qualified for the exception from prior art under section 102(b).
...

判決文:http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/opinions-orders/18-1520.Opinion.3-26-2019.pdf(備份:https://app.box.com/s/2mfwnfeobouud5mgmb5b2564d68nrwol

參考資料:

2019年6月11日 星期二

均等論不是任何侵權案都適用 - Amgen Inc. v. Sandoz Inc. (Fed. Cir. 2019)

本篇討論有關均等論之適用,本案的教示是,如果way不同,就不適用,其中的眉角在於說明書、審查歷史產生的限制。

原告/上訴人/專利權人:AMGEN INC., AMGEN MANUFACTURING, LIMITED
被告/被上訴人:SANDOZ INC., SANDOZ INTERNATIONAL GMBH, SANDOZ GMBH
系爭專利:US6,162,427、US8,940,878
判決日:May 8, 2019

本案前情:本案中,原告Amgen製造了兩個生物製品"filgrastim",分別以品牌"Neupogen®"與"Neulasta®"銷售,用於治療在癌症治療過程中白血球細胞不足(neutropenia)的問題。

本次被告Sandoz在2014年向FDA提出了"Neupogen®"的生物仿製藥應用(aBLA,具有與先前獲得許可的藥物相似的活性)申請,但卻不提供原告Amgen其相關製作方法。

之後,2014年,Amgen對Sandoz提出侵權告訴,認為Sandoz的aBLA侵害Amgen的'427專利;2015年,Sandoz取得FDA許可,可以Zarxio®販售aBLA藥品,Amgen修改轉以'878案提起侵權訴訟。,特別的是,這個訴訟依據為「生物製品價格競爭與創新法案(Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act (“BPCIA”))」,BPCIA規範FDA許可的生物仿製藥應用(aBLA)專利侵權訴訟,

系爭專利有關嗜中性白血球減少症(neutropenia)的藥,如'427專利關於用於幹細胞調動的G-CSF(粒細胞集落刺激因子)與化學治劑組合,Claim 1界定在病患身上移植週邊幹細胞的治病方法,這個治療方法包括給患者施用「造血幹細胞調動」有效的G-CSF,再給患者施用至少一種化學治劑。

1. A method of treating a disease requiring peripheral stem cell transplantation in a patient in need of such treatment, comprising administering to the patient a hematopoietic stem cell mobilizing-effective amount of G-CSF; and thereafter administering to the patient a disease treating-effective amount of at least one chemotherapeutic agent.

'878專利關於萃取在非哺乳動物系統中蛋白質的純化方法,其Claim 1即關於這個純化方法,步驟大致是裂解非哺乳動物細胞、使細胞裂解物與分離基質(separation matrix)接觸、清洗分離基質,以及從分離基質中洗脫蛋白質。

1. A method of purifying a protein expressed in a non-native soluble form in a non-mammalian expression system comprising:
(a) lysing a non-mammalian cell in which the protein is expressed in a non-native soluble form to generate a cell lysate;
(b) contacting the cell lysate with a separation matrix under conditions suitable for the protein to associate with the separation matrix;
(c) washing the separation matrix; and
(d) eluting the protein from the separation matrix, wherein the separation matrix is an affinity resin selected from the group consisting of Protein A, Protein G and a synthetic mimetic affinity resin.

Claim 7則是界定純化蛋白質的方法,步驟大致是,取出非哺乳動物細胞中蛋白質、裂解、溶解在特定溶液中、在特定溶液中增溶蛋白質、形成再折疊溶液,在適合蛋白質與基質結合的條件下,將再折疊溶液施於分離基質、清洗分離基質,以及洗脫蛋白質等。

7. A method of purifying a protein expressed in a non-native limited solubility form in a non-mammalian expression system comprising:
(a) expressing a protein in a non-native limited solubility form in a non-mammalian cell;
(b) lysing a non-mammalian cell;
(c) solubilizing the expressed protein in a solubilization solution comprising one or more of the following:
(i) a denaturant;
(ii) a reductant; and
(iii) a surfactant;
(d) forming a refold solution comprising the solubilization solution and a refold buffer, the refold buffer comprising one or more of the following:
(i) a denaturant;
(ii) an aggregation suppressor;
(iii) a protein stabilizer; and
(iv) a redox component;
(e) directly applying the refold solution to a separation matrix under conditions suitable for the protein to associate with the matrix;
(f) washing the separation matrix; and

(g) eluting the protein from the separation matrix, wherein the separation matrix is a non-affinity resin selected from the group consisting of ion exchange, mixed mode, and a hydrophobic interaction resin.

解釋專利範圍:
解釋專利範圍為專利侵權訴訟的基礎,可以導致訴訟是否有效、專利是否有效、侵權成立與否的決定。

地方法院解釋系爭專利範圍時,'427案中的用語「treating-effective amount of at least one chemotherapeutic agent」解釋為「足以治病的至少一種化學治劑的量("an amount sufficient to treat  a  disease  for  which  at  least  one  chemotherapeutic  agent is prescribed")」,以此否決專利權人Amgen對「量」的解釋「足以增強幹細胞調度的量("sufficient  to  enhance  the  mobilization of stem cells")」,而無關於是否可以治病。

針對'878專利,Claim 7的步驟中,"washing"與"eluting"為分開的兩個步驟,並有前後關係,但被告Sandoz的製程僅包括一個步驟,而不是兩個分開的步驟,因此判決侵權不成立。

對此決定,原告上訴CAFC。

CAFC階段:
(本篇著重在'878案均等論的適用)

關於'878專利流程中的步驟是否為分開的兩個步驟,專利權人Amgen主張,這些流程,如washing與eluting是"功能"描述,而不是實際的步驟。這個論點被法院否決,因為專利範圍寫著(a)~(g)等步驟,這是描述一個處理順序,其中爭議的步驟也明確地表達在說明書中,說明washing與eluting是分開的兩個步驟當被告Sandoz明確地僅以一個步驟完成,不符「文義讀取(literal infringement)」的判斷

這時,原告轉向主張被地院駁回的適用「均等論」(Doctrine of Equivalents,DoE)的主張,主張被告Sandoz的"一個步驟"與系爭專利範圍中的包括washing與eluting等的幾個步驟沒有實質差異,理由是都以實質相同的方法(way)實現了相同的功能(function),並達成相同的結果(result)

"Amgen argues that Sandoz’s one-step, one-solution process is insubstantially different from the claimed three-step, three-solution pro-cess because it “achieves the same functions (washing and eluting), in substantially the same way (binding protein preferentially compared to contaminants, and then raising salt concentration to reverse protein binding) to achieve the same result (protein purification).”"

但CAFC法官卻認為,Sandoz實現的方法與系爭專利並非是相同的方法(the same way),不適用均等論("because its one-step, one-solution purification process works in a substantially different way from the claimed three-step, three-solution process"),反倒提及均等論如何適用的原則!





「均等論」僅適用於一些"特殊情況",並非簡單地適用在所有訴訟中的"second prong",也就不是簡單地為文義侵害不成立的候補方案,均等論仍不能超越原請求項應有的範圍,不是用來延伸申請專利範圍。如此,CAFC同意地方法院正確地判決,被告Sandoz沒有侵害系爭專利範圍權利!

對於'427專利,主要爭點是系爭專利範圍所涉及的「治病的有效劑量」,是具有化學治劑而足以治病的量(整體),還是如專利權人Amgen所主張專利範圍僅限制化學治劑量施用於幹細胞調動,非針對治病?

CAFC法官認為,如被告所言,系爭專利的範圍為治療疾病,其中使用了化學治劑(chemotherapeutic agent),也如'427案Claim 1前言所述,沒有支持原告的主張,確認侵權不成立。

my two cents:
有關均等論,一些摘要內容:

均等論並非用來延伸專利範圍。
"The doctrine of equivalents applies only in exceptional cases and is not “simply the second prong of every infringement charge, regularly available to extend protection beyond the scope of the claims.”"

均等論不能偏離公眾從專利範圍文字得到的理解。
"The doctrine of equivalents cannot be used to effectively read out a claim limitation . . . because the public has a right to rely on the language of patent claims."

[法條]
35 U.S.C. § 271(e)(2)(C)
https://mpep.uspto.gov/RDMS/MPEP/E9_R-11.2013#/E9_R-11.2013/d0e305527.html

其他「均等論」參考:
- 混淆陪審團的抗辯技巧 - 實踐先前技術 - 01 Communique Lab. v. Citrix Systems (Fed. Cir. 2018)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2018/10/01-communique-lab-v-citrix-systems-fed.html
- 說明書"等效"支持專利範圍的討論 - Sprint Communications v. Time Warner (Fed. Cir. 2019)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2019/03/sprint-communications-v-time-warner-fed.html
- 歷史禁反言與解決問題的陳述限制了專利範圍 - Ottah v. Fiat (Fed. Cir. 2018)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2018/09/ottah-v-fiat-fed-cir-2018.html
- 均等論,永遠是個議題 - Enzo Biochem v. Applera (Fed. Cir. 2017)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2017/08/enzo-biochem-v-applera-fed-cir-2017.html

判決文:
http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/opinions-orders/18-1551.Opinion.5-8-2019.pdf(備份:https://app.box.com/s/q22ce8g2pptoy71gb4kfabf1j7si9gya

參考資料:
https://patentlyo.com/patent/2019/05/doctrine-equivalents-exceptional.html

Ron