2019年12月12日 星期四

先前技術組合的合理性 - Hulu, LLC v. Sound View Innovations, LLC (IPR2018-00582, PTAB)

本篇討論近期USPTO指定的IPR參考案件之一,關於先前技術組合的合理性。

Hulu, LLC v. Sound View Innovations, LLC, Case IPR2018-00582, Paper 34 (Aug. 5, 2019) (designated: Dec. 11, 2019) [no claims unpatentable – insufficient reason to combine references]



IPR2018-00582案件資訊:
IPR請願人:HULU, LLC
專利權人:SOUND VIEW INNOVATIONS, LLC
系爭專利:US6,502,133

本案經IPR請願人Hulu提出無效理由,以及專利權人Sound初步回應後,PTAB認為證據有可能可以異議成功,於是同意啟始IPR,理由是系爭專利相對於先前技術的組合為顯而易見(35 U.S.C. § 103(a), pre-AIA,系爭專利於AIA施行日March 16, 2013前申請)。

系爭專利'133關於一種利用分析引擎處理即時事件的方法,系統如下示意圖,系統包括多個即時事件分析引擎,這些引擎可以分群平行執行,分析所配對的事件,請求項1界定一個事件處理裝置,以處理器實現所述的即時分析引擎。這是一個用於優化電腦系統需要處理即時事件的一種企業解決方案。


1. An apparatus for processing events generated by at least one system application, the apparatus comprising:
a processor for executing code to implement at least a portion of at least one real-time analysis engine, wherein the real-time analysis engine processes the events, and wherein associated with the real-time analysis engine in a main-memory database system is recovery information regarding a recovery point for the real-time analysis engine.


IPR請願人提出以下無效理由,除了O'Neil為先前專利US6,226,364,其餘為期刊或論文。

(Svein-Olaf Hvasshovd et al., The ClustRa Telecom Database: High Availability, High Throughput, and Real-Time Response, in Proc. of the 1st VLDB Conference 469, Zurich, Switzerland (1995) (Ex. 1004, “Hvasshovd”); U.S. Patent No. 6,226,364 B1 to O’Neil, filed Dec. 8, 1997, issued May 1, 2001 (Ex. 1005, “O’Neil”); Ben Kao & Hector Garcia-Molina, An Overview of Real-Time Database Systems, Chapter 19 in Advances in Real-Time Systems 463 (Sang H. Son ed., Prentice Hall 1995) (Ex. 1006, “Kao”); and David J. DeWitt et al., Implementation Techniques for Main-Memory Database Systems, in Proc. ACM SIGMOD Int’l Conf. on Management of Data, Boston, Mass. (June 1984) (Ex. 1007, “DeWitt”).

在解釋專利範圍(Claim Interpretation)時,參照專利中對用語的定義、說明書以及審查過程曾經形成的禁反言。對本案而言,「前言」部分因為形成專利範圍的前置基礎,因此也被列入解釋範圍的一部分。

對於103的無效理由與審查方針,仍是參考了KSR、Graham v. John Deere Co.判例的原則:


(跳過技術分析)(文中很多103答辯的技巧,其實很刁鑽,但是可以學習的)

專利權人答覆無效理由時,認為先前技術沒有合理結合的動機,理由是,例如,先前技術Kao的主記憶體資料庫,用於即時切換電話線路、O'Neil的即時電話呼叫監控系統,而O'Neil的技術目的是計算電話費,這是"秒"時間等級的技術,並沒有要解決如先前技術Kao的即時處理的需求,也無法達成系爭專利即時分析的技術,因此,系爭案專利不會因為Kao與O'Neil的組合而為顯而易見

都是應用在電話技術,兩個前案的「即時性/急迫感」並不一致,兩個先前技術即便在同一領域中也不會互相影響,因此沒有結合的合理理由(不夠)。

因此,PTAB也不同意異議人Sound提出先前技術結合的推論





(文中很多103答辯的技巧,其實很刁鑽,但是可以學習的)例如這句:"Thus, in the absence of other persuasive reasons to modify O’Neil, the record evidence of high cost and limited capacity associated with main memory databases tends to undermine the implication that an ordinarily skilled artisan would have used main memory instead of conventional disk-based memory."
(這是主張缺乏說服力的意見:高價格與有限容量的主記憶體,使得相關領域技術人員不會考慮這個記憶體,而會考慮傳統磁盤記憶體)

以此說明先前技術沒有結合的可能性!

PTAB還認為,IPR請願人Sound的一些主張都是「預期先前技術可以結合」而不是「提出結合的理由/論述」,因此多數不被認同。("But as presented, this is actually a statement of anticipated success in combining the references, rather than an articulated reason to combine them in the first instance.")

還有,PTAB認為先前技術縱然可以成功地組合,但不代表相關領域技術人員有動機去結合!("Just as in Belden, the fact that the combination might have been successful does not mean that an ordinarily skilled artisan would have been motivated to make the combination.")
太...了!

最終,PTAB認為Sound並未對先前技術的組合建立有說服力的理由。(證據優勢很重要)

"Thus, we also determine Petitioner has not shown by a preponderance of the evidence that claims 9–13 and 21 would have been obvious over the combination of Hvasshovd, Kao, and DeWitt."
my two cents:
先前技術是否有合理結合的動機與理由,其實還是十分主觀,有些只要同一領域就可以結合,有些還要考慮到解決問題是否一致(這理由常常用來答辯),本案更涉及先前技術的「時間觀」有沒有一致到可以互相影響!(真是犀利)

初看本件系爭專利,不是很懂,十分抽象,就是一個處理即時事件的電腦系統,專利範圍看來也十分廣泛而抽象,顯得不好找先前技術,因此前案引用就是引用一些相關計算機系統的論文,然而,當證據(都討論到時間是否有急迫到即時或是僅秒等級的分析)沒有「合理結合的理由」時,就無法讓這樣抽象又廣的專利無效!

IPR最終決定:
https://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Hulu%2C%20LLC%20v.%20Sound%20View%20Innovations%2C%20LLC%2C%20IPR2018-00582.pdf(備份:https://app.box.com/s/ypr5pevcorj15xp2u89s0vfp8xkc7o3h

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USPTO訊息:
PTAB designates three decisions as informative
Hulu, LLC v. Sound View Innovations, LLC, IPR2018-00582, Paper 34 (August 5, 2019)
This final written decision determined that the petitioner failed to show that the challenged claims are unpatentable because the petitioner failed to show a sufficient rationale for combining the references.
Johns Manville Corp. v. Knauf Insulation, Inc., IPR2018-00827, Paper 9 (October 16, 2018)
This decision denies institution after the Board determined that showing that the references are analogous and could be combined does not establish a sufficient rationale for combining the references.
Ex parte LindenHannun, Appeal No. 2018-003323 (April 1, 2019) (updated on July 26, 2023, 聽說是USPTO誤植Hannun為Linden,相關報導:https://enpan.blogspot.com/2020/01/ex-parte-linden-2018-003323-apr-1-2019.html。)
This decision reverses the examiner’s eligibility rejection of a method for transcribing speech, where the Board found that the steps were not a mental process.
Learn more about these informative decisions on the USPTO website.
Ron

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