2019年12月13日 星期五

組合前案教示的成功的合理期待 - Johns Manville Corp. v. Knauf Insulation, Inc. (IPR2018-00827, PTAB)

繼前篇「先前技術組合的合理性 - Hulu, LLC v. Sound View Innovations, LLC (IPR2018-00582, PTAB)」,本篇討論同樣近期USPTO指定的另一IPR參考案件,也是關於先前技術組合的合理性。

Johns Manville Corp. v. Knauf Insulation, Inc., Case IPR2018-00827, Paper 9 (Oct. 16, 2018) (designated: Dec. 11, 2019) [denying institution – insufficient reason to combine references]



IPR2018-00827案件資訊:
IPR請願人:JOHNS MANVILLE CORPORATION and JOHNS MANVILLE, INC.
專利權人:KNAUF INSULATION, INC. and KNAUF INSULATION SPRL
系爭專利:US9,828,287

本案經Johns對Knauf擁有的系爭專利'287提出IPR請願,與前篇報導的IPR2018-00582不同,本案中,PTAB認為IPR異議理由並未提出可能無效系爭專利的證據,因此拒絕啟始IPR。

系爭專利'287蠻特別的,關於一種黏合劑(binder),請求項1界定一個隔熱或隔音的玻璃纖維隔熱材料,這個材料是玻璃纖維的集合,並包括設置在玻璃纖維集合體上的黏合劑,這個黏合劑包括:
 i) at least one reaction product of a reducing sugar reactant and an amine reactant, wherein the percent by dry weight of the reducing sugar reactant with respect to the total weight of reactants ranges from about 73% to about 96%, 
ii) a silicon-containing coupling agent, and 
iii) optionally, a corrosion inhibitor, wherein the fiberglass material comprises less than 99% by weight and more than 75% by weight glass fibers, and wherein the fiberglass material has a density of from about 0.4 lbs/ftto about 6 lbs/ft3

1. A thermal or acoustical fiberglass insulation material comprising:
(a) a collection of glass fibers; and
(b) a binder disposed on the collection of glass fibers, wherein the binder comprises i) at least one reaction product of a reducing sugar reactant and an amine reactant, wherein the percent by dry weight of the reducing sugar reactant with respect to the total weight of reactants ranges from about 73% to about 96%, ii) a silicon-containing coupling agent, and iii) optionally, a corrosion inhibitor, wherein the fiberglass material comprises less than 99% by weight and more than 75% by weight glass fibers, and wherein the fiberglass material has a density of from about 0.4 lbs/ftto about 6 lbs/ft3.

IPR請願人提出以下無效理由,引證案都「很老」:


(Srinivasan: US2005/0059770; Worthington: US3,513,001; Gogek: US2,965,504; Helbing: US2005/0202224

在解釋專利範圍(Claim Interpretation)時,用BRI原則解釋,沒有新的概念,但提到「決定是否"啟始"IPR」的議題時,其實不必太過明確地解釋其中用語。

在IPR請願人Johns提出的無效理由中,引用主要引證案Srinivasan and/or Worthington,認為相關領域技術人員可以有多個結合這兩件引證案而教示系爭專利的理由,但專利權人Knauf主張Johns的理由並沒有充分解釋為何系爭專利的特徵為顯而易見,也沒有證明先前技術結合的合理性。

無效理由中,除了一般顯而易見性的論述(前案可結合、教示),專利權人還主張無效理由不當地採用了系爭專利'287的揭露內容以及'445案(US7,888,445,專利權人的另一關係案)的再審理由。其中,無效理由主張,先前技術Srinivasan與Worthington都揭露了「熱固性黏合劑組合物」,成份也相近使得產生相近的反應物,且PTAB也認為Worthington案為類似前案。

不過,PTAB指出幾項異議人無效理由的不足(重要):

(1) 所謂「相似的前案」僅是判斷參考前案是否可以考慮為顯而易見分析前案的門檻("Analogous art is merely a threshold inquiry as to whether a reference can be considered in an obviousness analysis.")。
(2) 證明先前文獻為類似前案或是相關領域的前案並不足以建立一般技術人員有理由結合先前技術而教示系爭專利範圍("Demonstrating that a reference is analogous art or relevant to the field of endeavor of the challenged patent is not sufficient to establish that one of ordinary skill would have had reason to combine its teachings with other prior art in the manner set forth in the claim.")。

異議人Johns也認為,先前技術中都揭露了熱固性組合物與其黏合劑,因此可以結合而教示系爭專利,且也產生成功的合理期待(reasonable expectation of success),但是PTAB認為,異議人並未證明相關領域技術人員可以用其中之一前案的黏合劑去置換另一前案的黏合劑,也就是說,其實先前技術分別提出了不同的黏合技術

其實,PTAB要求的是,異議人有責任證明相關領域技術人員有動機結合"先前技術的教示"而達到系爭專利的發明,也此技術人員對這樣也有成功的合理期待。(表示PTAB認為異議理由不足以證明先前技術的結合可以合理期待得出系爭案發明)

特別解釋,所述「顯而易見性(obviousness)」的證明應提出的理由使得相關領域技術人員結合實現系爭案發明的元件(前案元件->發明的元件)。



因此,PTAB認為IPR異議人Johns並未提出證明系爭專利為顯而易見足夠而充分的理由。



IPR最終決定:https://www.uspto.gov/sites/default/files/documents/Johns%20Manville%20v.%20Knauf%20Insulation%2C%20IPR2018-00827.pdf(備份:https://app.box.com/s/y0e7ptmedmqo1olq0svzrsjakch1xovr

my two cents:
本篇的教示是,要論述專利無效,特別是針對顯而易見的理由,應足夠充分,請論述先前技術之間的關聯與結合而達成系爭案發明「成功的合理期待」,就是能夠從各前案內容中找到前案可結合的證據,而不僅是提到這些前案都為相似前案而已。

另外,PTAB也要求異議人要claim-by-claim分析,這也是本案拒絕"啟始"的理由之一。

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USPTO訊息:
PTAB designates three decisions as informative
Hulu, LLC v. Sound View Innovations, LLC, IPR2018-00582, Paper 34 (August 5, 2019)
This final written decision determined that the petitioner failed to show that the challenged claims are unpatentable because the petitioner failed to show a sufficient rationale for combining the references.
Johns Manville Corp. v. Knauf Insulation, Inc., IPR2018-00827, Paper 9 (October 16, 2018)
This decision denies institution after the Board determined that showing that the references are analogous and could be combined does not establish a sufficient rationale for combining the references.
Ex parte LindenHannun, Appeal No. 2018-003323 (April 1, 2019) (updated on July 26, 2023, 聽說名稱是USPTO誤植,相關連結:https://enpan.blogspot.com/2020/01/ex-parte-linden-2018-003323-apr-1-2019.html)
This decision reverses the examiner’s eligibility rejection of a method for transcribing speech, where the Board found that the steps were not a mental process.
Learn more about these informative decisions on the USPTO website.
Ron

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