[最高法院階段]
案件資訊:
IANCU, UNDER SECRETARY OF COMMERCE FOR INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY AND DIRECTOR, PATENT AND TRADEMARK OFFICE v. BRUNETTI
Brunetti商標申請案“FUCT”在USPTO/TTAB被駁回,理由是"consist of or comprise immoral or scandalous matter” (15 U. S. C. §1052(a))",涉及法條是15 U. S. C. §1052(a):
15 U.S.C § 1052 - Trademarks registrable on principal register; concurrent registration
No trademark by which the goods of the applicant may be distinguished from the goods of others shall be refused registration on the principal register on account of its nature unless it— (商標獲准排除以下情況)
(a)Consists of or comprises immoral, deceptive, or scandalous matter; or matter which may disparage or falsely suggest a connection with persons, living or dead, institutions, beliefs, or national symbols, or bring them into contempt, or disrepute; or a geographical indication which, when used on or in connection with wines or spirits, identifies a place other than the origin of the goods and is first used on or in connection with wines or spirits by the applicant on or after one year after the date on which the WTO Agreement (as defined in section 3501(9) of title 19) enters into force with respect to the United States.
...
案件進入CAFC,可參考 - FUCT ?(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2018/04/fuct.html),CAFC判決:即便是申請人似乎也同意這個字有爭議(遊走法律邊緣),只是不認為不能取得商標,法院並未禁止,對此,法官最後仍是斷定這是個不道德的字,或說,法官並不解決這個議題,只是,不過...就「言論自由」來看,USPTO/PTAB的決定違憲。
(重要)最高法院的基本態度是,如果商標註冊被拒絕是基於觀點/viewpoint的理由,這是違憲的。
基於以上概念,法院認為因為商標內容涉及不道德或是毀謗內容就被駁回,這是屬於"基於觀點"的核駁理由,違反憲法第一修正案(First Amendment)原則。
最高法院認為,上述法條 -15 U. S. C. §1052(a),表面上區分為兩類,一是符合傳統道德標準的商標,二是違反傳統道德標準的商標。法院說明,這個對法條的表面觀點偏見導致觀點-歧視的應用("This facial viewpoint bias in the law results in viewpoint- discriminatory application")。
這裡,法院引用前例 - Matal v. Tam案,法院宣告拒絕“貶低人”的商標註冊是違憲的。
最高法院的意見是:法條15 U. S. C. §1052(a)拒絕“不道德”或是“毀謗”內容獲准商標,並非是指淫穢、露骨或是褻瀆("lewd, sexually explicit, or profane marks")的內容,也不僅是指其表達方式,因此,如果不道德或是毀謗被公平地解釋,這個法條應該被廢止。最高法院同意CAFC判定以不道德、褻瀆等內容駁回商標申請是違憲的意見。
相關案例可參考本部落格報導:
- 有妨害善良風俗疑慮的商標仍受到言論自由保障 - MATAL v. TAM(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2017/06/matal-v-tam.html)
Ron
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