2026年1月20日 星期二

筆記「專利標示影響侵權行為造成的損害判決」- Ortiz & Associates Consulting, LLC v. Vizio, Inc. (Fed. Cir. Dec. 17, 2025)

前篇討論 - 專利標示與原告不當訴訟賠償的案例 - Ortiz & Associates Consulting, LLC v. Vizio, Inc. (Fed. Cir. Dec. 17, 2025)https://enpan.blogspot.com/2025/12/patent-marking-ortiz-associates.html

根據國外部落格的描述,本案例中原告Ortiz & Associates Consulting, LLC ("Ortiz")為NPE(非專利實施實體),他們的網站(https://ortizconsultinggroup.com/)也僅留下聯絡方式,沒有太多訊息(除非寫在其他地方,在此不討論)。

因此可知的是,Ortiz沒有產品可以標示專利,從網站也沒看到專利標示,這樣造成無法針對訴前侵權(pre-suit infringement)主張損害賠償(pre-suit damage)。反之,如果有建設性的專利標示(如在產品上標示"patented"),損害賠償的追溯可以到提告之前6年。

本案被告Vizio主張原告沒有專利標示而無權主張訴前侵權的損害賠償:

針對被告以上主張,Ortiz修改訴狀,Vizio仍是表示Ortiz並沒有符合35U.S.C.287專利標示的要求,要求撤銷訴訟。地方法院找到兩個撤銷訴訟的理由,可參考前篇。理由之一是,之前Ortiz曾對Panasonic提起侵權訴訟,後來雙方和解,和解理由"應該"是「Panasonic同意取得Ortiz專利授權,並需要在其商品上標示專利」,據此觸發Ortiz有責任努力確保專利產品標示專利,然而,基於前次訴訟的要求,顯然Ortiz並未盡責,因此讓地院有理由撤銷訴訟。
(Ortiz澄清和解協議僅涉及過去侵權的產品,並沒有對未來產品達成授權協議,即便如此,地院意見仍是有意義的!)


理由之二是,Ortiz有機會補償專利標示的規定,但事實上違反專利標示法規,因此地院同意撤銷訴訟。

Ortiz的主張是:
(1)Ortiz沒有行使專利權的產品,沒有專利標示義務;(2)與Panasonic之間和解沒有包括專利授權;(3)如果法院讓他提出第二次修改,會論述專利標示的議題。

地院很重要的心證是,因為有先前訴訟的關係,「Ortiz知道或是應該知道其訴狀並沒有任何可執行損害賠償的論點」,而Ortiz卻沒有對此提出修正,至少要對於沒有專利標示的事實進行答辯,使得Ortiz的訴訟立場實質上是弱的。


專利標示(或是通知對方有侵權事實)等措施在主張損害賠償是必要的:


(在此一提的是,Ortiz敗訴的另一理由是,Ortiz沒有遵守回應地院發出探索程序的要求 - 提交證據,看來Ortiz消極面對地院,很多都是事後補救,這使得Ortiz失去訴訟立場,恐怕是最重要的敗訴理由(導致訴訟撤銷)。)

還有另一情況是,Ortiz以本案系爭專利提出許多侵權訴訟,但其中有不少主動撤銷訴訟、沒有對法院提出探索程序提出主張,和解金額低於訴訟費用,雖然地院重申提出大量訴訟並不會推論訴訟不正當,但仍會影響法官心證的!!!

(重要)
原告反覆以"高額"訴訟逼迫被告和解,這部分可能不影響每次訴訟的結果,但影響法院對於35U.S.C.285中特殊案件分析("exceptional case" analysis),使得法院判賠律師費給被告。這裡用「nuisance value settlement(麻煩事情(複雜的訴訟程序與高昂的律師費用)價格和解)」描述,這也是NPE(如本案原告Ortiz)慣用取得和解金的手法。


35 U.S.C. 285 ATTORNEY FEES. 
The court in exceptional cases may award reasonable attorney fees to the prevailing party.

my two cents:
本案例表面上原告是因為違反專利標示規定而敗訴,但還有不少情況造成原告敗訴,如沒有針對被告主張提出回應、沒有積極面對地院探索程序的期限,加上訴訟意圖可疑等。


關於6年損害賠償追溯期的報導可參考:

本部落格之前報導(關於"SCA Hygiene v. First Quality Baby"案,2015年CAFC全院聯席並非採用更早判例“Petrella”認為懈怠並非會影響追溯權,但最高法院於2017年在此案的判決又重申了“權利懈怠”不會影響權利追溯。)
- 可能因為"懈怠"而無法主張專利權 - SCA Hygiene v. First Quality Baby (en banc Fed. Cir. 2015) (https://enpan.blogspot.com/2016/07/sca-hygiene-v-first-quality-baby-en.html
- 最高法院認為"權利懈怠"不能援引司法救濟 - SCA Hygiene Prods. V. First Quality Baby Prods. (Supreme Court. 2017)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2017/04/sca-hygiene-prods-v-first-quality-baby.html

Ron

"configured to"或是"configured for"解釋為"capable of" - In re Blue Buffalo Enterprises, Inc. (Fed. Cir. Jan. 14, 2026)

In re Blue Buffalo Enterprises, Inc., No. 2024-1611 (Fed. Cir. Jan. 14, 2026)

專利申請人/上訴人:IN RE: BLUE BUFFALO ENTERPRISES, INC.
PTAB訴願案,專利申請案:No. 17/136,152
判決日期:January 14, 2026

案件源起專利申請案No. 17/136,152在USPTO因為顯而易見(35U.S.C.103)而被駁回,案件進PTAB,仍以相同理由駁回申請案,案件上訴CAFC。

系爭申請案'152關於一種寵物濕食品包裝容器,容器包括可以變形的牆的儲存區域,用以將食物推出,容器底部設計為可以打碎或嫩化食物的凸起結構。

Claim 1如下,描述一個包裝食物產品,具有容器,如上描述,以及儲存區域中的食物產品。容器側牆的設計是可被手變形以減少儲存區域的體積(configured to be readily deformable by a hand of a user to reduce a volume of the storage area”),讓食物產品可被容器底部的凸起結構處理,這部分凸起結構包括多個間隔凸起物,用以打碎與嫩化從儲存區域移出的食物產品("...l spaced projections configured for use in breaking up and/or tenderizing the food product ...")。

系爭案被指不具非顯而易見性,主要引證前案是US2004/0089583(Coleman):

在上訴意見中,專利申請人Blue Buffalo主張PTAB錯誤解釋Claims中的"configured to"與"configured for"等用語為"capable of (performing the recited function)",中文理解為"能執行特定功能"的意思,如以上引用Claim 1中"configured to be readily deformable"以及"configured for use in ...",都僅是說明"能夠變形"或是"能使用於"等解釋。

就專利申請人的觀點,"configured to"應解釋“涵蓋特別設計執行所述功能”,而非“僅能...” - 申請人的目的是希望專利範圍能夠解釋為特定限制條件,希望用較窄的解釋克服103的駁回意見。專利申請人引用前例「In re Giannelli (Fed. Cir. 2014)」- In re Giannelli當說明書內容清楚使用"adapted to"作為限制條件,"adapted to"就限制了相關機構的請求項範圍;以及「Aspex Eyewear, Inc. v. Mar- chon Eyewear, Inc. (Fed. Cir. 2012)」- "adapted to"可以涵蓋更廣的範圍,甚至比"configured to"還廣;且"configured to"的描述還需要結構上的支撐;面對前案僅功能性對應的核駁理由,不錯的答辯方式是利用"configured to"以及所描述的結構

可參考:

"adapted to"的功能效力應基於說明書所揭露的發明(design intention)(about Claims)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2014/02/adapted-todesign-intentionabout-claims.html
- "adapted to"用法如何?前言效力如何?(about Claims)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2014/01/adapted-to.html

申請人解釋"configured to"為"specifically designed to"。

CAFC法官並不認同Blue Buffalo的主張與引用前例,原因是,前例主要討論的是"adapted to"用語,而非本案所要討論的configured to/for。但判決中也算是複習了這兩件前案提供的教示。

以下節錄內容可知,本案上訴人引用前例指出"adapted to"都是基於專利說明書的描述來解釋,相對是較窄的解釋。

事與願違,Blue Buffalo希望"configured to / for"的解釋可以較窄,但是法院指出前例講的與本案不同,因此前例不適用本案,並無法證明本案不能解釋為"capable of"(相對較廣的解釋),因此駁回Blue Buffalo的主張,維持PTAB對於"configured to/for"的解釋 - "capable of"。

如此,就捍衛專利有效性的目的而言,將專利範圍解釋太廣確實不太有利,使得CAFC法官確認PTAB認為系爭案不具非顯而易見性的決定。

my two cents:
一些學習(解釋專利範圍中的用語,說明書的支持很關鍵):
- "當說明書內容清楚使用"adapted to"作為限制條件,"adapted to"就限制了相關機構的請求項範圍"。
"adapted to"可以涵蓋更廣的範圍,甚至比"configured to"還廣。
- "configured to"的描述需要結構上的支持。
- 不錯的答辯方式是利用"configured to"以及所描述的結構

- configured to / for解釋為"capable of"。

判決文:https://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/opinions-orders/24-1611.OPINION.1-14-2026_2632686.pdf

Ron 

2026年1月15日 星期四

韓國專利系統

韓國專利審查程序:


韓國智慧財產審理與訴願委員會(Korean Intellectual Property Trial and Appeal Board (IPTAB)
)組織:


智慧財產爭端救濟系統:
IPTAB解決智慧財產權緊急、修正與終止的爭議
普通法院解決侵權訴訟、禁制令、損害賠償等爭議
行政救濟程序:訴願-->專利法院-->最高法院
侵權訴訟程序:高等法院/地方法院-->專利法院-->最高法院


Ron

引用「圖式或說明書段落」的請求項撰寫規定 - 筆記

多年前曾有討論過專利範圍引用圖式的議題:引用圖示的權利範圍(about claims)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2013/07/about-claims.html)。

【EPO】歐洲專利審查指南
EPC在專利範圍中引用說明書或圖式的規定如下。

3. The subject-matter of the search
3.2 Interpretation of claims
3.2.1 Claims with explicit references to the description or drawings 

Although explicit references in the claims to features elucidated in the description or in the drawings are only permissible where "absolutely necessary" (Rule 43(6) – see also B‑III, 3.5 and F‑IV, 4.17), claims containing such references are still searched if these features are unambiguously defined by specific parts of the description. (歐洲專利法同意在專利範圍中明確引用說明書或圖式,但是在"絕對必要"時,如果引用特徵為明確定義,仍是要審查~)

However, where the reference does not clearly identify which subject-matter of the description and/or drawings is to be regarded as included in the claim, an invitation under Rule 63(1) is issued. In the special case of an "omnibus claim" (e.g. one reading: "The invention substantially as herein described"), no invitation under Rule 63(1) is issued, and the search report will subsequently be treated as complete. This means that this kind of subject-matter will be dealt with only during examination. (如果專利範圍不清楚指出說明書或是圖式,會作出不完整的檢索報告。)

The same procedure is followed regardless of whether or not the reference to the drawings and/or the description is allowable under Rule 43(6). In either case, the claim will have the same scope: if the reference is not allowable, the applicant will be asked to copy the definition of the technical feature from the description and/or drawings into the claim; if it is allowable, the claim will stay as it is. (如果不允許引用說明書或圖式,會被要求將引用段落複製到專利範圍中)

However, where the reference does not appear to be allowable under Rule 43(6), the search division will object to it in the search opinion (if applicable – see B‑XI, 7).

(以下引用的是PCT-EPO審查指南)
2.2 Interpretation of claims
2.2.1 Claims with explicit references to the description or drawings 

Although explicit references in the claims to features elucidated in the description or in the drawings are only permissible where "absolutely necessary", if claims contain such references, the examiner should strive to search these technical features as long as they are unambiguously defined by specific parts of the description.

However, where the reference does not clearly identify which subject-matter of the description and/or drawings is to be considered as included in the claim, the examiner may informally contact the applicant for clarification before the search is carried out (see B‑VIII, 3.3). In the special case of "omnibus claims" (e.g. a claim reading "The invention substantially as herein described"), no request for informal clarification should be issued, and subsequently the search report will be designated as complete.

The procedure above should be followed regardless of whether or not the reference to the drawings and/or the description is allowable according to Rule 6.2(a).

Where the reference does not appear to be justified, the examiner should raise an objection in the written opinion.

【中華民國專利法審查基準】
【發明】
根據我國專利審查基準第二篇第1章2.3請求項 之記載形式規定,其中表示,在「有絕對必要且以明確為前提」(這是我的理解),可以在申請專利範圍中引用圖式或說明書段落

範例一:

列舉專利範圍中引用的圖一(A)如下,對照專利範圍是要描述其中「四只獨立感測元件」

範例二:

以上引用圖6:

其他範例:(引用"說明書")


【新型】
我國專利審查基準第四篇第1章3.3. 2 申請專利範圍規定,表示「新型涉及之特定形狀"僅"能以圖形界定而無法以文字表示時,可以採用"如圖..."的用語

這個規定其實2009年版就有了:

範例:


其中引用圖1如下:


my two cents:
發現,很多這樣寫的專利是大陸申請人。
是否必要且明確,事實上,新型是沒有被挑戰的,發明呢,多半是化學案有其必要。

(感謝同事分享)

Ron

2026年1月9日 星期五

process與product(不同類別)的專利性關聯 - 歐洲T 119/82

EPC專利審查基準Part G - Chapter VII - 14. Dependent claims; claims in different categories

獨立項具有新穎性且為非顯而易知,沒有必要審查其附屬項的新穎性與非顯而易知性,除非附屬項專利的有效時間比獨立項專利還晚,且有中間文件(附屬項的前案)需要考量。(唯一想到的情況是獨立項與附屬項分別主張不同的優先權)
If the subject-matter of an independent claim is new and non-obvious, there is no need to investigate the novelty and non-obviousness of the subject-matter of any claims dependent on it unless the subject-matter of a dependent claim has a later effective date than the independent claim and intermediate documents are to be considered (see F‑VI, 2.4.3).

如果產品項是新且非顯而易知,就沒有必要審查其他關於製造此產品的流程或使用此產品的專利範圍是否為新與非顯而易知。同理,如果流程不具備進步性,若有新穎與進步的產品,仍可獲准專利。
Similarly, if the subject-matter of a product claim is new and non-obvious there is no need to investigate the novelty and non-obviousness of the subject-matter of any claims for a process which inevitably results in the manufacture of that product or of any claims for a use of that product. In particular, analogy processes, i.e. processes which themselves would otherwise not involve an inventive step, are nevertheless patentable in so far as they provide a novel and inventive product (see T 119/82). However, where the product, process and use claims have different effective dates, a separate examination as to novelty and inventive step may still be necessary in view of intermediate documents.

案例T 119/82
系爭歐洲專利申請案:79301547.0

這件案例豎立了產品(product)為新穎與進步,則其相關流程(process)(如製程)也為可專利的基本概念;另一方面,在此概念下,若產品為舊的,或是在舊的結構下的新改變,其流程就不能僅包括必要或可以顯而易見的方法所推導的特徵。(編按,也就是運作在舊產品的流程還需要其他新穎且有進步特徵的步驟,才能取得專利)


p.s. 本篇為本部落格第3000篇。(!!! 煙火 !!!)

Ron

不同類別專利範圍相互依附的明確性議題

本篇討論「相互引用不同類別專利範圍的明確性議題」,本案副標題可為「系統引用方法項的引用式請求項」是否明確?

對於軟體發明,確實會用"a system performing the method according to claim 1"這類寫法,有時會被認同,依實情而定,核駁理由自然是因為不明確(112(b)),就"system"而言,總要界定出該有的結構。依照以下列舉範例,也常常被用到,但建議仍要界定出系統的結構或其周邊特徵。

以下範例可以得出一些寫法,主流的寫法是描述系統執行前項方法(方法特徵應為該發明主要特徵),但仍描述系統的結構。

範例一:US12227070

7. A system for displaying a warning message to warn of insufficient available drive power for use in an electric vehicle, the system performing the method according to claim 1, the system comprising:

a detector to detect measurement values for determining a latest output of an energy storage device of the electric vehicle;

a processor to determine a latest peak output and/or continuous output of the energy storage device based on the detected measurement values and for comparison of the latest peak output and/or continuous output with a threshold value of the peak output and/or continuous output; and

a display to display a warning message when the peak output and/or continuous output falls below the threshold value.

範例二:US11798026

11. A system for evaluating advertising effects of video content, the system performing the method according to claim 1 and comprising:

a display configured to display the video content comprising the character to the viewer;

a camera configured to capture a face of the viewer;

an image capturing unit configured to capture the video content;

an image analysis unit configured to extract the face areas of the character and the viewer from the images from the camera and the image capturing unit;

a micro-movement analysis unit configured to extract respective pieces of the facial micro-movement data (MMD) from the face areas of the character and the viewer, and analyze the similarity of the pieces of MMD of the character and the viewer; and

an advertising evaluation unit configured to evaluate advertising effects on the basis of the similarity.

範例三:US12417849

15. A system performing the method according to claim 1.

16. A non-transitory computer program stored in a computer-readable recording medium for executing the method according to claim 1.

範例四:US9208576

24. A robot or land, air, sea or space vehicle equipped with a system, including a depth estimation, motion estimation, object detection and/or object tracking system, performing the method according to claim 3, the system comprising at least one camera configured for depth estimation and a computing unit.

26. A vehicle with a driver assistance system performing the method according to claim 3 in order to compute a depth estimation value for at least one object in the input field of a stereo camera of the vehicle.

27. A computer program product embodied on a non-transitory computer-readable medium, said computer program product comprising software code portions being configured, when run on a processor, to perform the method according to claim 3.

範例五:US11566991

12. A device performing the method according to claim 1, wherein the device comprises at least two devices for sampling airborne particles and measurement of optical absorbance at any wavelength from 370 nm to 950 nm, and a computer for calculation of mineral dust concentration in any time point or sequence of time points.

經查範例五(16/999,874)的審查歷史,於申請時claims 11, 12如下:

Claim 11算大膽地使用"a device performing the method according to claim 1."結果審查意見認為這樣的範圍沒有邊界,裝置專利範圍沒有結構特徵,不清楚其中功能是否需要一些結構,或是僅是裝置運作的結果?

申請人很直覺反應地將Claim 12的結構描述併入Claim 11,    



my two cents:
我想,這件範例的審查委員與申請人都很直覺地反應這樣的專利範圍,一個認為缺乏結構特徵,一個就修正將結構特徵併入範圍。

但如上述範例三,審查委員又對這樣的專利範圍"無動於衷",審查意見中完全沒有提出不明確的意見。

MPEP 2173.05(d)

MPEP 2173.05(d)    Exemplary Claim Language ("for example," "such as")

Description of examples or preferences is properly set forth in the specification rather than the claims. If stated in the claims, examples and preferences may lead to confusion over the intended scope of a claim. In those instances where it is not clear whether the claimed narrower range is a limitation, a rejection under 35 U.S.C. 112(b) or pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 112, second paragraph should be made. The examiner should analyze whether the metes and bounds of the claim are clearly set forth. Note that the mere use of the phrase "such as" or "for example" in a claim does not by itself render the claim indefinite.

(上述規定字面上很寬容,專利範圍使用"such as"或是"for example"本身並非造成專利範圍不明確,以下範例顯示MPEP用反證證明規定的寬容~ 實務上是不太會刻意挑戰審委底線。)

Examples of claim language which have been held to be indefinite because the intended scope of the claim was unclear are:

  • (A) "R is halogen, for example, chlorine";
  • (B) "material such as rock wool or asbestos" Ex parte Hall, 83 USPQ 38 (Bd. App. 1949);
  • (C) "lighter hydrocarbons, such, for example, as the vapors or gas produced" Ex parte Hasche, 86 USPQ 481 (Bd. App. 1949);
  • (D) "normal operating conditions such as while in the container of a proportioner" Ex parte Steigerwald, 131 USPQ 74 (Bd. App. 1961); and
  • (E) "coke, brick, or like material". Ex parte Caldwell, 1906 C.D. 58 (Comm’r Pat. 1906).

The above examples of claim language which have been held to be indefinite are fact specific and should not be applied as per se rules. See MPEP § 2173.02 for guidance regarding when it is appropriate to make a rejection under 35 U.S.C. 112(b) or pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 112, second paragraph.

Ron

2026年1月8日 星期四

間接侵權的案例筆記 - 經典的Commil、Global-Tech與學名藥侵權事件

當品牌商的商品被控侵權,供應給“品牌商”被告產品的供應商(製造商/代工/代理/...)的責任是什麼?是要站出來捍衛商品的清白?還是接受品牌商要求出面承擔?

拿這個問題去問AI,算有不錯的答案,如果供應商僅是根據品牌商開出的規格去製造,形成的間接侵權可以是「induced infringement/誘使侵權」,如果供應商僅是提供被告侵權商品的一部分,可能形成「contributory infringement/共同侵權」,責任歸屬或是分擔要好好算一下。雖然間接侵權相對責任較輕,特別是對間接侵權而言是不錯的答辯,例如,供應商可主張非蓄意、Good Faith、不知道有專利...等理由,但是也不能以“無知”作為答辯主要論述。如果要求列舉相關案例,不意外地提出幾個不錯的法院案例,如:

『案例一』
美國最高法院案例「Commil USA, LLC, v. Cisco Systems, Inc. (Supreme Court, No. 13-896)」對於誘使侵權(induced infringement)的判斷,最高法院作出以下意見:
  1. 對於「引誘侵權的責任」,如果被告已知該專利的存在,引誘侵權成立,無關於被告的心意(mental state);引誘侵權(induced infringement)與輔助侵權(contributory infringement)成立的要件都是「已知專利存在」,不是認為專利無效就可以排除;
  2. 「引誘侵權」成立的條件之一是知道相關被引誘行為會造成專利侵權的結果,此案中,Cisco顯然知道相關侵權行為;更者,即便不知道,Cisco也應有義務知道此造成引誘或輔助侵權的行為;
  3. 「引誘侵權」與「專利有效性」為兩個分別議題,有不同的法律,專利無效的認知無法排除引誘侵權的事實。當然,一旦專利被判無效,侵權議題也自然消失,這要先要走在「專利有效推定」的原則上,另提無效程序;另,當被告面對侵權訴訟時,可應用法院審理中的簡易判決來主張專利無效,這很有效率(本案例Cisco提出無效再審,不過專利權仍有效);
  4. 地方法院判斷賠償金時,有權與責任確認是否侵權訴訟為一些公司使用專利權獲利的手段,這是最高法院的提醒。
相關報導:
-  引誘侵權討論,以及美國最高法院第一次用Patent Troll形容專利權人(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2015/06/patent-troll.html
- Commil最高法院成為誘使侵權判斷的判例 - Medtronic v. NuVasive (Supreme Court)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2016/01/commil-medtronic-v-nuvasive-supreme.html
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『案例二』
美國最高法院案例「Global-Tech Appliances, Inc. v. SEB S.A. (2011)」對於誘使侵權的定義:

法院對於誘使侵權的解釋:
In referring to a party that “induces infringement,” this provision may require merely that the inducer lead another to engage in conduct that happens to amount to infringement, i.e., the making, using, offering to sell, selling, or importing of a patented invention.”

最高法院結論:
誘使侵權要件之一是誘使行為導致侵權;
刻意視而不見專利存在的風險並不滿足誘使侵權;反之,但如果有明白足夠的證據顯示刻意忽視,誘使侵權成立。

相關報導:
- 誘使侵權案例討論 - Global-Tech Appliances, Inc. v. SEB S.A. (2011)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2015/09/global-tech-appliances-inc-v-seb-sa-2011.html
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『案例三』
美國「Inwood Labs., Inc. v. Ives Labs., Inc., 456 U.S. 844, 856 (1982)」:
判決日期:June 1, 1982

本案答辯人(respondent) Ives Laboratories, Inc.於1955年獲得血管擴張劑「環戊二酸(cylandelate)」專利,用於治療週邊血管和腦血管疾病。專利直到1972年過期,Ives仍技術保有相關藥品的獨家權利,並註冊商標 - CYCLOSPASMOL。不過,專利過期後,也冒出不少學名藥,包括本案的請願人(petitioner) Inwood Labs,甚至還仿冒了CYCLOSPASMOL膠囊。

因為專利過期,Ives為了要保有其產品優勢,從行銷下手,從處方藥開始,直接說服醫師使用Ives提供的藥品 - Cyclandelate(環戊二烯酸酯),商標是"CYCLOSPASMOL",並且還要求註明他們的原廠藥不能被其他仿製藥所替代。

學名藥廠商購買Cyclandelate和空膠囊,組裝後出售給醫院。


但是Ives最終是向地方法院對那些仿製他們藥品膠囊的廠商提出商標侵權,並且請求禁制令與損害賠償,但是地方法院判決是,雖然被告違反商標法第32條,也就是被告使用混淆消費者的商標,並構成侵權,但是地院法官認為Ives並沒有足夠的事實證據證明被告(請願人)故意誘使藥商們錯誤標示學名藥,或是繼續供應藥品給知道也應知道錯誤標示學名藥的藥商們。

不過上訴法院否決地院判決,認為地院並沒有給予足夠的比重在證明Ives提供非法替代與錯誤標示(illegal substitution and mislabeling),上訴法院判決被告商標侵權成立

案件進入最高法院,以下是一些整理:

最高法院質疑上訴法院對於證據的比重與可信度("weight and credibility of evidence is the special province of the trier of fact"),不能因為法院之間解釋的歧異就偏頗地認定使用學名藥就是犯罪的。

學名藥廠商將學名藥交付到藥房/藥劑師時,使用貼有自己標章的容器,但經藥劑師分發給病患/消費者時,消費者只會看到膠囊上的標示,並看不到廠商資訊

爭議就在此,原始開發廠商Ives主張,因為消費者只會看到最終藥品上的標示,無法判斷藥品來源,也就讓學名藥廠商誘使/induce(以有競爭力的價格販售)藥劑師違法替代原本使用CYCLOSPASMOL商標的藥品,也產生錯誤標示的問題 - mislabel generic drugs as CYCLOSPASMOL

最高法院認為的偏頗是,當學名藥生產廠商"合法製藥",卻又使用Ives販售的藥品外觀 - 商標,雖其容器標示有學名藥廠商,但是配發到消費者時,只會看到"被替代"的藥品(有相似的外觀),使得配發藥品的藥劑師可能違反商標權。

但是問題是,以上主張是Ives的推論,卻沒有足夠的證據 - 未能證明請願人(被告廠商)與藥劑師串謀或是建議藥劑師可以忽視醫生的處方

最高法院判決是,即便請願人(學名藥廠商)有不當建議,但也是基於提供藥房的型錄與宣傳資料,但卻無法直接證明或暗示藥劑師侵害"CYCLOSPASMOL"商標權。

基於上訴法院並未充分證明地方法院對於「Ives並沒有足夠的事實證據證明被告(請願人)故意誘使藥商們錯誤標示學名藥」的判決有錯,最高法院判決否決上訴法院對地方法院判決的否決
Ron