案件資訊:
上訴人:HOLOGIC, INC.
被上訴人/專利權人:SMITH & NEPHEW, INC., COVIDIEN LP (S&N)
系爭專利:US8,061,359(再審程序:No.95/002,058)
判決日:March 14, 2018
本案緣起系爭專利在再審程序(No. 95/002,058)確保專利權的決定,在爭議中,系爭專利主張其PCT案優先權,並確認其中內容與系爭專利一致,因此可以排除再審程序中提出的先前技術,確認專利有效。然而,對此決定,原異議人提出上訴。
系爭專利US8,061,359關於一種外科手術用具有內窺鏡的切割裝置("Surgical endoscopic cutting device"),如請求項1所界定的方法,這個切割裝置用於移除子宮中組織的用途,方法中,將此具有內窺鏡的切割裝置伸入子宮,內窺鏡有瓣膜與長形物,分別出兩個通道,其中第二通道讓經過瓣膜的流體進入子宮,並讓切割器進入子宮抽取組織,第一通道具有光導,用於內窺,並與第二通道的流體分隔。
1. A method for removal of tissue from a uterus, comprising:
inserting a distal region of an endoscope into said uterus, the endoscope including a valve and an elongated member defining discrete first and second channels extending from a proximal region of the elongated member to the distal region, the second channel having a proximal end in communication with the valve such that fluid from the valve is able to flow into and through the second channel to the uterus, and the first channel having a light guide permanently affixed therein and being sealed from the second channel to prevent fluid from the valve from entering the uterus through the first channel; followed by:
inserting a motor driven cutter into the second channel such that a distal cutting region of the cutter extends distally beyond the endoscope in the uterus;
delivering fluid into the uterus through the valve and the second channel to distend the uterus;
energizing an electric motor to drive the cutter to cut tissue within the uterus; and
aspirating cut tissue and fluid from the uterus and the endoscope through the cutter.
以上圖2描述整個裝置,通道5為切割器與流體經過的通道,通道6為內窺鏡的通道,具有鏡片,連接光源。
系爭專利'359內容與其PCT優先權案WO 99/11184一致,而'359是此PCT案進入美國案的分割案,USPTO審查委員審理'359案時,認為圖式沒有顯示「光導(light guide)」這個重要元件,經過面詢後,專利權人S&N修改專利說明書,加入light guide的相關特徵:"A connection 8 for a light source is also present, for connection to a light guide, such as a fibre optics bundles which provides for lighting at the end of lens 13.",審查委員接收修正後核准專利。
USPTO再審程序:
之後,Hologic對此議題提出再審程序,再審程序審理中,審查委員認為系爭專利'359無法主張其PCT案優先權,理由是PCT母案並未揭露足夠的內容來支持'359申請專利範圍,PCT母案並未揭露光導這個元件。這時,就於時間有關了。
系爭專利(分割案)美國申請日:July 20, 2007
系爭專利美國母案:Mar. 6, 2000
PCT母案:March 11, 1999
當與PCT母案斷線後,PCT母案WO 99/11184馬上成為系爭專利的先前技術,成為符合pre-AIA條件的102(b)先前技術,並與另一案結合後認為系爭專利Claims 1-3, 5-7為顯而易知。
案件上訴PTAB:
系爭專利專利權維繫在「PCT母案是否揭露足夠支持系爭專利範圍的內容?」
PTAB尋求專家證詞(expert testimony),認為PCT母案已經揭露足夠的內容支持系爭專利範圍,因此駁回USPTO無效決定。
Hologic提出上訴CAFC:
相同議題:系爭專利要聯繫PCT母案(優先權)才能保有專利權,因此PCT母案需要有足夠支撐系爭專利範圍的內容,此案為"light guide"的特徵,因此PCT母案內容是否足夠支持系爭專利範圍為主要議題。
"To be entitled to the priority date of the earlier-filed Emanuel PCT, S&N must show that Emanuel PCT discloses what the ’359 patent claims, according to the written description requirement of pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. § 112(a)"
首先,專利說明書內容必須讓相關領域具有一般知識者可以瞭解其發明,特別是主張優先權時,母案必須揭露讓PHOSITA瞭解發明(申請專利範圍)的內容。
"... test for sufficiency is whether the disclosure of the [earlier] application relied upon reasonably conveys to those skilled in the art that the inventor had possession of the claimed subject matter” as of that earlier filing date."
這裡有個問題是,何謂PHOSITA?
此案中,PTAB曾經定義"a person having ordinary skill in the art":"degreed engineer having at least 5 years of experience designing and developing devices used in minimally invasive surgery (endoscopes, resectoscopes, shavers, tissue removal devices, etc.)."
所以「5年」是定義相關領域一般技術人員的門檻?這個定義不僅關於「說明書是否揭露足夠內容」,也關於「說明書揭露的程度」,也關於「先前技術的認定」。
PTAB認為,對於PHOSITA而言,發明相關領域是一個「可預期的技術」,也就是相關領域的人都會知道哪些是先前技術,如此,揭露內容的細節應比「不可預期先前技術」要求更低,不能預設有過多的不可預期的技術。(這加上我的理解)
"We agree with the Board’s finding that the field of this invention is a predictable art, such that a lower level of detail is required to satisfy the written description requirement than for unpredictable arts."
雖上訴人Hologic主張系爭專利說明書僅揭露"fibre optics bundle",而非"light guide",也不是PHOSITA可以理解成"light guide",然而,CAFC根據實質證據判斷PCT母案已經揭露足夠支持系爭專利範圍的內容,因為可以理解的是"fibre optics bundle"為一種型態的"light guide",加上說明書已經描述一種「viewing channel」,顯然所述第一通道有"窺探"的功能,讓PHOSITA理解系爭專利範圍中第一通道中具有固定的光導。
"Accordingly, we find that substantial evidence supports the Board’s conclusion that a person of ordinary skill, reviewing the Emanuel PCT figures and specification, would have understood that the inventor had possession of a light guide affixed in the “first channel.”"
(重要)當專利申請案遭遇「說明書不明確」等112(a)的核駁理由時,以下這段話是一個答辯參考:
"The written description does not require that every claimed element be illustrated in the figures, particularly in predictable arts and where the element not depicted is conventional and not “necessary for the understanding of the subject matter sought to be patented.”"
(專利說明書沒有要求每個請求項元件都有被圖式所描述,特別是在可預期技術,以及"習知"而不是用來理解的發明標的的元件)
除以上「內部證據」已經證明說明書已經揭露足夠支持專利範圍的內容外,在「外部證據」中,已知有先前技術在內窺鏡中固定光導的技術(這是可預期技術)。
最後,系爭專利可以主張PCT母案優先權,並且排除母案為其先前技術的問題。
判決書:http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/opinions-orders/17-1389.Opinion.3-12-2018.1.PDF(備份:https://app.box.com/s/p427zf8ex6cxt8ryx8e2hrqxi25wo1s1)
my two cents:
本篇可以搭配另一篇(反面意見,但程度不同)來看:說明書揭露的標準討論 - Knowles Electronics v. Cirrus Logic (Fed. Cir. 2018)(http://enpan.blogspot.tw/2018/04/knowles-electronics-v-cirrus-logic-fed.html)。
說明書揭露內容為專利的根本,顯得十分重要,即便有補救措施,都可能是亡羊補牢,不過,確實仍有修正的寬容度,不過這是需要「隱含」在原申請時說明書的內容才是,並且加上許多的論證,而且多半不應是「具有爭議」的重要元件。雖本案「光導」為重要元件,看來仍有被一些證據支持,如說明書揭露的"fibre optics bundle"與"viewing channel",還算有隱含光導的技術。
另外,通過修正說明書來滿足「明確性」的要求頗為危險,一般會認定「超出」原申請時揭露內容,但是美國專利審查確實有相當的"寬容度",不過卻也需要"碰運氣",有些審查委員不准就是不准,有些卻又有頗為寬容的態度,原則上是沒有new matter,這點曾經討論過:http://enpan.blogspot.tw/2018/03/new-matter.html。
修正前,若有疑慮,「面詢」是探尋審查委員態度最佳方式。
資料參考:
https://patentlyo.com/patent/2018/03/predictable-description-disclosure.html
Ron
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