2020年1月31日 星期五

母子公司利益一致使代理人的客戶衝突的訴訟案 - Trimble Inc. v. PerDiemCo LLC (Fed. Cir. 2020)

本篇討論「訴訟律師/代理人」的資格認定 - Trimble Inc. v. PerDiemCo LLC (Fed. Cir. 2020),議題頗有意思,但CAFC官網沒有判決下載,就參考PatentlyO內容。

案件資訊:
原告/上訴人:TRIMBLE INC., INNOVATIVE SOFTWARE ENGINEERING, LLC
被告/交叉上訴人/專利權人:PERDIEMCO LLC

本案為地方法院上訴案,在地方法院為侵權訴訟案,本案上訴人反訴主張其產品(包括子公司產品)並未侵害PerDiemCo專利權。案件上訴後,PerDiemCo改變委任律師為Davidson Berquist Jackson & Gowdey, LLP的律師,Trimble立刻主張不適格。

上訴議題是被告PreDiemCo公司的委任事務所Davidson Berquist Jackson & Gowdey, LLP是否造成「委託人利益衝突(client conflict)」(或說代理人-客戶特權(attorney-client privilege))而不適格!

原因是,本案原在地院的"被告"委任事務所還同時代理"原告"子公司的其他業務-專利答辯案,原告100%控制這個子公司,使得原告可以主張利益衝突。這個議題還與「管轄權」有關,地院訴訟在加州的訴訟規定是,律師/代理人不得在未告知雙方的情況下代理有直接不利於某一方的案件



即便母子公司的代理「關係深厚」有差,還有答辯空間,但是一點點「繫屬」關係仍可能在嚴格的法律要求下被認定應「迴避」訴訟,這就是Davidson Berquist Jackson & Gowdey, LLP事務所面對的問題。

這裡稱同時接受雙方委任(concurrent representation)產生的衝突不能因為在聽證前通過轉換客戶來解決,事實上Davidson服務的是Trimble Transportation公司,這是Trimble Inc.的子公司,但這個問題仍不是Davidson之後解除與Trimble Transportation公司委任關係可以解決的。





CAFC問了一個基本問題:Trimble Inc.是不是Davidson事務所的客戶(client)?

這個問題回到目前訴訟方Trimble Inc.與委任Davidson處理專利事務的Trimble Transportation之間的公司隸屬關係(affiliation),是否這個隸屬關係使得代理傷害了客戶與代理人之間的信任關係?

CAFC參考案例Morrison,其中表示若母子公司彼此的「利益一致(unity of interests)」,則視為一體



因此,CAFC認定Trimble Inc.為Davison事務所的客戶

那麼,衍生的問題是,何謂「利益一致」

這裡還是有答案,根據一些前例,表示要看(1)財務相互倚賴的程度(degree of financial interdependence);(2)經營管理層重疊的程度(degree of overlap of operations and management);還有一個評估條件:(3)業務共有的程度(degree of operational commonality),本項與上述第(2)接近,所以應該說有前兩個條件,一個是「錢」,一個是「人」。



然而,這裡所稱「程度」都還是有大小之分,不過,在嚴格的判斷下,公司隸屬程度即便不大,都可能會提供訴訟代理人重要的優勢來對抗其中一方,因此,最好的決定就是Davidson事務所(不論內部員工調動)應該要迴避本訴訟。

根據判決書,Timble母公司與Trimble transportation子公司的隸屬程度不低,根據證人指稱:兩間公司共享VoIP電話系統、線上訓練平台、員工識別系統、電腦網路與人資系統,如此,雙方管理層重疊程度與財務倚賴程度都符合「利益一致」,使得Davidson代理PerDiemCo並不適格!

本案判決:
CAFC同意原告上訴理由,Davidson事務所應"撤銷"代理此上訴案,要求被告PerDiemCo於30日內尋找新的代理人,應於60日提出答辯。

"IT IS ORDERED THAT:
(1) The motion to disqualify is granted. The Davidson firm must withdraw from representation in these appeals. A new principal attorney must enter an appearance for PerDiem within 30 days of the date of this order.
(2) The briefing stay is lifted. PerDiem’s principal and response brief is due within 60 days of this order."

my two cents:

訴訟前要「身家調查」委任律師,包括查驗所委任事務所是否與對方母子公司有各種委任關係。若要更細節探討,需要查驗被告方與其母子公司的控股關係與控制比例,這些都可能是法院判斷是否違反客戶利益的條件。這也表示,即便有母子公司的代理關係,還要看「深入」的關係而定。

本篇關於受到某一方委任的律師不能代理另一方的訴訟案的法律倫理問題,這與「營業秘密」有關,代理人一般很瞭解客戶經營狀況,在美國很多大律師事務所都被大公司"委任",與此很有關係,先與規模大的律師事務所合作(至少一件合作案),將來在訴訟時可能就"豁免"這個事務所代理其競爭對手的案件,這些大事務所也可能各方都代理案件,但也損失代理訴訟案的機會,就看事務所經營策略。

本篇被告訴訟代理人同時代理了原告的「專利答辯」案,讓原告成功地以"小錢"(專利答辯)贏得需要"大錢"的訴訟。

判決文:https://cdn.patentlyo.com/media/2020/01/TrimbleDisqualify.pdf(暫時在CAFC找不到,就用patentlyo檔案)

資料參考:
https://patentlyo.com/patent/2020/01/disqualifies-litigation-prosecutes.html
https://insight.rpxcorp.com/lit/dcdce-209045-trimble-v-perdiemco

Ron

2020年1月30日 星期四

USPTO與IMPI簽訂專利審查合作協議

美國商標專利局(USPTO)與墨西哥智慧財產局(IMPI,此縮寫源自西班牙原文:Instituto Mexicano de la Propiedad Industrial)簽訂專利審查合作協議(使用"arrangement"的話,應該是暫時措施),嚴格說來,USPTO是與墨西哥工業產權協會(Mexican Institute of Industrial Property)簽訂這個合作計畫,其目的是,當獲取美國專利時(採用其檢索與審查結果),可快速獲准墨西哥專利。

美國與墨西哥簡直是一國兩制(人在屋簷下,不得不低頭),經貿早已經是共同體,專利合作很合理,不一定早已經是一種潛規則,或如PPH(專利審查高速公路),但是成為正式協議應該可以吸引很多申請人將已經取得的「美國專利」去「登記」墨西哥專利,比傳統的PPH還快!

美國很樂意與墨西哥合作,理由是,當墨西哥有很健全的專利系統,包括行政與司法,就可以防賭很多「境外侵權」再進入美國的問題,況且過去已有相關「保護美國人」的判例,例如:

- 國外獲利納入美國損害賠償的計算 - WesternGeco v. Ion (Supreme Court 2018)https://enpan.blogspot.com/2018/07/westerngeco-v-ion-supreme-court-2018.html
國外獲利的損害賠償討論(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2018/07/blog-post_26.html

"在專利法第284條規定中,法院應判給專利權人(求償者)足以補償侵權造成的損害的損害賠償("court shall award the claimant damages adequate to compensate for the infringement")。專利法第271(f)(2)條規定是原告根據侵權主張獲利即損害的依據(lost-profits damages),其中規定未授權而"在或從"美國的供應或致使供應的元件("supplies or causes to be supplied in or from the United States any component of a patented invention"),如果知悉這是用於"境外組合"成為具有專利的產品上,此元件在美國的製造者仍為侵權者。"

墨西哥官網報導:https://www.gob.mx/impi

當美國與墨西哥雙邊合作使得專利制度連成一氣,加上加拿大,在北美成為一個強大的專利(智慧財產權)壁壘,還能促進墨西哥科技發展。

編按,後來發現墨西哥官網報導提到「墨西哥,美國和加拿大(T-MEC)條約(México, Estados Unidos y Canadá (T-MEC))」;本次報導並未涉及「合作審查的細則」,但判斷,兩國專利申請案之間仍是應該要引用優先權,應該還是不同於中國-香港的關係。

另一方面,美國延長與墨西哥的PPH合作:https://www.uspto.gov/patents-getting-started/international-protection/patent-prosecution-highway/patent-prosecution-3

USPTO信息:https://www.uspto.gov/about-us/news-updates/uspto-and-mexican-institute-industrial-property-launch-new-worksharing?utm_campaign=subscriptioncenter&utm_content=&utm_medium=email&utm_name=&utm_source=govdelivery&utm_term=

過去的報導:
墨西哥 - 用專利學地理(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2016/10/blog-post.html

Ron

2020年1月29日 星期三

中美第一階段貿易協議之智慧財產權(筆記)

中美第一階段貿易協定,基本上是美國要求中國改變作法的約定,單方面對美國有利的不平等條約(編按,至少就美方態度是,這是讓中國配合的(表面是進步的)條約)。

本篇筆記「中美第一階段貿易協議」的智慧財產權議題。



協議難懂且很長,全文共94頁,有關"patent"或"intellectual property"的內容在pages 6-10, 11-12, 18-22等,本篇重點摘錄就以這幾頁為基礎來看。(編按,看了一些內容,看來美國"大哥"很強勢,說是"協議",應該都是被美國押著簽名,美國先認為自己的法律都很完備(反覆出現這句話:"The United States affirms that existing U.S. measures afford treatment equivalent to that provided for in this Article."),要求中國也照做,中國在此壓力下不得不低頭)



商業秘密(trade secret)
  • 智慧財產權一章開宗明義就提「商業秘密」,要求中國立法建立商業秘密的相關法規,竊取商業秘密(trade secret misappropriation)的行為包括:

    -電子入侵(electronic intrusions);
    -披露商業秘密,或誘使他人披露秘密;
    -在特定需要保密的場合獲取商業秘密後,未被授權而披露或使用。
  • 中美將加強商業秘密保護合作,且美國確認美國現行法律已有等同的保護。
  • 若有商業秘密竊取的行為,應擔負舉證責任,而這個要求主要是要求中國在舉證上要擔負責任,如被告要舉證沒有竊取商業秘密。
  • 各方應為了防止商業秘密被洩漏而有暫時處置。
  • 中國應對每個被宣稱有竊取商業秘密的事件都以「急件」處理,法律要配合行使初步禁制的動作。
  • 要求中國在刑法、民法、行政法都建立違反商業秘密保護的相關懲罰條款。

醫藥類智慧財產權(Pharmaceutical-Related Intellectual Property):
  • 要求中國在專利審查階段、無效階段與訴訟階段都讓專利申請人可依賴專利以外的「補充資料(supplemental data)」來判斷專利性,包括專利的完整性(sufficiency of disclosure)與進步性(inventive step)。
  • 要求中國提供早期而有效解決專利爭議的機制(要能快速解決爭議),提供藥品安全與有效的證明,使得能提早核准上市。例如可以通知專利權人、被授權人與上市藥品者核准藥品的信息。
  • 在藥品上市之前,有足夠時間與機會取得可能侵權與賠償的信息。
  • 司法或行政程序提供初步禁制令等救濟措施,能及時解決藥品相關糾紛。
  • 中國應建立藥品相關國家級系統,以實施以上要求,特別是專利等智慧財產權議題的措施。

專利(Patents):
  • 要求中國針對無理由延遲專利核准與藥品上市的專利延長期限的補償措施。
  • 當有專利權人請求,如專利超過4年才領證、請求實際審查後超過3年(較晚者),中國應提供專利期限延長的補償措施。
  • 針對新藥或使用藥品的新方法上市,根據專利權人的請求,提供專利期限延長的補償措施。
  • 專利期限調整不得超過5年,提供延長專利期限的補償不能超過藥品核准上市後14年。


惡意商標(Bad-Faith Trademarks):
  • 基於明顯事實合理懷疑侵犯智慧財產的犯罪行為,中國應要求行政機關移送刑事事件處理。
  • 應提供民事賠償與刑事處罰,以威嚇智慧財產犯罪。
  • 提供足夠的救濟賠償措施。

著作權與相關權利(Enforcement of Copyright and Related Rights
  • 關於著作權的民事、刑事與行政程序。
  • 著作權著作人、演出人等權益關係。
  • 著作權授權協議。

智慧財產保護的雙邊合作(Bilateral Cooperation on Intellectual Property Protection)
  • 中國知識產權局與美國專利商標局將討論雙邊合作協議。

my two cents:
根據這個「協議」,顯然是美國逼著中國簽署的協議,例如,雖醫藥類專利有其特性,但這裡強制中國接受美國「補充資料」來判斷專利性的方式、提供可早期核准藥品上市的機制、延長專利期限等措施,且美國在此領域領先全球,顯然是獨厚美國專利申請人。

過去聽到一些在中國的商標爭議,特別是惡意商標搶註的問題,這次也一併解決,當然還是從美國觀點來看。

這個第一階段貿易協定,美國勝出。

新聞參考:
https://news.cnyes.com/news/id/4434713

協議全文:
https://cimg.cnyes.cool/prod/2020/29244b74a2140f3d07ecf897bb7ad953.pdf

Ron

2020年1月15日 星期三

有關「先行修正」的後續「狀態識別符」

感謝與同事討論所「發掘」出的知識筆記。

本篇有關先行修正(preliminary amendments)的後續狀態識別符(status identifier),問題是,如果在審查意見(first OA)之前提出先行修正(也稱主動修正),也包括專利範圍的修正,那麼,後續答辯的修正的狀態識別符如何標示?

MPEP 714規定「修正」這件事:https://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/mpep/s714.html

[相關法規]
MPEP 714.01(e) Amendments Before First Office Action

37 CFR 1.115  Preliminary amendments.
(a) A preliminary amendment is an amendment that is received in the Office (§ 1.6) on or before the mail date of the first Office action under § 1.104. The patent application publication may include preliminary amendments (§ 1.215(a)).
(1) A preliminary amendment that is present on the filing date of an application is part of the original disclosure of the application.
(2) A preliminary amendment filed after the filing date of the application is not part of the original disclosure of the application.

根據「MPEP 714.01(e) Amendments Before First Office Action」規定,其中提到:「The claim set submitted should be the set of claims intended to be examined, and when the claims submitted on filing are part of the specification (on sequentially numbered pages of the specification (see 37 CFR 1.52(b)(5) )), no status identifiers and no markings showing the changes need to be used.

提出Preliminary amendments有兩個時間點:

(1)申請日當天提出的preliminary amendments(例如,情況可能是從PCT進美國),如此,修正的部分即視為原說明書的一部分,這時提出的amendments不需要status identifier,(除非有新增claims,如下說明);

(2)申請日後、1stOA前提出的preliminary amendments,則不會視為原說明書的一部分,這時提出的amendments應該需要status identifier,這樣的話,後續修正應該不是從「original」開始。

根據MPEP 714,針對「新增claim」:

Claims added by a preliminary amendment must have the status identifier (new) instead of (original), even when the preliminary amendment is present on the filing date of the application and such claim is treated as part of the original disclosure. If applicant files a subsequent amendment, applicant must use the status identifier (previously presented) if the claims are not being amended, or (currently amended) if the claims are being amended, in the subsequent amendment. Claims that are canceled by a preliminary amendment that is present on the filing date of the application are required to be listed and must have the status identifier (canceled) in the preliminary amendment and in any subsequent amendment.

其中,如果是申請日當日提出的preliminary amendments,若有「新增」專利範圍,preliminary amendments還是要加「new」,而後續修正若無修改,就為「previously presented」。

如果preliminary amendments刪除了原申請時的claim,包括後續修正本,都應標註「canceled」。

Ron

2020年1月14日 星期二

112(a)(b)(f)筆記

112核駁意見,常見的為(post-AIA)112(a), (b), (f)。

簡單說,112(a)涉及說明書是否充分揭露、明確性與可實施性;112(b)涉及申請專利範圍是否明確表達發明特徵、是否被說明書支持與前後引述基礎等;112(f)則關於功能手段用語的解釋。

一般來說,112核駁意見容易處理,常見審查委員會提出修正建議(如前述基礎的問題、寫作缺點),最不容易處理的是說明書本身的問題,以及申請專利範圍不被說明書支持的問題。

112(a)的要求:

112(b)的要求:

112(f)的要求:
  • (A) mean or step plus function的解釋:
  • "Per our holding, the “broadest reasonable interpretation” that an examiner may give means-plus-function language is that statutorily mandated in paragraph six. Accordingly, the PTO may not disregard the structure disclosed in the specification corresponding to such language when rendering a patentability determination."
  • (B) Therefore, the broadest reasonable interpretation of a claim limitation that invokes 35 U.S.C. 112(f) or pre-AIA 35 U.S.C. 112, sixth paragraph, is the structure, material or act described in the specification as performing the entire claimed function and equivalents to the disclosed structure, material or act. As a result, section 112(f) or pre-AIA section 112, sixth paragraph, limitations will, in some cases, be afforded a more narrow interpretation than a limitation that is not crafted in “means plus function” format.
  • (C)這裡特別提到,使用功能手段用語的專利範圍,在一些情況是比一般寫法(非功能手段用語)的專利範圍更窄。

  • - 重要資訊:可參考過去報導:
  • 是否訴諸112(f)的三個判斷 - MPEP 2181, section I(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2018/07/112f-mpep-2181-i.html
  • 支持以112(f)解釋專利範圍的說明書內容 - MPEP 2181, section II(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2018/08/112f-mpep-2181-section-ii.html
  • 合理解釋專利範圍的案例 - Phillips v. AWH Corp. (Fed. Cir. 2005)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2015/05/phillips-v-awh-corp-fed-cir-2005.html

料參考:
https://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/mpep/s2161.html
https://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/mpep/s2171.html
https://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/mpep/s2181.html


資料參考:
https://www.ipwatchdog.com/2017/03/13/101-112-eligibility-patentability-somewhere-between/id=79237/

補充:
參考IPWatchdog呈現的統計分析,提到一些有趣的知識:https://www.ipwatchdog.com/2017/05/09/112-rejections-applicants-handle/id=82668/

112出現最多的art unit是1660,這確實是頗為難搞的類別!

1661:
Number
Class Description
047
Plant husbandry
162
Paper making and fiber liberation
203
Distillation: processes, separatory
209
Classifying, separating, and assorting solids
241
Solid material comminution or disintegration
424
Drug, bio-affecting and body treating compositions
435
Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
504
Plant protecting and regulating compositions
536
Organic compounds -- part of the class 532-570 series
703
Data processing: structural design, modeling, simulation, and emulation
800
Multicellular living organisms and unmodified parts thereof and related processes
PLT
Plants


1662:
Number
Class Description
071
Chemistry: fertilizers
127
Sugar, starch, and carbohydrates
131
Tobacco
424
Drug, bio-affecting and body treating compositions
428
Stock material or miscellaneous articles
435
Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
504
Plant protecting and regulating compositions
506
Combinatorial chemistry technology: method, library, apparatus
514
Drug, bio-affecting and body treating compositions
530
Chemistry: natural resins or derivatives; peptides or proteins; lignins or reaction products thereof
536
Organic compounds -- part of the class 532-570 series
546
Organic compounds -- part of the class 532-570 series
800
Multicellular living organisms and unmodified parts thereof and related processes
PLT
Plants

1663:
Number
Class Description
047
Plant husbandry
131
Tobacco
264
Plastic and nonmetallic article shaping or treating: processes
424
Drug, bio-affecting and body treating compositions
425
Plastic article or earthenware shaping or treating: apparatus
426
Food or edible material: processes, compositions, and products
435
Chemistry: molecular biology and microbiology
504
Plant protecting and regulating compositions
506
Combinatorial chemistry technology: method, library, apparatus
514
Drug, bio-affecting and body treating compositions
530
Chemistry: natural resins or derivatives; peptides or proteins; lignins or reaction products thereof
536
Organic compounds -- part of the class 532-570 series
544
Organic compounds -- part of the class 532-570 series
564
Organic compounds -- part of the class 532-570 series
800
Multicellular living organisms and unmodified parts thereof and related processes
PLT
Plants

出現112核駁意見的前幾名類別:植物、免疫學、分子生物、醫藥備製、化學診療、有機化學等。

Ron

2020年1月10日 星期五

美國「彩色或照片」的設計專利筆記

筆記

本篇筆記的基礎是:
https://www.uspto.gov/patents-getting-started/patent-basics/types-patent-applications/design-patent-application-guide
https://www.uspto.gov/patents-getting-started/patent-basics/types-patent-applications/design-patent-application-guide#color

35 U.S.C. 171 PATENTS FOR DESIGNS.
Whoever invents any new, original, and ornamental design for an article of manufacture may obtain a patent therefor, subject to the conditions and requirements of this title.
The provisions of this title relating to patents for inventions shall apply to patents for designs, except as otherwise provided.

過去報導參考:
- 美國設計專利教戰守則(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2014/09/blog-post_30.html
- 設計專利與其可專利性討論(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2015/10/blog-post.html
- 美國設計專利筆記(有關期限...)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2019/07/blog-post.html
- 美國專利法第171條 - Design Patent(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2008/08/171-design-patent.html
- 設計專利的揭露義務 - MPEP 1504.04(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2017/03/mpep-150404.html


一般規定為工業繪圖方式提出設計圖面(美國),本篇討論以彩色圖面或是照片提出設計申請的辦法,USPTO在其設計專利申請指引中提出依照37 CFR §1.84(a)(2)規定,若有提出彩色圖與照片的必要性時,要提出請願(petition),解釋為何要以彩色圖與照片提出設計申請案

updated on Nov. 11, 2021 
------------------------------
感謝網友mt回應本篇資訊。

根據網友mt回應本篇提到「海牙協定」已經廢除設計案使用彩圖所需的費用與請願書,經查相關文獻,如TIPO於105年智慧財產權月刊「從美日加入海牙協定探討我國設計專利之發展」一文中,說明「提交彩色圖式及照片不需特別提出申請」,其中:「依據海牙協定申請之行政規程第401條(a)明定...,USPTO修定專利法細則第1.84條設計專利申請案提交彩色圖式之辦法, 美國設計案之申請可直接採用彩色圖式, ... 不需另外如舊專利法細則第1.84(a)(2)條提出請求(Petition),也不必再繳交37 CFR 1.17(h)請求之規費,...。


本部落格補充在:美國設計案使用彩圖的筆記(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2021/11/blog-post_80.html
------------------------------

以彩色圖或照片提出設計申請案,說明書要記載以下內容:

"The patent or application file contains a least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawing(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee."

petition有官方費用,規定在37 CFR § 1.17(h):(費用部分需要依照最新版本才是,目前是這樣)
(h) For filing a petition under one of the following sections which refers to this paragraph:
By a micro entity (§ 1.29)......$35.00
By a small entity (§ 1.27(a))......$70.00
By other than a small or micro entity......$140.00

如果提出彩色照片,卻又不要主張色彩為其設計的一部分,就要聲明排除(disclaimer),這是應該記載如下句子,否則顏色將成為設計的限制。

"The color shown on the claimed design forms no part thereof."

37 CFR 1.84關於設計專利中彩色圖與照片圖的規定,其中(a)(2)與(b)重點有:
  • 彩色圖要有足夠的品質,而使得黑白複印時仍可以看到細節
  • USPTO接受請願才能受理以彩色圖與照片提出設計專利。
  • 費用規定在37 CFR § 1.17(h)
  • 如果是黑白照片,一般不被接受,除非照片是說明設計或發明唯一可行的方式
  • 可以黑白照片的情況:「electrophoresis gels, blots (e.g., immunological, western, Southern, and northern), autoradiographs, cell cultures (stained and unstained), histological tissue cross sections (stained and unstained), animals, plants, in vivo imaging, thin layer chromatography plates, crystalline structures, and, in a design patent application, ornamental effects, are acceptable. 」。
  • 如果是彩色照片, 只要滿足上述規定,可被接受。

因此,其實沒有必要就不要以彩色圖或照片提出美國設計申請,否則...變數很多!


[法條]
37 CFR 1.84 Standards for drawings.

(a) Drawings. There are two acceptable categories for presenting drawings in utility and design patent applications.
...

(2) Color. Color drawings are permitted in design applications. Where a design application contains color drawings, the application must include the number of sets of color drawings required by paragraph (a)(2)(ii) of this section and the specification must contain the reference required by paragraph (a)(2)(iii) of this section. On rare occasions, color drawings may be necessary as the only practical medium by which to disclose the subject matter sought to be patented in a utility patent application. The color drawings must be of sufficient quality such that all details in the drawings are reproducible in black and white in the printed patent. Color drawings are not permitted in international applications (see PCT Rule 11.13). The Office will accept color drawings in utility patent applications only after granting a petition filed under this paragraph explaining why the color drawings are necessary. Any such petition must include the following:
(i) The fee set forth in § 1.17(h);
(ii) One (1) set of color drawings if submitted via the Office electronic filing system or three (3) sets of color drawings if not submitted via the Office electronic filing system; and
(iii) An amendment to the specification to insert (unless the specification contains or has been previously amended to contain) the following language as the first paragraph of the brief description of the drawings:
The patent or application file contains at least one drawing executed in color. Copies of this patent or patent application publication with color drawing(s) will be provided by the Office upon request and payment of the necessary fee.

(b) Photographs.—
(1) Black and white. Photographs, including photocopies of photographs, are not ordinarily permitted in utility and design patent applications. The Office will accept photographs in utility and design patent applications, however, if photographs are the only practicable medium for illustrating the claimed invention. For example, photographs or photomicrographs of: electrophoresis gels, blots (e.g., immunological, western, Southern, and northern), autoradiographs, cell cultures (stained and unstained), histological tissue cross sections (stained and unstained), animals, plants, in vivo imaging, thin layer chromatography plates, crystalline structures, and, in a design patent application, ornamental effects, are acceptable. If the subject matter of the application admits of illustration by a drawing, the examiner may require a drawing in place of the photograph. The photographs must be of sufficient quality so that all details in the photographs are reproducible in the printed patent.

(2) Color photographs. Color photographs will be accepted in utility and design patent applications if the conditions for accepting color drawings and black and white photographs have been satisfied. See paragraphs (a)(2) and (b)(1) of this section.

https://www.bitlaw.com/source/37cfr/1_84.html

Ron