案件資料:
上訴人:IN RE: MARK ALFRED GREENSTEIN
判決日:September 6, 2019
系爭案:14/203,768
系爭案14/203,768標題是"selling income from tax deferred investments",其實字面上不是很懂它的意思,再從摘要與專利範圍來看,這是一種以電腦運算幫助人可以將省下的錢作為未來退休時計劃性的收入(projected income in retirement)。
從專利範圍Claim 1來看,標的是「電腦」,通過其中軟體以接收投資金額,以演算法根據計畫的收入而調整需要節省的錢(例如從工資扣除),以達到退休計畫的收入,接著就將省下的錢投入投資工具中。
1. One or more computers with associated software programmed to:
• receive, at a processor and store using one or more storage devices employing memory, data corresponding to invested amounts and using one or more computers with associated software including algorithms and employing such software and algorithms to:
• utilize a projected amount of income at a future date for at least one person;
• adjust the amount such person saves incorporating the projected income amount so that achieving such projected income amount is more likely;
• and invest the saved amounts saved in one or more investment vehicles.
專利申請人宣稱這個"天生"會遇到不符專利適格性核駁(101 rejection)的專利具有「商業上的成功」,我想這是文不對題的答辯策略,卻也驚動到CAFC。
本案在USPTO審查階段被駁回,核駁意見包括認為專利範圍不符專利適格性(35 U.S.C. § 101)、部份專利範圍不符新穎性規定(35 U.S.C. § 102),以及部份不符非顯而易見性規定(35 U.S.C. § 103)。
其中101核駁意見就如一般理解地,系爭案專利範圍指涉抽象概念(directed to abstract idea),以及其中並未有超越抽象概念的進步特徵(inventive step)(編按,這部份通常是要指出專利範圍中具有非常規、習知與慣用的技術特徵)。
討論101適格性,就來複習判斷的two-step規則(based on "Alice Corp. Pty. Ltd. v. CLS Bank Int’l, 573 U.S. 208, 217 (2014)", "Mayo Collaborative v. Prometheus Labs. (2012)"),可參考:抽象概念若僅以一般目的電腦實現,不可專利 - Alice Corporation Pty. Ltd. v. CLS Bank International (2014)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2014/06/alice-corporation-pty-ltd-v-cls-bank.html),以及101標籤:https://enpan.blogspot.com/search/label/101。
"First, we determine whether the claims are directed to a “patent-ineligible concept,” such as an abstract idea."
step two:即便是抽象概念,還要考量專利範圍中元件的個別與其組合,判斷是否具有可以轉換抽象概念為可專利應用的額外元件(additional elements)?(編按,就是看看是否有非常規、習知與慣用的技術特徵)
"If so, we “consider the elements of each claim both individually and ‘as an ordered combination’ to determine whether the additional elements ‘transform the nature of the claim’ into a patent-eligible application."
如系爭案所提出的個人金融計畫等的經濟活動為抽象概念(step one),這有很多前例可參考,專利範圍中也不認為具備任何進步特徵(inventive step,step two),因為其中採用的僅是「一般目的電腦」以及使用「廣泛且純粹為習知元件」。
以上並不稀奇,常見於許多前例中。本案特殊的是,專利申請人Mr. Greenstein主張專利範圍有關退休計劃性的收入提出了必要的進步特徵(發明概念,inventive concept),認為其中為成功地商業啟動新產品的基礎,並證明在相關市場中,對於個人而言有具體的優勢。(編按,我就按照以下段落翻譯)
"He contends this limitation was the basis for the successful commercial launch of a new product, demonstrating its material advantages to persons in the relevant market. Mr. Greenstein’s contentions are unavailing."
但顯然地,即便專利範圍為特定商品成功的基礎,但法院並不認為這個主張足以轉換抽象概念的專利為可專利的應用,沒有可以實質超越抽象概念的進步特徵。
CAFC同樣地認為系爭案不符專利適格性。
其他參考:
根據USPTO審查意見的101筆記 - 審委的OA一堂課(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2019/03/uspto101-oa.html)
my two cents:
其實本案系爭案十分「抽象」,技術性不高,但卻「超實用」,這應該是專利系統的盲點,但...其實也是保護大眾不被這種專利騷擾的必要之惡!
判決文:
http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/sites/default/files/opinions-orders/19-1521.Opinion.9-6-2019.pdf(備份:https://app.box.com/s/8ecrvwz9whmvofubmj2v1i6gq7e79xcg)
資料參考:
https://patentlyo.com/patent/2019/09/eligibility-commercial-irrelevant.html
Ron
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