本案有趣(也被視為很重要)的議題是「機構專利也會面對不具專利適格性/可專利性的問題」,主要理由是即便是"不很抽象"的機構專利,因為專利說明書缺乏"結構"細節,法院認定專利範圍僅空泛地以功能性語言表達,除了公知、常規與習知的元件外,沒有具體細節,就判定不具可專利性專利適格性(正確的說法是專利適格性,指是否為可被專利保護的標的,clarified, updated on Aug. 3, 2023)。
對此議題當時也確實覺得"可議"與"可疑",顯然大家都是這樣想,專利權人也上訴,但是最高法院還是不受理。這件案子日前被最高法院否決審理,因為本次上訴議題不夠"高度"("This question is too poorly presented to review."),其實理由之一是,顯然最高法院認為這是下級法院應該要面對的問題,也沒有必要做出意見;但主要理由還是因為最高法院不想對此類議題再次提出意見,也就是認為現行專利適格性審查標準已經是共識,沒有必要提出新的意見。
關於專利適格性,現行MPEP 2106就是答案(https://www.uspto.gov/web/offices/pac/mpep/s2106.html),USPTO專利適格性審查基準的網頁(https://www.uspto.gov/patents/laws/examination-policy/subject-matter-eligibility)。
一點點歷史:
CAFC在2019判決系爭專利US7,774,911的claim 1與claim 22兩項不具可專利性,當中是混合一些進步性的判斷才認為系爭專利中記述為常規與習知。
Claim 1:
1. A method for manufacturing a shaft assembly of a driveline system, the driveline system further including a first driveline component and a second driveline component, the shaft assembly being adapted to transmit torque between the first driveline component and the second driveline component, the method comprising:
providing a hollow shaft member;
tuning at least one liner to attenuate at least two types of vibration transmitted through the shaft member; and
positioning the at least one liner within the shaft member such that the at least one liner is configured to damp shell mode vibrations in the shaft member by an amount that is greater than or equal to about 2%, and the at least one liner is also configured to damp bending mode vibrations in the shaft member, the at least one liner being tuned to within about ±20% of a bending mode natural frequency of the shaft assembly as installed in the driveline system.
Claim 22:
22. A method for manufacturing a shaft assembly of a driveline system, the driveline system further including a first driveline component and a second driveline component, the shaft assembly being adapted to transmit torque between the first driveline component and the second driveline component, the method comprising:
providing a hollow shaft member;
tuning a mass and a stiffness of at least one liner, and
inserting the at least one liner into the shaft member;
wherein the at least one liner is a tuned resistive absorber for attenuating shell mode vibrations and wherein the at least one liner is a tuned reactive absorber for attenuating bending mode vibrations.
之前報導:
- 僅實現自然律的結構特徵不具可專利性! - American Axle & Manufacturing, Inc. v. Neapco Holdings LLC (Fed. Cir. 2019)(https://enpan.blogspot.com/2019/11/american-axle-manufacturing-inc-v.html)
"本案癥結仍在專利範圍的撰寫以及說明書的揭露上,如果沒有細節,容易被判定僅是自然定律的簡單應用,這就是本篇系爭案面對的困難。
如系爭專利在傳動系統中減震的技術已經是很古老的技術,CAFC法官認為,系爭專利範圍僅功能描述(所能減震的形式有:resistive attenuation and reactive attenuation),手段為公知、常規、習知(well-understood, routine, conventional),其餘卻沒有描述如何實現,包括說明書也欠缺描述,認為系爭專利發明僅是使用自然律或僅是抽象概念,不具可專利性。"
之後,專利權人接著提起CAFC複審與全院聯席審查(ON PETITION FOR REHEARING EN BANC),CAFC在2020年做出更正。法院從以上列舉claim 1與claim 22的專利範圍發現兩個專利範圍其實有專利性的差異,如步驟inserting與positioning的差別,而這個差別竟然造成法院對這兩項在101議題上有不同的判斷。
這裡僅摘錄一些法官意見(https://cafc.uscourts.gov/opinions-orders/18-1763.order.7-31-2020_1628780.pdf)。claim 1中的技術比claim 22還要上位(more general),其中對技術的描述差異關於虎克定律(Hooke’s law)的應用,但因為claim 1缺乏了一些實作虎克定律的參數,並不能說是僅訴諸自然定律,判定不涉及自然律,符合101法條上的規定,但卻仍可能落入抽象概念中(step 2A)。
判決內容又是再次101議題的複習課,不過在針對101審查之前,先以進步性的判斷方式找出發明中具有進步性的特徵("whether the claims embody some "inventive concept", i.e., whether the claims contain "an element or combination of elements that is sufficient to ensure that the patent in practice amounts to significantly more than a patent upon the ineligible concept itself."")。
接著審理專利適格性時,在Mayo/Alice的TWO-STEP專利適格性判斷步驟下,判定Claim 22不具專利適格性,因為其中相關有進步的技術僅應用了虎克定律。
針對claim 1,根據以上判斷,claim 1與claim 22不同,特別的是claim 1還比較上位,但因為不識直接使用虎克定律下的參數/元件(mass與stiffness),而是提出要調整其中變數,這就造就了claim 1與claim 22有不同的命運。
直接跳到CAFC全院聯席的結論,也不是說claim 1因此具有專利適格性,但至少要求發回地院重審Claim 1的專利適格性,顯然,就claim 22的判決而言,直接應用了自然定律,而沒有其他進步的特徵就不符專利適格性規定。
參考資料:
American Axle & Mfg. v. Neapco Holdings (Fed. Cir. July 31, 2020)
https://patentlyo.com/patent/2020/07/federal-application-ineligibility.htmlmy two cents:
我覺得法官落入自己的判斷螺旋,對弄法的人算是掉入自己的陷阱。
Ron
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