2012年7月9日 星期一

Apple超薄筆記型電腦設計專利佈局

由於美國設計專利採用部份設計專利,申請人可以針對一個產品的某一個部份、某一個線條、曲線進行保護,因此一個產品往往可能可以產生多種態樣的設計專利,保護範圍也可以透過不同角度的權利主張佈置為一個完整的壁壘,申請策略往往是由一母案延伸,提出延續案(CA)或是部份延續案(CIP),若有重複專利的部份,即提出Terminal Disclaimer克服。

這樣的專利佈局明顯可由蘋果公司對其超薄型筆記型電腦Macbook Air的相關設計專利看出,以下只是透過後續案與圖面的分析得出的相關專利:

第一組:

母案於2008年1月提出申請,之後獲准設計專利D604294,依照此案「實線」部份的權利範圍,為筆記型電腦的下底座(有鍵盤)部份,下底座已經為楔形的剖面造型

之後提出一分割案,獲准設計專利D625717,此案描述明確提到除了鍵盤以外其餘為金屬質感

接著再有一延續案,D635566著重於外部輪廓


第二組:



於2010年10月提出母案(核准:D642560)申請案,此案揭露了42張圖,明確顯示一楔形的側面結構,對應蘋果的Macbook Air產品。

但審查委員提出一Sony的Vaio x505筆記型電腦前案,側面也是一個楔形設計,算是一個有效的對比:


之後陸續提出延續案,如D652032,此案主張整個設計的外框輪廓,包括上座的面板形狀與下底座的底部曲面。
再有延續案,核准專利為D655704,範圍為裝置之外框,不含底座的橡膠墊片。
再有延續案(核准設計專利D662497),主張範圍為上下座之間夾擊的楔形主機部份,不含上蓋與下底座,側面看來如下。


第三組:

2010年母案D642172提出申請,此案明確包括兩整體楔形設計,並包括了兩側的連接埠設計。

之後形成有另一延續案D661296,範圍包括上蓋與底座外型,重複專利的部份已以terminal disclaimer克服。



看來蘋果公司對此產品算是有個明確的設計方向與專利保護。
Ron

2012年7月5日 星期四

PPH可以加速審查,也增加申請量

PPH可以加速審查,也增加申請量

日本專利局已自2007年開始與韓國專利局之間開始實施專利審查高速公路(Patent Prosecution Highway, PPH)。

自今年7月起,再試行與國際專利局之間基於PCT申請案的審查高速公路(PCT-PPH),也就是日本專利審查時,若該案係透過國際專利局(WIPO)進入日本國家階段的案子,可以請求PCT-PPH,日本專利局將根據各國際審理局(International Searching Authority, ISA)的檢索報告,或是PCT指定的國際初步審查局(International Preliminary Examining Authority, IPEA)的報告,或是來自EPO、JPO或是USPTO的國際初步審查報告(international preliminary examination report)的意見作出一份審查報告。之後再引用日韓之間的PPH,加速進入韓國的專利審查。

因此這三邊(韓國、日本、WIPO)的審查高速公路將可加速PCT進入日本、韓國的專利申請案的審查時間。

符合這三邊與日本簽訂PPH的還有CN, EP, ES, FI, SE, US, XN等,還有部份尚未引入PCT-PPH的機制。

Ron
資料來源:http://www.meti.go.jp/english/press/2012/0605_06.html
相關參考:
http://enpan.blogspot.tw/2010/02/trilateral-pct-patent-prosecution.html
http://enpan.blogspot.tw/2009/08/blog-post_11.html
圖解PPH:http://enpan.blogspot.tw/2009/10/pph.html

Apple在英國對hTC的告訴失利,原因多半是專利無效


英國高等法官7/4/2012針對Apple對HTC的專利侵權訴訟作出判決,其中涉及四件觸控技術的專利,包括先前有名的滑動解鎖的專利,可先參考:http://enpan.blogspot.tw/2011/10/unlocking-device.html

但這個明顯用途的專利(美國專利:US8046721、歐洲專利:EP1964022)仍然在英國法官(Judge Christopher Floyd)的判斷中認為HTC無侵權,而且其中有三件被認為是無效專利,包括前述滑動解鎖的專利。

此次侵權訴訟涉及的專利有:

行動裝置上的滑動解鎖:EP1964022
法官認為此案其中有4項範圍無效,原因就是使用Neonode N1m的先前技術,可以參考部落格文章:http://enpan.blogspot.tw/2011/11/slide-to-unlock.html

Claim 1:
1. A computer-implemented method of controlling a portable electronic device (400, 1000) comprising a touch-sensitive display (408, 1014), comprising:
detecting (308, 908) contact with the touch-sensitive display (408, 1014) while the device is in a user-interface lock state;
transitioning (314, 914) the device (400, 1000) to a user-interface unlock state if the detected contact corresponds to a predefined gesture; and
maintaining (312, 912) the device (400, 1000) in the user-interface lock state if the detected contact does not correspond to the predefined gesture;
characterized by
moving an unlock image (402, 1002, 1008) along a predefined displayed path on the touch-sensitive display (408, 1014) in accordance with the contact, wherein the unlock image (402, 1002, 1008) is a graphical, interactive user-interface object with which a user interacts in order to unlock the device (400, 1000).

6. A portable electronic device (100, 400, 1000), comprising:
a touch-sensitive display (126, 408, 1014);
one or more processors (106);
memory (102); and
one or more programs (132 to 146), wherein the one or more programs (132 to 146) are stored in the memory (102) and configured to be executed by the one or more processors (106), the programs (132 to 146) including instructions for:
detecting (308, 908) contact with the touch-sensitive display (126, 408, 1014) while the device (100, 400, 1000) is in a user-interface lock state;
transitioning (314, 914) the device (100, 400, 1000) to a user-interface unlock state if the detected contact corresponds to a predefined gesture;
and
maintaining (312, 912) the device (100, 400, 1000) in the user-interface lock state if the detected contact does not correspond to the predefined gesture;
characterized in that:
the programs (132 to 146) further include instructions for moving an unlock image (402, 1002, 1008) along a predefined displayed path on the touch-sensitive display (126, 408, 1014) in accordance with the contact,
wherein the unlock image (402, 1002, 1008) is a graphical, interactive user-interface object with which a user interacts in order to unlock the device (100, 400, 1000).

根據應用程式決定的觸控事件:EP2098948

法官認為此案Claim 1無效,原因其保護了一個純粹的軟體方法(computer program as such),可能是因為權利範圍中並未有硬體連結關係,因此被認定為法定無效的純軟體方法

1. A method for handling touch events at a multi-touch device, comprising:
displaying one or more views;
executing one or more software elements, each software element being associated with a particular view;
associating a multi-touch flag or an exclusive touch flag with each view;
receiving one or more touches at the one or more views; and
selectively sending one or more touch events, each touch event describing a received touch, to one or more of the software elements associated with the one or more views at which a touch was received based on the values of the multi-touch and exclusive touch flags.


行動裝置上的照片瀏覽的技術:EP2059868

對應美國專利如US8106856此件專利即為一般在手機上瀏覽照片的行為,點下去放大、左右翻頁、旋轉等,雖為軟體方法,但是權利範圍確實仍是連結了相關硬體,因此仍視為有效專利,不過hTC並未侵權

1. A computer-implemented method, comprising:
at a device (100) with a touch screen display (112):
detecting (2402) a first movement (2310) of a physical object on or near the touch screen display (112);
while detecting the first movement (2310), translating (2404) a first digital object (2300-1) displayed on the touch screen display (112) in a first direction, wherein the first digital object (2300-1) is associated with a set of digital objects; characterized in that:
in response to display of a previously hidden edge (2312) of the first digital object (2300-1) and continued detection of the first movement (2310),
displaying (2406) an area (2314) beyond the edge (2312) of the first digital object (2300-1);
after the first movement (2310) is no longer detected, translating (2408) the.first digital object (2300-1) in a second direction (2316) until the area (2314) beyond the edge (2312) of the first digital object (2300-1) is no longer displayed;
detecting (2410) a second movement (2318) of the physical object on or near the touch screen display (112); and
in response to detecting the second movement (2318) while the previously hidden edge (2312) of the first digital object (2300-1) is displayed, translating (2412) the first digital object (2300-1) in the first direction and displaying a second digital object (2300-2) in the set of digital objects.

多語言鍵盤:EP1168859

此案特別遭遇一個古老手機Hagenuk MT900前案的阻礙,被認定無效,技術為接收到訊息時,儲存起來,判斷訊息的語言,之後以對應的語言顯示


這訴訟告訴我們:
訴訟當中盡量找前案,法官自有定奪
侵權官司需要「撐」下去,核准專利也會無效
即便是核准專利,純軟體案的侵權判斷較難
權利範圍稍微併入一些硬體特徵,對專利有效判斷有幫助

當然此判決對往後Apple在英國、德國、歐洲其他地區的專利訴訟都會有影響,顯然Apple一定會有上訴的動作

Ron
資料參考:cnet.com, engadget, FOSS Patents

登記制的新型之必要?

雖有不少人有新型無用的觀念,甚至認為專利登記獲准的制度會造成商業市場不穩定(隨時有惡意的訴訟),但對許多實際需求來看,新型確實是個似乎無用卻又十分玩味的制度。新型不是沒用,只是怎麼用?新型制度多少是因為發明專利審查過慢,無法讓企業立即獲得保護而產生。
實務上,發明人談案後,專利工程師應該可以「初步」判斷出專利可以「發明案」或是「新型案」提出申請,大致的判斷依據包括:
  1. 申請人有經費的考量(至少少了實際審查費用)
  2. 想要取得短期有效嚇阻對手的專利(申請後約4到6個月獲准)
  3. 產品週期極短,等不及取得發明專利(台灣發明專利平均要3年以上獲取第一次審查意見)
  4. 產品獲取發明專利的可能較低(進步性不足)
  5. 商業上需要,有助產品推廣(專利證號可標示於產品包裝)
  6. 已經在市場曝光的產品,顯然喪失新穎性,但是仍可取得新型(型式審查)
  7. 取得新型,不論有專利性否,甚至技術報告分數不好,但對手要撤銷專利仍須一段時間與金錢的耗費(舉發至少要1年,而且舉發人還要擔負舉證責任)
  8. 一般來說,取得新型,之後請求技術報告的時間,比拿到發明專利更快(技術報告取得約1年)
  9. 若經技術報告,有至少一項範圍獲得6分,或說滿分,在訴訟中仍是具有發明專利等級的效力(6分是該項具有新穎性與進步性)
  10. 新型專利若與發明專利一併提出申請,若權利範圍稍微迴避,可以同時獲取兩件專利,而且主張權利的時間有接續的效果(新型取得較快,之後若發明也取得,有接續效果,如果有重複專利的問題,多半選擇會核准專利的發明案,但也會有並存的可能)
  11. (updated on July 13, 2012)新型申請案常可以作為後續案主張優先權的前案(國內優先權),後續案通常為發明案。也就是,先申請的新型案較便宜,可以先提出申請,佔住一個有效的申請日,在一年內主張優先權的前間內再評估是否提出後案!
當然,新型案對許多情況下並不十分完美,或說有用
  1. 新型案僅限於裝置、物品形狀、構造,若為方法、製程、化學等案,不適用新型
  2. 新型一旦取得,之後的「更正」限制較多,因此初稿的專利範圍甚至要比發明案更為嚴謹
  3. 新型技術報告出來,若分數不理想,僅能提出意見,但可能較難改變審查委員意見
  4. 新型技術報告出來,想要修改範圍的限制如同更正,變動幅度不如發明答辯時的彈性
  5. 新型專利多半為保護型的權利,若有濫用(若技術報告沒有滿分的權利項),可能有其他法律問題

以上會適當補充,僅為參考用
Ron

2012年7月3日 星期二

REISSUE的一個應用

http://enpan.blogspot.tw/2008/12/251-reissue.html
RE-issue(再領證)可以讓申請人在專利獲准後仍有修正的空間,甚至包括在領證日後兩年內可擴大實質範圍,當然仍須原來的說明書支持

此例為蘋果公司在獲准專利後,更具技術演變時,也提出再領證來獲取更為合用的範圍:
http://enpan.blogspot.tw/2010/01/reissue.html

RE38104案揭露一種混合型的程式編譯/解譯器(compiler/interpreter),提供的解譯器分為處理symbolic reference與numerical reference兩種,在編譯程式以前將symbolic reference改寫為numerical reference,可提昇編譯速度...。此案發明人即為Java的發明人:Gosling; James

此例中,原本專利為US5,367,685


母案的專利範圍之一為一方法範圍:

1. In a computer system comprising a program in source code form, a method for generating executable code for said program and resolving data references in said generated code, said method comprising the steps of:
a) generating executable code in intermediate form for said program in source code form with data references being made in said generated code on a symbolic basis, said generated code comprising a plurality of instructions of said computer system;
b) interpreting said instructions, one at a time, in accordance to a program execution control;
c) resolving said symbolic references to corresponding numeric references, replacing said symbolic references with their corresponding numeric references, and continuing interpretation without advancing program execution, as said symbolic references are encountered while said instructions are being interpreted; and
d) obtaining data in accordance to said numeric references, and continuing interpretation after advancing program execution, as said numeric references are encountered while said instruction are being interpreted;
said steps b) through d) being performed iteratively and interleavingly.

獲准專利多年之後,申請人(Sun)透過Re-issue將原本僅有10項範圍的專利,一舉把權利範圍增至41項,判斷是用來進行專利訴訟或是授權使用的,因為新增範圍有個特點,就是較「硬」,具體地主張硬體裝置的專利範圍,在此純軟體專利來看,自然是引用記憶體儲存執行相關方法的程式碼;或是引入一個處理器執行該方法的程式集;或是一個記錄相關程式集的儲存媒體等的方式進行撰寫。

reissue新增範圍:
11. An apparatus comprising:
a memory containing intermediate form object code constituted by a set of instructions, certain of said instructions containing one or more symbolic references; and
a processor configured to execute said instructions containing one or more symbolic references by determining a numerical reference corresponding to said symbolic reference, storing said numerical references, and obtaining data in accordance to said numerical references. 

12. A computer-readable medium containing instructions for controlling a data processing system to perform a method for interpreting intermediate form object code comprised of instructions, certain of said instructions containing one or more symbolic references, said method comprising the steps of:
interpreting said instructions in accordance with a program execution control; and
resolving a symbolic reference in an instruction being interpreted, said step of resolving said symbolic reference including the substeps of:
determining a numerical reference corresponding to said symbolic reference, and
storing said numerical reference in a memory.

19. A memory for use in executing a program by a processor, the memory comprising:
intermediate form code containing symbolic field references associated with an intermediate representation of source code for the program,
the intermediate representation having been generated by lexically analyzing the source code and parsing output of said lexical analysis, and
wherein the symbolic field references are resolved by determining a numerical reference corresponding to said symbolic reference, and storing said numerical reference in a memory.

25. A data processing system, comprising:
a processor; and
a memory comprising a program comprised of bytecodes and instructions for causing the processor to
(i) determine immediately prior to execution of the program whether a bytecode of the program contains a symbolic data reference,
(ii) when it is determined that the bytecode of the program contains a symbolic data reference, invoke a dynamic field reference routine to resolve the symbolic data reference, and
(iii) execute thereafter the bytecode using stored data located using a numeric reference resulting from the resolution of the symbolic reference.

41. A computer program product containing control instructions for causing a computer to perform a method, the method comprising:
receiving a program formed of instructions written in an intermediate form code compiled from source code;
analyzing each instruction to determine whether it contains a symbolic field reference; and
executing the program by performing an operation identified by each instruction, wherein data from a storage location identified by a numeric reference is used thereafter for the operation when the instruction contains a symbolic field reference, the numeric reference having been resolved from the symbolic field reference.

使用美國「再領證」程序補入各種範疇的權利範圍是個不錯的手段與策略!
Ron

因為「橢圓形與矩形的角落」,三星平板不能進入美國

用Google網頁翻譯功能,可以看到三星對日前美國法院對「蘋果以美國設計專利D504,889控告三星Galaxy tab 10.1侵權官司的結果作出的回應,先表明這個判決並未影響三星其他產品在美的銷售,而此禁售的平板也有後續機種將會繼續在美販賣...



這個判決並不陌生,因為先前CAFC已經對此案作出判斷(http://enpan.blogspot.tw/2012/05/blog-post_6338.html),德國法院在年初也有一致的判決(http://enpan.blogspot.tw/2012/01/applesamsung.html

此案關鍵在於「太像」,就Apple設計專利來看,整個「電子裝置」並無特別的特徵,這也就是這個裝置的特徵,視覺上,應該就是整體設計簡單明瞭,複製容易,但迴避應也不難,根據最後侵權決定的判斷,就是「橢圓形與矩形的角落」
D504,889:
台灣版:
Galaxy Tab 2 10吋

Galaxy Tab 2 (7吋)
(照片來源:美國三星)

補充:
三星所採的後續動作可供參考。三星認為此蘋果設計專利違法獲得專利,原因是:
1. 三星提出可以讓此設計專利無效的新證據,但被認為是舊的證據,也就是蘋果在更早前提出的設計專利(prototype)
2. 三星認為,即便此設計專利有效,但應該為更狹隘的範圍解釋,不應不當擴張其專利範圍
3. 三星提出法官Koh已經進行新的較為公平的分析
4. 因為前次侵權分析已經過半年,三星希望新的侵權分析可以參考部份新的有關市場發展的證據


Ron
資料來源:FOSS Patents

2012年7月2日 星期一

Final Office Action之最後一搏案例

筆記


失敗案例:
接獲美國專利局發出的最終核駁(Final OA)之後,通常有幾個可能:因為未克服前次核駁理由、未對前次答辯回應但引用新的引證案、目前範圍未被核准但有可核准方向...。
對於這些可能性,申請人可以作出各種可能的後續處理,包括提出延續案、部份延續案、訴願、接續審查(RCE),但也可能僅是作出最後一搏。

若是回應得早,或許還可以等著較早回應的Advisory Action(AA),以利後續動作的判斷;若是回應得晚,或許還會收到AA,但是也可能為時已晚。

此例中,在前次non-Final Office Action中並未獲得可核准範圍,但是申請人決定最後一搏,提出權利範圍修正,但卻未提出RCE,在提出不久之後獲得Advisory Action。期間,雖審查委員並未在可以早日取得AA的時間點提出修正,但審查委員仍"好心地"在極短的時間內回應AA,但其中也未有任何好消息。

AA中表示修正產生沒有在前次修正中範圍主張的new issue,需要進一步檢索,因為並未提出RCE而未被美國專利局受理審查。

根據申請人的修正,其中建議幾個可以避免被拋棄(abandonment)的方案:提出修正,或是可以獲准專利的證據、提出訴願(appeal)、提出RCE。
最後只好拋棄確認。

成功案例:
此案經第一次non-Final Office Action之後,又再次接獲Final Office Action,其中又引用了新的主要引證案,申請人在之後提出的答辯並未有修正,且未提出RCE要求接續審查,申請人僅提出答辯,且認為發明技術並未揭露於前案之組合中,前案也未有組合的可能性,因此發明應具有進步性。

之後,審查委員竟然在未提出RCE的情況下認同申請人提出的答辯,因此撤回Final Office Action,而改以另一non-Final Office Action回應。


Ron